di prefixes, like the "dikilobyte" (K2B) and "digigabyte" (G2B). It did not see significant adoption. 1997 January: Bruce Barrow endorses the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's proposal for prefixes kibi, mebi, gibi, etc. in "A Lesson in Megabytes" in IEEE Standards Bearer IEEE requires prefixes to take the standard SI meaning (e.g., mega always to mean 10002). Exceptions for binary meaning (mega to mean 10242) are permitted as an interim measure (where pointed out on a case-by-case basis) until a binary prefix could be standardised. FOLDOC defines the zettabyte (1 ZB) as 1024 exabytes (1024 EB) and the yottabyte (1 YB) as 1024 zettabytes (1024 ZB). 1998 December: IEC establishes unambiguous prefixes for binary multiples (KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB and EiB), reserving kB, MB, GB and so on for their decimal sense. Formally published in January 1999. 1999 Donald Knuth, who uses decimal notation like 1 MB = 1000 kB, expresses "astonishment" that the proposal was adopted by the IEC, calling them "funny-sounding", and proposes that the powers of 1024 be designated as "large kilobytes" and "large megabytes" (abbreviated KKB and MMB, as "doubling the letter connotes both binary-ness and large-ness"). Double prefixes were formerly used in the metric system, however, with a multiplicative meaning ("MMB" would be equivalent to "TB"), and this proposed usage never gained any traction. In their November 1999 paper, Steven W. Schlosser, John Linwood Griffin, David F. Nagle and Gregory R. Ganger adopt the symbol GiB for gibibyte and quote data throughput in mebibytes per second "... Although these numbers appear to yield a capacity of 2.98 GiB per sled, the capacity decreases ... This yields an effective capacity of about 2.098 GiB per sled. ..." "maximum throughput (MiB/s)" The IEEE 802.11-1999 standard introduces the binary time unit TU defined as 1024 μs (10−6 Kis). 2000s 2001 IBM, z/Architecture, Reference Summary Page 59, list the power of 2 and 16, and their decimal value. There is a column name 'Symbol', which list K (kilo), M (mega), G (giga), T (tera), P (peta) and E (exa) for the power of 2 of, respectively, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60. Peuhkuri adopts IEC prefixes in his paper at the 2001 Internet Measurement Conference: "... allows maximum size of 224 that requires 1 GiB of RAM ... or acknowledgement numer [sic] is within 32 KiB range. ... on a PC with Celeron processor with 512