perception. In the earlier Latin of the Roman empire, the term had taken a distinct ethical detour, developing new shades of meaning. These especially Roman meanings were apparently influenced by several Stoic Greek terms with the word (); not only , but also such terms as (), (), and , all of which involve —something, at least in Aristotle, that would not be present in "lower" animals. is a term from Stoic philosophy, a Greek philosophy, influenced by Aristotle, and influential in Rome. This refers to shared notions, or common conceptions, that are either in-born or imprinted by the senses on to the soul. Unfortunately few true Stoic texts survive, and our understanding of their technical terminology is limited. is a term found in Epictetus (III.vi.8), a Stoic philosopher. C.S. believed this to be close to a modern English meaning of "common sense", "the elementary mental outfit of the normal man", something like intelligence. He noted that could be a translation of , (for example in the Vulgate Bible), but he only found one clear case of a Latin text showing this apparent meaning, a text by Phaedrus the fable writer. is found only in the work of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (Meditations I.16), also known as a Stoic. He uses the word on its own in a list of things he learned from his adopted father. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury felt it represented the Stoic Greek original, which gave the special Roman meaning of , especially when used to refer to someone's public spirit. He explained the change of meaning as being due to the specific way that Stoics understood perception and intellect, saying that one should "consider withal how small the distinction was in that Philosophy, between the [conjecture], and the vulgar [perception]; how generally Passion was by those Philosophers brought under the Head of Opinion". Another link between Latin and Aristotle's Greek was in rhetoric, a subject that Aristotle was the first to systematize. In rhetoric, a prudent speaker must take account of opinions (, ) that are widely held. Aristotle referred to such commonly held beliefs not as (, ), which is a term he used for self-evident logical axioms, but with other terms such as (). In his Rhetoric for example Aristotle mentions "" or "common beliefs", saying that "our proofs and arguments must rest on generally accepted principles, [...] when speaking