also be used for hypothetical events that are not generally expected to occur. Contradictory statements is often expressed using the phrase , which means 'not so, not as stated'. The negator which means 'not yet' is a negator used to express the likelihood that an event or state will occur, despite not having taken place yet at the point in time referred to. , like the other negative particles, can be seen to precede the verb phrase. The modal negator is a modal negative particle which expresses the desire of the speaker that negative consequences of an event do not occur. It is placed immediately before the verb phrase. Figure 4.1 Numerals Hoava has a decimal system of numbering (Davis 2003). 'one' 'two' 'three' 'four' 'five' 'six' 'seven' 'eight' 'nine' 'ten' Lexicology Indigenous vocabulary 'canoe' 'bushknife' 'fish' 'feast' 'now' 'make' 'one' 'come' 'follow' 'sleep' 'did' 'river' 'be' 'where' 'go' 'child' 'see' Endangerment Materials There are not many materials written in Hoava. The only material of outside world access is a guide to grammar by Karen Davis and a storybook, which is only beginning to fall out of use. There are translations of the Bible and stories but not much else is known about surviving materials. Vitality According to Ethnologue, Hoava has a 6b (Yellow) endangerment status. "Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the childbearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home" (Lewis 2013). Without intergenerational transfer, main outlet uses will soon be destroyed or fade away while other languages take its place. With the decrease of L1 speakers, the value of the language in the community will only drop until it is no longer applicable to the community. Combined with the low number of speakers, if no action is to take place, Hoava will fade to away into disuse. References PROX:proximal, close to the speaker DIST:distal, close to the hearer REST:restrictive particle SIM:similative particle PRP:preposition Further reading Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print. Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2013. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Northwest Solomonic languages Languages of the Solomon Islands Vulnerable languages