the IPA which would not be settled until 1987. During that period, many in the States believed, in Janet Malcolm's words, that "American psychoanalysis is a great cut above psychoanalysis elsewhere in the world...the laxness and sloppiness of English, European, and South American analysis. There are other people, naturally, who...[debate] whether too much wasn't lost by this strategy - whether too many good people who are unwilling to go through medical training aren't being lost to analysis". The policy was somewhat softened by the readiness of the APsaA to grant waivers over the decades to a number of individuals: these included, for example, Erik Erikson and David Rapaport. There was also the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis which Reik founded in 1946 specifically to train non-physicians. However only when lawsuits were brought in the 1980s alleging "restraint of trade"' was the official American position finally altered, and the question of lay analysis resolved - as Freud himself always advocated. In popular culture In the 1947 film Mine Own Executioner, actor Burgess Meredith portrays a lay practitioner who treats a traumatized veteran. List of lay analysts References Further reading Freud, Sigmund (1927). Nachwort zur Frage der Laienanalyse (1926e). Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 13: 326-332; GW, 14: 287-296; Postscript: The question of lay analysis. SE, 20: 251-258. Lieberman, E. J., Acts of Will: The Life and Work of Otto Rank. 1985; French ed. 1993; German ed. 1997. Psychoanalysis by type