(suppletive – the regular stem meaning 'father' is adi) nyąxohi 'Oh wife!' (literally 'my old lady') nyąįcya 'Oh husband!' (literally 'my old man') Adverbials Adverbials most often appear directly before the verb, but they may also act as subjects and object. They may not follow verbs or precede connectives in sentence-initial position. Adverbials may be: Adverbial particles Some particles: tohanak 'yesterday' emą 'right there' eyą 'there' kiya 'again' yąxa 'almost' (Also, see "adverbs", above.) Usage examples: skakanadi ewitexti eyąhį yuhi 'the Ancient of Opossums thought he would reach there very early in the morning' ekeką kiya dedi 'and then he went again' ndao ku di 'come back here!' (male to female) tohanak wahu 'yesterday it snowed' Postpositional phrases (For vowel elision, see above.) Notes: may have a base form yaski less occurrences than kuya~okaya eu here, an unexpected diphthong, is shortened ewa 'there' Almost all of the above allow following de or yą. de has the expected meaning 'here' or 'this', while yą may be glossed 'the' or 'yonder'. Prepositions are sometimes used without modifying a noun, becoming adverbial: sąhį yą kiya nkǫ 'I do it again on the other side' itka yą ustki 'to stand a tall object on something' kuya kedi 'to dig under, undermine' Multiplicatives Such as: de nǫpa 'twice' de dani 'three times' de topa 'four times' Some interrogatives derived from cina cak and caką appear to be in free variation occurs indicatively a few times, e.g. anahįk cinani kiduwe 'he untied some hair for her' Subjects and Objects Subjects and objects are formed almost identically, save for the fact that the nominal particle ką may only be used after objects. A subject or object must include a simple noun (N), and may optionally also include a verb (V), nominal particle (np), and/or demonstrative pronoun (dp), in that order. If the noun is a personal pronoun, it may only (optionally) be followed by either a demonstrative pronoun or a nominal particle, but not both. For other pronouns (e.g. de 'this'), they may not be followed by anythihng. Examples: N V ąya xohi 'the old woman' N np ąya di 'the person' N dp ąya de 'these people' N V np ąya xohi yą 'the old woman' N V dp ąya nǫpa amąkide 'these two men' N np dp ǫti yą he 'the bear, too' N V np dp ąya sahi yą he 'the Indian, too' Possession