"a thoroughgoing Naturalism, or Humanism." Among those who argued for separating Marx into two distinct thinkers – one young and idealistic and the other mature and scientific – were Soviet theoreticians. Dunayevskaya believed the Communist state turned Marxism into its opposite – the totalitarian theory and practice of the Stalinist and post-Stalin USSR – and signaled a new stage of world "state-capitalism". Marxism and Freedom presented an analysis of the USSR's economy as state-capitalist – rather than socialist, bureaucratic collectivist, or a "degenerated workers' state" – based on Marx's economic categories and official Soviet statistics. She pointed to the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution as more than revolts against Communism, because they based themselves on Marx's Humanism. Later editions added critical analyses of Mao Zedong and his Cultural Revolution. Marxist intellectual and Frankfurt School thinker Herbert Marcuse wrote the preface to the first edition of Marxism and Freedom, and Scottish socialist Harry McShane wrote a preface to the British edition. The 2000 edition featured a new foreword by US Green Party activist and social theorist Joel Kovel. References 1958 non-fiction books Political books Communist books Books about Marxism