California, Ohio, and Oregon, although the resident-representatives in the latter three states have non-voting positions. While rare, closures and bankruptcies of CCRCs do happen, as well as class action lawsuits. A 2014 class-action lawsuit, which alleged that the CCRC Vi at Palo Alto funneled the residents' refundable entrance fees to its parent company without establishing a reserve fund as required by state law, was dismissed by a US District Court judge who ruled that, while the CCRC might be in violation of state law by not maintaining a cash reserve, the plaintiffs (CCRC residents) "lack[ed] standing in their civil claim" because they did not show that harm was done or was imminent. The residents appealed and in April 2020 the Appeals Court found that “the statutory violation of failing to maintain a refund reserve harms Residents by putting them in the distressing position of choosing between vacating the Vi and potentially risking non-repayment, or continuing to live at the Vi in a state of perceived financial insecurity.” Subsequently, a proposed class action settlement was reached and a final hearing is scheduled in September 2022. Resident demographics The average age of CCRCs entrants has shown a steady increase over time, from 76 in the 1970s, to 78 in the 1980s, to 79 in the 1990s. In 2009 the average age of entrants was about 80; in 2015 it was slightly above 81, continuing the increasing trend over time. Also on average, Type C entrants were older than Type B, who were older than Type A. Given the increasing average age of entry, projections of future CCRC entrants and demands/contracts for CCRCs have to be re-evaluated. At entry, the average life expectancy is 10 to 12 years, although individual life expectancy can vary with entry age, gender, health, etc. The average resident can expect to spend roughly 3/4 of their lifetime at a CCRC in the independent living, 1/8 in the assisted living, and 1/8 in the skilled nursing, which again can vary with entry age, gender, health, etc. In 2015, the average annual income of new residents ranged from a low of about $20,000 to a high of about $264,000, with a median of about $66,000. The average net worth of new residents ranged from a low of about $223,000 to a high of about $5,900,000, with a median of about $1,120,000. Although these figures are from only 46 CCRCs, they