The Ningxia Campaign was a series of battles fought between the Nationalists and the Communists during the final months of the Chinese Civil War. It resulted in a Communist victory. Order of battle Nationalist order of battle: Ningxia Corps was commanded personally by Ma Dunjing (马敦静) 11th Army was commanded by Ma Guangzong (马光宗) 128th Army was commanded by Lu Zhongliang (卢忠良) Helan Army was commanded by Ma Quanliang (马全良) 81st Army was commanded by Ma Dunjing (马惇靖) The following units were deployed in the beginning, but later on, did not participate in the fighting: 10th Cavalry Army was commanded by Ma Dunhou (马敦厚) 5th Cavalry Army was commanded by Ma Chengxiang (马呈祥) 100th Division was commanded by Tan Chenxiang (谭成祥) 190th Division was commanded by Ma Zhenwu (马振武) 248th Division was commanded by Han Youlu (韩有禄) 129th Army was commanded by Ma Buluan (马步銮) 287th Division was commanded by Ma Zhang (马漳) 357th Division was commanded by Yang Xiurong (杨修戎) 82nd Army was commanded by Ma Jiyuan (马继援) 14th Cavalry Brigade was commanded by Ma Chenxian (马成贤) Communist order of battle: XIX Corps was commanded by Yang Dezhi and the political commissar Li Zhimin (李志民) 63rd Army was commanded by Zheng Weishan (郑维山) and the political commissar Wang Zonghuai (王宗槐) 64th Army was commanded by Zen Siyu (曾思玉) and the political commissar Wang Zhao (王昭) 65th Army was commanded by the political commissar (王道帮) and the deputy commander Xiao Yingtang (肖应棠). The commander Qiu Wei (邱蔚) was ill and did not participate in the campaign. Independent 1st Division of the Northwestern Military Region Independent 2nd Division of the Northwestern Military Region Prelude After the defeat in the Lanzhou Campaign, Ningxia was no longer the concern of the Nationalist commander-in-chief of northwest China Ma Bufang, who was busy protecting his home base Qinghai. The nationalist deputy commander-in-chief of northwest China Ma Hongkui fled to Hong Kong via air, and left his son, Ma Dunjing (马敦静) in charge to make a last stand against the Communists. The Nationalists organized three lines of defense in the region and deployed over 160,000 troops for the campaign, but the Nationalist strategy was severely hampered by internal disagreements. Five out of the eight armies deployed were Ma Bufang's force, who were much more concerned about maintaining their own strength to retreat to and block the inevitable Communist advance on their home base in Qinghai. Consequently,