The Cabinet of the United States, which is the principal advisory body to the president of the United States, has had 25 permanent African-American members serving as vice president or head of one of the federal executive departments and 10 African-American as cabinet-level officials, which can differ under each president. Of that number, one African-American was elected vice president, one was appointed to the helm of multiple different departments, and no one served both as Cabinet and Cabinet-rank officeholders. The U.S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa. During the founding of the federal government, African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved. No African American ever held a cabinet position before the Civil Rights Movement or the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions. Robert C. Weaver became the first African-American to serve in a president's cabinet when he was appointed secretary of housing and urban development by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966. Patricia Roberts Harris was the first black woman to serve in a presidential cabinet when she was named to the same position by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. Two years later, Carter tapped her for secretary of health and human services, thus making her the first African-American to hold two different cabinet positions. On January 20, 2001, Colin Powell was appointed secretary of state, which is first in the United States presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries, which in turn makes him the highest-ranking African-American in the federal government's history. On January 26, 2005, Condoleezza Rice became the highest-ranking black woman in line when she was appointed to the same position. On January 20, 2021, Kamala Harris replaced both Powell and Rice as the highest-ranking African-American person in the line of succession when she was inaugurated as vice president. President Bill Clinton named the most African-Americans as secretaries to his first-term Cabinet, with four: former DAV executive director Jesse Brown as secretary of veterans affairs; DNC chairman Ron Brown as secretary of commerce; U.S. representative Mike Espy (D-MS) as secretary of agriculture; and corporate director Hazel R. O'Leary as secretary of