NCOs. This led to substantial social problems during World War I, because qualified NCOs were blocked from promotion to officer ranks. Recruitment According to the Constitution of 1808, recruitment was according to a system of conscription. The system offered the possibility for men to buy exemption from conscription by means of paying a substitute, called an ("Proxy") or ("Stand-In"), to serve in their place (which had to be for a longer time). The reforms of 1868 abolished the use of substitutes, introduced compulsory conscription for three years, and instituted the {{lang|de|Einjährig-Freiwilliger}} ("One Year Volunteer") system. Landwehr In 1809, after the French model, the territorial forces were converted into a national guard, which from 1814 to 1868 was known as the of the Kingdom of Bavaria. During the 1868 reforms, the older classes of reserves became known as the . The also took responsibility for supervising the veterans' associations. Garrisons The bulk of the Bavarian Army was housed in fortresses, secularised monasteries and former castles. The first co-ordinated programme of barracks-building took place in 1806 (such as the New Isar Barracks), and after a typhoid outbreak in 1881, modern buildings with married quarters were built (such as the Prince Leopold Barracks). In 1838, Bavaria maintained seven fortresses, with another under construction: Forchheim Ingolstadt Veste Oberhaus Rosenberg ob Kronach Rothenberg bei Schnaittach Wülzburg Marienberg Fortress in Würzburg Germersheim (under construction) Bavaria also maintained troops in the German Confederation fortresses of Landau and Ulm. The fortress of Germersheim was de-fortified according to the Treaty of Versailles. Museum The museum for the Bavarian Army was moved from the Hofgarten in Munich into the New Castle in Ingolstadt. See also Ministry of War (Kingdom of Bavaria) Quartermaster Generals and Chiefs of the General Staff of the Army Hartschier References Bibliography Armies by country Disbanded armies