in apocalyptic literature: the role of the Messiah is limited to that of a warrior, the final victory against the evil and the last judgment are carried out directly by God himself, and it is possible to repent on the last day. See also Jacob's Ladder Notes Sources H.F.D. Sparks The Apocryphal Old Testament (1984) pag 453-464 H.G.Lunt Ladder of Jacob, a new translation and introduction in ed. James H. Charlesworth The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2 (1985) pag 401-412. P.Sacchi M.Enrietti Apocrifi dell'Antico Testamento Vol 3 (1999) pag 551-570. 2nd-century texts Apocalyptic literature Jacob Jewish messianism Jewish texts Merkabah mysticism Old Testament pseudepigrapha Texts in Slavic languages Christian texts