port cities, with printing shops, newspapers, magazines and pamphlets in Chinese and European languages. Book publishers often featured Chinese translations of European classics in philosophy, politics, literature and social issues. According to historian Klaus Mühlhahn: This vast network, with Shanghai as its center, spurred the transformation of the Chinese urban population. In their thoughts, tastes, and daily activities, the educated and affluent groups of the urban population began to abandon traditional ways of living and started to embrace what they saw as modern lifestyles. See also History of Chinese currency Economy of the Han dynasty Economy of the Song dynasty Economy of the Ming dynasty Economy of China Economy of Taiwan Economy of Tibet Salt in Chinese history Taxation in premodern China Four occupations Comprador Notes References Citations Sources Compilation Group for the "History of Modern China" Series. (2000). The Opium War. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific; reprint from 1976 edition. . . . Mühlhahn, Klaus. Making China Modern: From the Great Qing to Xi Jinping (Harvard UP. 2019) . Further reading Brandt, Loren, Debin Ma, and Thomas G. Rawski. "From divergence to convergence: reevaluating the history behind China's economic boom." Journal of Economic Literature 52.1 (2014): 45–123. online Deng, Kent, and Patrick O'Brien. "Establishing statistical foundations of a chronology for the great divergence: a survey and critique of the primary sources for the construction of relative wage levels for Ming–Qing China." Economic History Review 69.4 (2016): 1057–1082. Feuerwerker, Albert. China's early industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-Huai (1844–1916) and mandarin enterprise(Harvard UP, 1958) online. Feuerwerker, Albert. The Chinese Economy, Ca. 1870–1911 (Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies No. 5), University of Michigan, 1969 online Feuerwerker, Albert. The Chinese Economy, 1912–1949. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1968 online Feuerwerker, Albert. "The state and the economy in late imperial China." Theory and Society 13.3 (1984): 297-326 online. Feuerwerker, Albert. "Economic trends in the late Ch’ing empire, 1870–1911." in The Cambridge History of China 11.part 2 (1980): 1–69. Feuerwerker, Albert. “Handicraft and Manufactured Cotton Textiles in China, 1871-1910.” Journal of Economic History 30#2 1970, pp. 338–378. online Goldstone, Jack A. "Efflorescences and economic growth in world history: rethinking the" Rise of the West" and the Industrial Revolution." Journal of world history (2002): 323-389. online; emphasis on China Gordon, Peter. The Silver Way: China, Spanish America and the Birth of Globalisation, 1565-1815 (Penguin 2017), 100pp excerpt Hao, Yen-p'ing. The comprador in nineteenth century China: bridge