in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), subsequently inspiring the philosophies of later modern empiricists, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. The novel's notion of materialism also has similarities to Karl Marx's historical materialism. The first English translation by orientalist Simon Ockley inspired the desert island narrative of Daniel Defoe's classic Robinson Crusoe. Translations English translations In chronological order, with translators names: George Keith. 1674. Ockley, Simon. 1708. The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan. London: E. Powell. Directly translated from the original Arabic, with an appendix in which the possibility of man's attaining the true knowledge of God, and things necessary to salvation, without instruction, is briefly considered. The History of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan (1929 – revised ed.), with an introduction by A. S. Fulton. London: Chapman & Hall. Goodman, Lenn Evan. 1972. Ibn Tufayl's Hayy ibn Yaqzān: A Philosophical Tale, translated with introduction and notes by L. E. Goodman. New York: Twayne. Kocache, Riad. 1982. The journey of the soul: the story of Hai bin Yaqzan. London: Octagon. Colville, Jim. 1999. Two Andalusian Philosophers, with an introduction and notes by J. Colville. London: Kegan Paul. Khalidi, Muhammad Ali, ed. 2005. Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings. Cambridge University Press. Omits the introductory section; omits the conclusion beginning with the protagonist's acquaintance with Asal; and includes §§1-98 of 121 as numbered in the Ockley version. Other translations Dutch: Reelant, Adriaan. 1701. De natuurlijke wijsgeer. Netherlands: Willem Lamsveld. German: Schaerer, Patric O. 2004. Der Philosoph als Autodidakt. Hamburg: Meiner. German: Abdeljelil, Jameleddine Ben, and Viktoria Frysak, eds. 2007. Hayy Ibn Yaqdhan. Ein muslimischer Inselroman. Vienna: Edition Viktoria. . Modern Greek: Kalligas, Pavlos. 2018. Ο δρόμος του λόγου: Χάυυ Ιμπν Γιακζάν ή Τα μυστικά της φιλοσοφίας της Ανατολής. Athens: Ekkremes Publishing House. 264. . Portuguese: Loureiro, Isabel. 2005. O filósofo autodidata. São Paulo: UNESP. . See also Arabic literature Andalusi literature Arabic epic literature The forbidden experiment (linguistics) References 12th-century novels Medieval Arabic literature Arabic-language novels Spanish novels Philosophical novels Fictional Arabs Thought experiments Literature of the Almohad Caliphate 1160s books