exposed to severe trauma within the pregnancy period, rapid acceleration and deceleration and uterine compression increase the risk of placental abruption, in turn leading to placental disease. Adherence/penetration Abruptio placentae Placenta accreta Placenta increta Placenta percreta Inflammatory/infectious Placentitis Villitis of unknown etiology TORCH infections Placental development Circumvallate placenta Placental villous immaturity Obstruction of os Placenta previa Vasa previa Vascular Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy Chorangiosis Chorangioma Placental infarction Neoplastic Trophoblastic neoplasms derive from trophoblastic tissue. Examples include: Choriocarcinoma Hydatidiform mole Mechanism In placental disease, there's abnormalities present within the spiral arties of the uterus, where the terminal part of the spinal arteries does not dilate. This leads to decrease oxygen carried past the maternal villi into the intervillus space. The lack of terminal dilation and inclining blood velocity causes shredding of the villi into the maternal blood, releasing blood coagulants activating the coagulation cascade. Which then leads to blocking of the blood vessels causing placental infarction. Diagnosis Placental Disease can be diagnosed through technologies such as, Prenatal ultrasound evaluation and invasive foetal testing. The size of the foetus is taken into account through ultrasonography in terms of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In conjunction with taking into account the maternal history. Suspicions may be confirmed by postpartum examination of the placenta. Prevention The following factors can be linked with reducing the likelihood of developing placental disease: Use of aspirin, can reduce the risks associated with preeclampsia Low calcium intake can reduce the risk of preeclampsia Reducing oxidative stress present within the body Intake of prenatal multivitamins Treatment Treatment of placental disease would require a premature birth, in order to avoid a still birth. Epidemiology Placental disease is more common in preterm gestation than with full term. Which leads to serious injuries to both the mother and the new-born. Women who endured placental disease within the first pregnancy has an increased risk of the disease progressing within future pregnancies. The onset of the disease within the first trimester leads to preterm delivery of a premature baby. Preeclampsia is diagnosed in 3-5% of pregnancies that place them at risk of developing placental disease. Ischemic placental disease is linked with approximately more than half of premature births. References External links Complications of labour and delivery