The North Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in northern Vanuatu. Languages Clark (2009) Clark (2009) provides the following classification of the North Vanuatu languages, divided into two main geographic areas (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost and Santo). Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are in italics. North Vanuatu Northern (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost) Torres–Banks languages Torres Islands: Hiw, Lo-Toga (“Loh”) Banks Islands: Lehali–Löyöp (“Ureparapara”), Mwotlap–Volow (“Mwotlav”), Lemerig–Vera’a (“Vera'a”), Vurës–Mwesen (“Vurës”), Mota, Nume, Dorig–Koro–Olrat (“South Gaua”), Lakon (“Lakona”), Mwerlap (“Merlav”) Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost Maewo: Sun̄wadia, Sun̄wadaga, Baetora Ambae: Duidui, Northeast Ambae North Pentecost: Raga South Pentecost: Ske (“Seke”); Apma, Sa Espiritu Santo languages Cape Cumberland (Nokuku); Tolomako Wusi, Akei–Tasiriki–Tangoa–Araki (“SW Santo”), Tiale–Merei (“Central Santo”), Kiai, “South-central Santo”, M̈av̈ea (“Mafea”), Tutuba, Aore, Tamambo (“Tamabo”); Mores Southeast Santo, Shark Bay; Sakao François (2015) The following list of 9 "Penama" North Vanuatu languages (that is, the North Vanuatu languages excluding the Torres–Banks and Espiritu Santo languages) is from François (2015:18-21). References . Southern Oceanic languages Languages of Vanuatu