Program Established in 1988, the Torch Program aims to commercialize China's new and high technologies. The program encourages to invest in China's high technology zones. Spark Program Established in 1986, the Spark Program was the first program to promote the development of rural economy by relying on science and technology. One of the main contents of the program is the development of high yield, high quality and high effective agricultural products. Science parks and incubators Since the start of China's Torch Program in August 1988, 53 "National Science and Technology Industrial Parks" (STIPs) have been approved by the State Council (State-Level Hi-Tech and New Technology Zones). By 2000, there were altogether 20,796 enterprises in the STIPs. Biotech initiatives :Category:Biotechnology See also Pharmaceutical industry in China Biotechnology industrial park Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, a peer-reviewed journal Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions Directive 98/44/EC Further reading Plant Biotechnology in China Science Agricultural Biotechnology in China: Origins and Prospects (2007) By Valerie J. Karplus, Xing Wang Deng, Norman E. Borlaug Life sciences and biotechnology in China Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007 June 29; 362(1482): 947–957. Cautious Optimism Prevails for Chinese Biotechnology Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News Journals Journal of Chinese Biotechnology Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology References Citations Sources Biotechnology Industry in China OECD Chinese biotechnology industry An Emerging Biotech Giant? Growth In China's Biotech Industry Recommendations for biotech development in China Five Year Forecasts for the Biotechnology Industry in China The development of China's medical biotech industry needs to be driven by innovation The Role of Hong Kong SAR in the Development of Biotechnology Industry in China Albert Yen Chang Integrating China's Biotechnology Industry into Global Knowledge Creation Industrial biotechnology in China Regulations 'hinder' China biotech investment European Focus on Biotechnology in China Is Biotechnology in China's Future External links China Medicinal Biotech Association ChinaBio Today bionews.com.cn BIOTECH CHINA Biotechnology Statistics - China OECD The Emergence of Modern Biotechnology in China Biotechnology in China (1989) China's leap forward in biotechnology Overview of Chinese Regulatory Framework Industry in China Science and technology in the People's Republic of China Pharmaceutical industry in China Pharmaceuticals policy Manufacturing in China Life sciences industry Biotechnology in China