etc.) 12 community buildings (including 2 police stations, 3 schools, 3 churches, 1 fire station) 399 machinery sheds, 363 hay sheds, 19 dairies, 26 woolsheds, 729 other farm buildings Agricultural and horticultural losses: Over 11,800 head of livestock, consisting of 2,150 sheep, 1,207 cattle, and an unknown number of horses, goats, alpacas, poultry, and pigs of stored fodder and grain of hay and silage of standing crops of pasture of fruit trees, olives and vines Over of boundary and internal fencing destroyed or damaged of plantation timber of parks damaged, 90 per cent of which was national park. It was claimed that 950 local parks, 70 national parks and reserves, and over 600 cultural sites and historic places were impacted or destroyed of private bushland Over 55 businesses destroyed Electricity supply was disrupted to 60,000 residents Several mobile phone base stations and telephone exchanges damaged or destroyed Damage by locality Responses Responses to the Black Saturday bushfires included immediate community response, donations, and international aid efforts. Later responses included Government inquiries including a Royal Commission, and recommendations and discussions from a wide variety of bodies, organisations, authorities and communities. In September 2009 it was announced that Australia's most prominent fire ecologist, Kevin Tolhurst, was developing a new course for the University of Melbourne on fire behaviour. Later that month the City of Manningham announced it was developing the state's first integrated fire management plan in conjunction with the interim findings of the Royal Commission. It is expected that eventually all Victorian councils responsible for both urban and rural land will need to develop such plans, which define fire risks in open space areas, along major roads, and in parkland. In September/October 2009, it was announced that a new fire hazard system would replace the previous one. The new system involves a six-tier scale to indicating such things as the level of risk and activity of the fire. This standardised Fire Danger Rating (FDR) was subsequently adopted by all Australian states in late 2009. Every day during the fire season the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) forecasts an outlook of the Fire Danger Index (FDI) by considering the predicted weather including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and dryness of vegetation. On the highest risk days, residents are advised to leave the potentially affected areas. The RSPCA estimated that over a million animals perished in the bushfires. Additionally, many of the surviving wildlife