in S's and O's is expressed by the possessor followed by the possessed, followed by np's. ąya anahį ką 'people's hair' (obj.) ąya tik 'the man's house' Two subjects may be juxtaposed with reciprocal verbs: cetkana ǫti kitenaxtu xa 'the rabbit and the bear were friends to one another' Additives may be expressed by juxtaposition followed by the np yą, but this is not used often due to ambiguity (it might be interpreted as a possessive phrase): tohoxk wak yą ndǫhǫ 'I saw a horse and a cow' ąyato ąxti yą hamaki 'a man and a woman were coming' Alternatives are expressed with juxtaposition followed by the particle ha (not otherwise an np): sįto sąki ha hanǫ 'is that a boy or a girl?' tohoxk waka ha hanǫ 'is that a horse or a cow?' Nominal particles (np) Biloxi has many nominal particles, and for the most part their function is unclear. A non-exhaustive list: yą di yandi ką -k yąką ko ØFor the most part it's unclear what conditions the use of a particular np (or ∅), but the following can be said: ką, -k, yąk, yąką are only used with objects yandi almost always is used with human nouns (with exception) ko is used when the noun is a pronoun, when the main verb is stative, or when there is an interrogative present Verbs Simple verbs (not causatives or expanded verbs, see below) must contain a person marker, root, and number marker, and optionally the following: Prefixes: thematic prefixes reciprocals, dative markers, reflexives instrumental markers Suffixes: mode markers object markers Auxiliary constructions Biloxi contains a defective auxiliary verb (h)andE/yukE (ande is used in singular, yuke for plural). By itself it may mean 'to be' or 'to stay', but with another verb it lends durativity. The plural marker -tu is not used with yuke since the defective form itself already serves to mark number. When the auxiliary construction is used, both the main verb and the auxiliary are inflected. Examples: de ande 'he was departing' iduti yayuke 'you (pl.) are eating' Generally to express the negative the stem is negated, rather than the auxiliary: kox ni yuke di 'they were unwilling' kukuhi ni yuke 'they could not raise (it)' Classificatory verbs Biloxi contains five classificatory verbs, which indicate duration and position of the subject: (See above for morphophonemic explanation of ||mąki|| > /max/.) nąki 'sitting' kak ayǫk yąhi inąki