the barrage ... |æ-fari/ey-færr "never passable" æ-for/ey-forr "ever fierce" |— |- |Βαρουφόρος |Varouforos |... because it forms a large lake ... |vara-foss "stony shore rapid" báru-foss "wave rapid" |— |- |Λεάντι |Leanti |"the Boiling of the Water" |hlæjandi "laughing" | lьjant’i (< Proto-Slavic *lьjǫtji) "the one that pours" derived from lьjati (Proto-Slavic *lьjati) "to pour" (compare the Ukrainian лляти /ˈlʲːɑtɪ/ "to pour" and the Polish lać /lat͡ɕ/ "to pour") |- |Στρούβουν, Στρούκουν |Strouvoun, Stroukoun |"Little Barrage" |strjúkandi "stroking, delicately touching" strukum, "rapid current" |стрибун (strybun) "the one that jumps" from the Ukrainian стрибати /strɪˈbatɪ/ "to jump" |} Western European sources The first Western European source to mention the Rus are the Annals of St. Bertin (Annales Bertiniani). These relate that Emperor Louis the Pious' court at Ingelheim, in 839, was visited by a delegation from the Byzantine emperor. In this delegation there were men who called themselves Rhos (in the Latin text, ... qui se, id est gentem suam, Rhos vocari dicebant, ...; translated by Aleksandr Nazarenko as ... who stated that they, i.e. their nation, were called Rhos, ...). Once Louis enquired the reason of their arrival (in the Latin text, ... Quorum adventus causam imperator diligentius investigans, ...), he learnt that they were Swedes (eos gentis esse Sueonum; verbatim, their nation is Sveoni). Fearing that they were spies, he detained them, before letting them proceed after receiving reassurances from Byzantium. Subsequently, in the 10th and 11th centuries, Latin sources routinely confused the Rus with the tribe of Rugians. Olga of Kiev, for instance, was designated as queen of the Rugians (reginae Rugorum) in the Lotharingian Chronicle compiled by the anonymous continuator of Regino of Prüm. At least after the 6th century, the name of the Rugii referred to Slavic speaking peoples including the Rus. According to the Annals of St. Bertin, the Rus leader had the title Khagan (... quod rex illorum, Chacanus vocabulo, ...). Another source comes from Liutprand of Cremona, a 10th-century Lombard bishop whose Antapodosis, a report from Constantinople to Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, says that Constantinople 'stands in territory surrounded by warlike peoples. On the north it has the ... Rusii sometimes called by another name Nordmanni, and the Bulgarii who live too close for harmony'. Assimilation The Scandinavian influence in Kievan Rus was most important during the late 9th c. and during the 10th c. In 976, Vladimir the Great (Valdamarr gamli)