his wife, Mary E. T. Collier and with the Ecuadorian anthropologist Anibal Buitron on an ethnographic study of Otavalo, Ecuador. After leaving Standard Oil at the end of 1946, Collier worked as a freelance photographer in New Mexico and New York. In 1950 he was hired by Alexander H. Leighton of Cornell University as part of a multi-disciplinary team investigation of community mental health in the Maritimes of Canada. Leighton challenged Collier to formalize methodologies for the use of photography in social science research. Collier's efforts in this arena were in fact a collaborative production with Mary E. T. Collier, without whose translation of Collier's insights and discoveries into standard academic language would have been impossible. The work with Leighton laid the intellectual foundation for the later development of the methodologies for visual anthropology for which Collier is known. Collier later worked for Cornell in the Southwest and independently recorded the Cornell Vicos project in Peru during 1954 and 1955. He then freelanced out of New Mexico before moving to California in 1959, where he began a long career as a teacher at San Francisco State University and the San Francisco Art institute. Collier's work in the field of visual anthropology was influenced by Roy Stryker and Alexander H. Leighton. George Spindler, the founder of educational anthropology, chose Collier's book Visual Anthropology (discussed below) for early inclusion in his series of basic books in anthropology. Collier spent a great deal of his professional life giving workshops on the use of photography in visual anthropology, in speeches and professional presentations, as well as in more traditional forms of anthropological writing. Although widely recognized as a fine photographer, his major accomplishment was developing and documenting methodologies for visual anthropology. Major projects, contributions to visual and applied anthropology Starting with the work for Leighton in the Maritimes of Canada, Collier worked on a series of important projects. One of his more important efforts, still largely unpublished, was documentation of the still controversial "Cornell/Vicos Project." Directed by Alan Homberg of Cornell and Mario Vasquez of the Universidad de San Marcos, this project aimed to prepare the Indian community of Hacienda Vicos in the central highlands of Peru to survive successfully as a free and independent community. Collier carried out a complete visual ethnography of the community while also recording the operation of the applied project, making use of the full range of visual research