though it is rare. In Hoava there exist no reflexive forms of the pronouns. In order to create the same meaning as a reflexive, the verb (meaning 'return') is used. "There is no subject or object pronoun used, other than the object marker on the applicative suffix...in any of the sentences elicited with the pule used in this manner." (pg.49) As seen in the example above, has been used with the applicable suffix and the singular exclusive first-person pronoun to create the meaning of the reflexive form 'I've'. Also, the pronoun is followed by the restrictive particle , which is a characteristic that was mentioned earlier to sometimes occur with the use of pronouns. The morpheme can also be used in the instances mentioned above, but rather than performing a reflexive function, it acts as an emphasis that no other people were involved apart from the speaker. Within the lexicon of Hoava there are some verbs which have an inherent reflexive meaning built in and therefore the use of an extra form which suggests that it is reflexive is not needed. These are verbs which automatically mean performing an action to oneself, such as 'wash oneself' or 'scratch (oneself)'. Demonstrative pronouns In Hoava there exists a three-way spatial differentiation of deixis. This includes proximal, close to the speaker; distal, close to the hearer; and remote, distant for the speaker and the hearer. Of the three sets of demonstratives in Hoava, two sets concern the use of pronouns: a set of long forms that are used as both noun modifiers and as demonstrative pronouns and another set which is restricted to being used only as demonstrative pronouns. An extra set of 'near to hearer' long demonstratives is also used both as a noun modifier and demonstrative pronoun. These sets all have both singular and plural forms which can be used. These long demonstratives can act as demonstrative pronouns at the beginning of a noun phrase. An example of the use of long demonstratives is as follows: It is more common in Hoava for the morphemes and to be used in place as demonstrative pronouns in favour of the singular distal demonstratives and the plural . It is also not common for the remote demonstratives and to be used. Hoava has a set of short demonstratives, which are a group of particles found after the noun head of a noun phrase. They