The Under Secretary of Education role was established as the second-highest-ranking position in the United States Department of Education when the agency was established in 1979. With the addition of a Deputy Secretary position in 1991, the Under Secretary became the third highest. The Under Secretary of Education is appointed by the President of the United States, with the approval of the United States Senate, to serve at the President's pleasure. Under Secretaries and Key Deputies Steven Alan Minter, an African American leader in Cleveland, was the first Under Secretary at the newly created agency, appointed by President Carter in 1979. Minter's deputies were Margaret McKenna, a civil rights attorney, and Michael Bakalis, who had recently run as the Democratic candidate for governor of Illinois. With Carter's loss in the 1980 presidential election, Minter left the role when Ronald Reagan took office in January 1981. President Reagan appointed William C. Clohan, Jr., a veteran Republican staffer on Capitol Hill, as Under Secretary in 1981. One year later, Clohan resigned abruptly, reportedly pushed out as a response to conservative groups' complaints that Secretary of Education Ted Bell was too moderate in his views about the future of the federal role in education. Clohan was replaced by Gary L. Jones, a vice president at the conservative American Enterprise Institute. In 1985, as William Bennett replaced Bell as Secretary, Jones was replaced as Under Secretary by Gary L. Bauer, who later led the conservative Family Research Council. Bennett and Bauer together launched an effort to challenge the efficacy of bilingual education. Among a number of deputies was Bruce Carnes, who played a major role in the administration's efforts to address problems of fraud and abuse by for-profit colleges. In 1987 Linus Wright, a Dallas educator, was appointed Under Secretary by President Reagan. He stayed in the role into the beginning of the George H.W. Bush administration. In 1989, Bush replaced Wright with Illinois schools chief Ted Sanders. In 1991, incoming Secretary Lamar Alexander, added a Deputy Secretary role to the department, naming David T. Kearns, the CEO of Xerox Corporation to that position, while keeping Sanders as Under Secretary. The new Deputy position was viewed as usurping the Under as the second highest in the agency. In 1993 President Clinton appointed Marshall (Mike) Smith, an advocate of standards-based school reform, to serve as his Under Secretary. After Madeleine Kunin left the Deputy Secretary