and/or a Socialist Revolutionary. In response, Voronsky denied the political charges, offerted to co-operate with RAPP if Averbakh was removed form its leadership, and declared that any fate was better than being suffocated by Averbakh's "literary fumes." In October 1927, Voronsky was relieved of his duties as editor of the journal. In February 1928 he was expelled from the Party, and in January 1929 he was arrested and exiled to Lipetsk. From there hew rote to the Central Committee declaring: In 1930, he was permitted to return to Moscow, where he continued to write and edit for Gosizdat but was no longer prominent as a critic. American Max Eastman describes Voronsky's increasingly untenable position in a chapter called "Voronsky's Fight For Truth" in his 1934 book Artists in Uniform. Voronsky was expelled from the party for a second time in 1935, and was arrested early in the Great Purge on 1 February 1937. At his trial, on 13 August 1937, which lasted only a few minutes he stood up and told the judges that history's judgement would be that they had betrayed the revolution, not he. He was sentenced to death, and shot the same day. Rehabilitation Twenty years after his execution, in 1957, Voronsky received official state rehabilitation in the U.S.S.R. However, his work remained heavily censored and devoid of the criticism of socialist realism as well as of the growing Stalinist bureaucracy from his time with the Left Opposition. Voronsky's essays were translated by researcher Frederick Choate and published in the book Art as the Cognition of Life in 1998 after four years of extensive research inside Moscow libraries between 1991 and 1995. These writings were finally accessible as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union and the change in political climate. He wrote Za zhivoi i mertvoi vodoi (Russian text) (1927, 1929; tr. as Waters of Life and Death, 1936), "two fine volumes of memoirs." References External links A. K. Voronsky website A. K. Voronsky Archive at Marxists.org 1884 births 1937 deaths People from Inzhavinsky District People from Kirsanovsky Uyezd Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members Old Bolsheviks Left Opposition Russian Trotskyists All-Russian Central Executive Committee members Russian literary critics Russian male essayists Russian avant-garde Soviet journalists Soviet literary critics Soviet literary historians Soviet male writers 20th-century male writers 20th-century essayists Great Purge victims from Russia Russian people executed by the Soviet Union Soviet rehabilitations