as Okinawa. If Carangoides dasson is synonymous with Carangoides equula, this extends the species distribution well into the Pacific, ranging to Hawaii and Easter Island. Before the species was recorded in Australia in 1988, the whitefin trevally was thought to only have an antitropical distribution. The fish probably has a more continuous distribution than currently known, with lack of adequate sampling contributing its patchily known distribution. The whitefin trevally is thought to primarily inhabit deep waters on the continental shelf and slope between 90 and 200 m deep over sandy and muddy substrates. At least one record exists of the species in shallow inshore waters, where an individual was captured off a sandy beach on Japan, but was thought to be stray fish. Two specimens were caught at the entrance of Durban Harbour, South Africa in December 2022, indicating that shoals travel into inshore waters of up to 20 metres. Biology The whitefin trevally is a benthic predator, taking a variety of small fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods, either by foraging or chasing down its prey using its eyes which are extremely well adapted to the deep, low-light waters. Along with the white trevally, Pseudocaranx dentex, it is the only member of the Carangidae to have the anatomy of its eyes examined, with the study finding excellent dark-environment sight due to the presence of a tapetum. The maturation and reproduction of the whitefin trevally have been extensively studied off Japan due to the species' economic importance in this region. Sexual maturity is reached at a minimum length of 15.1 cm, although most individuals reach maturity at around 17.4 cm length and every individual is mature by 24 cm. Although these parameters were calculated for female fish, observational data suggest the male life history is similar. In Japan, the species has a prolonged spawning season, from May to October, during which females spawn repeatedly, releasing between 13,862 and 79,899 eggs per batch. The growth of males and females is very similar, and both have similar lifespans. A length of 7.5 cm is reached after the first year, and lengths of 12.3 cm, 16.0 cm and 18.8 cm after the second, third and fourth years, respectively. Relationship to humans The whitefin trevally is a commercially important species in the waters off Japan, where it is known as , and of minor importance elsewhere throughout its range. For unknown reasons, the Japanese catch has