Duke of Sutherland, has been subject to vandalism due to his controversial role in the Sutherland Clearances. Demographics The diaspora was worldwide, but emigrants settled in close communities on Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia (Antigonish and Pictou counties and later in Cape Breton), the Glengarry and Kingston areas of Ontario and the Carolinas of the American colonies. Canadian Gaelic was widely spoken for some two centuries. One estimate of Nova Scotia's population has 50,000 Gaels immigrating from Scotland between 1815 and 1870. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were an estimated 100,000 Gaelic speakers in Cape Breton. See also Enclosure Clan MacDonell of Glengarry Rural flight Scottish Australians Scottish Americans Scottish Canadians Scottish New Zealanders Lowland Clearances Notes References Further reading Devine, T M (1994). Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands (2013 ed.). Manchester University Press. . Devine, T M (2018). The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900. London: Allen Lane. Dodgshon, Robert A. (1998). From Chiefs to Landlords: Social and Economic Change in the Western Highlands and Islands, c.1493–1820. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Hunter, James (2000). The Making of the Crofting Community, John Donald Publishers Ltd; 2nd Revised edition. (Originally published in 1976, the 2000 edition has a preface that modifies some of the thinking in the main text of the book.) Macinnes, Allan I. (1996). Clanship, Commerce and the House of Stewart, 1603–1788. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. Macleod, Donald, Gloomy Memories, 1857 (A first-hand account of Sutherland clearances. Macleod should be read with caution as he frequently employed hyperbole for passionate emphasis.) Prebble, John (1963) The Highland Clearances, Secker & Warburg. (This is the seminal work that brought the subject to modern attention. Later historical work corrects and challenges many points in this book.) Richards, Eric (2000). The Highland Clearances: People, Landlords and Rural Turmoil, Birlinn Books. External links Narratives in a Landscape: Monuments and Memories of the Sutherland Clearances dissertation on the landscape of the Clearances The Cultural Impact of the Highland Clearances, a BBC History article by Ross Noble The Highland Clearances. Article by Thomas Devine, published in Refresh 4, Spring 1987. The impact of the Highland Clearances on one Mull family and their aftermath – a linear case study. Knockan Badbea Descendants Website The Highland Clearances, BBC Radio 4, In Our Time Professor Tom Devine speaking about the Scottish Highland and Lowland Clearances. (Part of the