the prefix ca- (with vowel elision following morphophonemic rules): cak~caką 'where?' cane 'where (stands)?' canaska 'how long?' cehedą 'how high, tall, deep?' cidike 'which, how, why?' cina~cinani 'how many' Some are derived from pronouns: kawa 'something, anything' kawak 'what?' cina 'a few, many' cinani 'how many?' Verbs Verbal derivation may occur by root derivation (reduplication and compounding) or stem derivation (thematic prefixes, dative markers, reciprocals, reflexives, and instrumentals.) Reduplication Reduplication, common in Biloxi, is used for intensification or distributiveness. Usually, the first CVC of the root is reduplicated but sometimes it is only the first CV: cakcake 'he hung up a lot' cake 'hang up on a nail or post' tixtixye '(his heart) was beating' tix 'beat' xoxoki 'he broke it here and there' xoki 'break' ǫnacpicpi 'my feet are slipping' cpi 'slip' Compounding Verbal compounds may be noun + verb or verb + verb. It seems that most noun-verb compounds are formed by using the verb ǫ 'do, make': ||ką + k + ǫ|| > /kąkǫ/ 'string + make' = 'trap' ||cikide + ǫ|| > /cidikǫ/ 'which = do' = 'which to do (how)' ||ta + o|| > /tao/ 'deer + shoot' = 'shoot deer' Examples of verb-verb compounds: hane + o /haneotu/ 'they find and shoot' kte + ǫ /įkteǫni/ 'with + hit + do' = 'to hit with' Some of the above compounds end up having adjacent vowels, since syncope in compounds is optional. Thematic prefixes Thematic prefixes come after person markers and before dative markers and instrumentals. Dative, reciprocal, and reflexive markers The dative marker ki- (kiy- before vowels) is used after thematic prefixes. kiyetu 'they said to him' kidǫhi ye daha 'he showed it to them' It is peculiar in that it may be used if someone else's body parts are the direct object (the "dative of possession"). kiduxtą 'they pulled his [tail]' kidǫhi '[they] saw his [shadow]' kidǫhi 'she looked at her [head]' It appears as kik- before ǫ 'do, make' and gives it a benefactive gloss (kikǫ daha 'he made for them'). (It should not be mistaken for kiki-.) The reduplicated kiki- marks reciprocity. The plural marker -tu is then optional. kikiyohǫ 'they were calling to one another' kikidǫhi 'they were looking at one another'įxki- (or ixki-, perhaps because of the denasalizing morphopohnemic rule above) marks reflexives. It normally comes immediately after person markers, but in some third-person cases, ki- may come before