The equivalent radius of an antenna conductor is defined as: where denotes the conductor's circumference, is the length of the circumference, and are vectors locating points along the circumference, and and are differentials segments along it. The equivalent radius allows the use of analytical formulas or computational or experimental data derived for antennas constructed from small conductors with uniform, circular cross-sections to be applied in the analysis of antennas constructed from small conductors with uniform, non-circular cross-sections. Here "small" means the largest dimension of the cross-section is much less than the wavelength . Formulas The following table lists equivalent radii for various conductor cross-sections derived assuming 1) all dimensions are much less than , 2) for cross-sections composed of multiple conductors, the distances between conductors are much greater than any single conductor dimension. . Formulas for the square and triangular cross-sections follow from numerical evaluation of the double integral. All other formulas are exact. Derivation The equivalent radius is derived by equating the average magnetic vector potential at the surface of a conductor of arbitrary cross-section with the potential on the surface of a cylinder. Assume a conductor's cross-section dimensions are small compared to the wavelength, current only flows axially along the conductor, the current distribution slowly varies along the conductor's length, and current is approximately uniformly distributed along its circumference (owing to the skin effect). Furthermore, only the current in a neighborhood around any point on the conductor significantly contributes to the potential at that point. Time dependence is ignored, as it may be incorporated by multiplying the current distribution by a time-varying sinusoid. These conditions imply that a quasi-static condition exists and that the geometry is, effectively, one of an infinitely long conductor with a constant surface current density (current per area), thereby reducing a three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional one. Also implied is the magnetic vector potential is parallel to the conductor's axis. First, consider the potential at a fixed point on the circumference of the arbitrary cross-section. With the circumference divided into differential segments , the current distribution may be approximated by placing a vertical line current within each segment, each with a linear density of (current per length). It is well known that the potential of such a line current is , where is the permeability constant. The potential at is the sum of the potentials for all the strips, which is The average potential