their Four and Five Year Plans, increased even further after the Munich Agreement. While both Stalin and Hitler had long spoken of an over-riding necessity to prepare for war, Hitler's outlook was for an offensive war, comporting with Nazi ideology, by a new community of Germans carving an empire across Europe, slaying the "Jewish Bolshevik" dragon and addressing punitive Treaty of Versailles provisions. The Treaty of Versailles restrictions had resulted in a very weak German military as late as the early 1930s, though planning efforts had been underway since the late 1920s for military growth in preparation for the next European war. German military spending remained restrained during this period: {| class=wikitable |- ! !!German Defense(Bil. RM)||Soviet Defence(Bil. Rbls)||German DefenseInflation Adj*||Soviet DefenseInflation Adj* |- style="text-align:center;" | align="left"|1928||0.75||0.88||NA||NA |- style="text-align:center;" | align="left"|1929||0.69||1.05||0.69||1.05 |- style="text-align:center;" | align="left"|1930||0.67||1.20||0.73||1.12 |- style="text-align:center;" | align="left"|1931||0.61||1.79||0.75||1.43 |- style="text-align:center;" | align="left"|1932||0.69||1.05||0.98||0.70 |- |colspan="13"|*Inflation adj. uses Wholesale Price Indices (1929 base) - Note: German deflation |} To get around Versailles restrictions, Germany and the Soviet Union collaborated to allow Germany to establish experimental centers in the Soviet Union for tank, chemical weapons and aviation research, while Soviet officers traveled to Germany for military instruction. However, this secret collaboration ended with Hitler's rise to the Chancellery in 1933. Immediately thereafter, Hitler ordered a tripling of German military size in one year. Germany instituted covert military increases, including ship production in excess of Versailles limits, while refusing to ever refer to its "General Staff" (which was prohibited by Versailles) and ceasing publication of its officer list. On March 16, 1935, Hitler surprised world powers by passing a law openly requiring universal military service and further increasing military size to half a million men. Countries including France and Britain protested, but did not act, effectively ending the pretense of military restrictions under Versailles. By 1939, three years into the Four Year Plan, over 20% of all German industrial workers worked for the armed forces, while nearly 33% of those in the manufacturing and building sectors worked there. By comparison, in 1938, Britain and the United States produced just 13% of the quantity of weapons that Germany produced that year. German armament spending went from under 2% of gross national product in 1933 to over 23% in 1939. German armament expenses under the Nazi regime increased rapidly, especially under the Four Year plan: {| class=wikitable |- ! !!German Defense(Bil. RM)||Soviet Defence(Bil. Rbls)||German DefenseInflation