to produce their own children without the use of third-party gametes which has reduced the demand for sperm donation from this social group. However, at the same time, social attitudes and the social/legal framework has changed in that single women and LGBT+ women and couples can more easily have their own biological families and do so with the aid of sperm donation. The desire to have a baby is a natural human instinct and increasingly single women and LGBT+ couples form the highest percentage of those using sperm donors in order to have a baby. One of the intentions of sperm donation is generally that there should be no direct physical or genital contact between the parties. The sexual and physical integrity of both parties is preserved and in this sense the introduction of donor sperm into a woman by artificial means may be seen as satisfying a social rather than a purely medical need. A woman who becomes pregnant by a sperm donor will be the recipient of his genetic material but the two may never even meet. Artificial insemination, which is the normal method of introducing donor sperm into a woman's body, thus becomes a substitute for sexual intercourse. If the woman becomes pregnant, the resulting pregnancy will be no different from one achieved by intercourse, and the sperm donor will be the biological father of her child in the same way as if intimate sexual relations between the donor and the woman had taken place. Donor sperm is prepared for use in artificial insemination in intrauterine insemination (IUI) or intra-cervical insemination (ICI). In most situations, the majority of women seeking sperm donation, being either single or women in a lesbian partnership, do not themselves have 'fertility issues' in greater proportion to the rest of the female population although donor sperm is often prepared for use in other assisted reproductive techniques such as IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Sperm banks and fertility clinics often offer, for example, donor sperm for use in IVF to facilitate treatments in which one lesbian partner will produce an egg which is fertilised by sperm from a donor, and the egg is then inserted into the other partner. A variation of this is when each partner carries the fertilised egg of the other, usually fertilised by sperm from the same donor, and often where the pregnancies run simultaneously. Donor sperm may be