it: įxkiyadu ye ande 'he was wrapping it around himself' kixkidicatu 'they wash themselves' Instrumental prefixes Instrumentals serve to mark how the event was carried out and immediately precede the root. Einaudi speculates that V1V2 is not removed because of possible ambiguity. Only traces of the prefixes remain. Adverbs Adverbs may be derived from connectives, pronouns, and verbs and particles via a number of affixes: Connectives There are various instances of derived connectives: e- 'and (?), the aforesaid (?)' ehą ||e + hą|| 'and then' eką ||e + ką|| 'and then' eke ||e + ke||(?) 'and so' eke 'so' (probably derived itself, see above) ekedi ||eke + di|| 'that is why' ekehą ||eke + hą|| 'and then' ekeką ||eke + ką|| 'and then' ekeko ||eke + ko|| 'well' ekeǫnidi ||eke + ǫni + di|| 'therefore' Numerals Derived numbers contain predictable vowel syncope (see above). may be derived from ||nǫpa + ahudi|| 'two + bones' and ||dani + ahudi|| 'three + bones' 11-19 are derived via the formula 'X sitting on Y' ('Y Xaxehe'). 20-99 are derived via the formula 'X sitting on Y Zs' ('Z Y Xaxehe') shows up twice as kįkįkeOrdinal numerals (1st, 2nd, 3rd) are not attested. To express 'once', 'twice', 'three times', etc.', use the verb de 'to go' before cardinal numbers: de sǫsa 'once' de nǫpa 'twice' de dani 'three times' de topa 'four times' de ksani 'five times' To form multiplicatives, use akipta 'to double' before cardinal numbers: akipta nǫpa 'twofold' akipta dani 'threefold' akipta topa 'fourfold' akipta ohi 'tenfold' akipta tsipa 'one hundredfold' Syntax Biloxi is a left-branching SOV language. Its lexical categories include interjections (I), adverbials (A), subjects (S), objects (O), verbs (V), and connectives (C). The three types of phrases are: interjectory phrases: I with pauses before and after it tenaxi 'Oh friend!' postpositional phrase: pp N (yą)/(de) (see below) doxpe itka 'inside a coat' noun phrase: any S or O (see below) ayek ita 'your corn' There are dependent and independent clauses, and major and minor sentences. (see below) Interjections Interjections may be: Interjectory particles aci 'o no!' he he 'hello!' nu: 'help!' ux 'pshaw!' Animal cries a: a: 'caw' pes pes 'cry of the tiny frog' taǫ 'cry of the squealer duck' tį 'cry of the sapsucker' Vocatives Vocatives are almost always unmarked: kǫkǫ 'O grandmother!' kǫni 'O mother!' cidikuna 'Oh Cidikuna!' There are only three exceptions: tata 'Oh father!'