vertical displacements of 1–4 mm/yr. Eight large slip events have occurred on these faults with throw ranging from 0.2–1.0 meters. These produce earthquakes greater than magnitude six and are responsible for the majority of extension in the basin and consequently thermal anomalies, subsidence, and localization of rhyolite buttes such as the Salton Buttes. Economic significance Pull-apart basins represent an important exploration target for oil and gas, porphyry copper mineralisation, and geothermal fields. The Matzen fault system in the Matzen oil field has been recast as extensional grabens produced by pull-apart basins of the Vienna Basin. The Dead Sea has been studied extensively and thinning of the crust in pull-aparts may generate differential loading and instigate salt diapirs to rise, a frequent trap for hydrocarbons. Likewise intense deformation and rapid subsidence and deposition in pull-aparts creates numerous structural and stratigraphic traps, enhancing their viability as hydrocarbon reservoirs. The shallow extensional regime of pull-apart basins also facilitates the emplacement of felsic intrusive rocks with high copper mineralisation. It is believed to be the main structural control on the giant Escondida deposit in Chile. Geothermal fields are located in pull-aparts for the same reason due to the high heat flow associated with rising magmas. References Further reading . Tectonics Sedimentology Tectonic landforms