Benjamin or Ben Kelsey (1813 Kentucky – February 19, 1889 Los Angeles, California) was an early American pioneer of California with his brothers Andy and Sam Kelsey. He was a founder, often with one or more of his brothers, of several settlements in California. Kelsey was born in Kentucky in 1813. He and his wife Nancy Kelsey arrived in Alta California in the Bartleson–Bidwell Party in 1841. In 1844, he brought a party of immigrants including his father David and brother Samuel from Oregon on the Siskiyou Trail to Sutter's Fort. With his brothers he participated in the Bear Flag Revolt of 1846, which ended Mexican control of California and established the California Republic. He also served with his brothers in the California Battalion under Col. John C. Fremont and were honorably discharged at Los Angeles or San Gabriel in the early part of 1847. In 1848, during the California Gold Rush Ben Kelsey took fifty Pomo men from his brother Andrew's rancho near Kelseyville, on Rancho Lupyomi, to the Sierra foothills in a gold mining venture, establishing a mining camp called Kelsey Diggings. Once at the diggings, Ben decided it was more profitable to sell all the company's supplies to other miners than to pan for gold. After falling ill with malaria, he headed back to his home in Sonoma, leaving the others behind. The Pomo workers, forced to camp near a hostile group of local Indians and suffering from malaria and starvation, were left on their own. Only one or two are thought to have survived. This mistreatment of the Pomo and that of Andrew and his partner later provoked the Bloody Island Massacre. Benjamin Kelsey’s willful neglect combined with disease and exposure to kill as many as ninety-nine Indian men in 1849. Following the murder of his brother Andrew in 1850, Benjamin Kelsey seems to have joined a vigilante group that killed an unknown number of Indians. Released on bail in California’s first Supreme Court case, he never stood trail. Vigilante violence Kelsey led and participated in was, in part, a response to the killings of his Brother Andrew, but widespread violence against any and all Indians far from the site of the murder was motivated by four factors. One, failure to distinguish between different California tribes. Two, belief in the efficacy of pedígogical violence: the idea that extreme violence against one tribe would “teach” others to