('Mwana nganga') consult with a committee of elders and ritual specialists before making decisions. Villages are divided into manageable sections, which are governed by family headmen. All members of Luvale society are divided into two categories, those descended from the founding matrilineal lines and descended from former enslaved populations. With the advent of colonialism however, a senior chief became custom, referred to as Chief Ndungu. Of the thirteen clans ('miyachi') that make up the Luvale tribe, only the 'NamaKungu' has members who can ascend to the throne. Only children of a female chief ('vamyangana') can rule. A child of a male chief is called Mwana Uta or 'child of the bow', and can never become a chief. All clans have totems or identifiers (mostly animals) such as hawks, owls, and fish. According to C.M.N. White, a British civil servant who spent many years in the area, each clan has a legendary explanation of how it arose, and a clan recitation ('kulisasula jikumbu') of which identifies a clan member. On July 28, 2020, the Luvale royal establishment selected Chinyama Ngundu as the new senior chief, as his predecessor (and uncle) passed away January of that year. However, his ascension remains disputed by other Luvale chiefs. Art The Luvale are noted for their masks, many of which are danced during initiation ceremonies to educate the initiates and to mark the territory where the ceremonies take place. They are skilled craftsmen known for making baskets, weaving mats ("visalo") pottery, metalwork ('"utengo") and stools. Some stools are made exclusively from wood, while some may feature a hide seat on a wooden frame called "likupu". The most commonly made basket is the "mbango", a medium-sized basket for storing grain or maize meal. They also make musical instruments such as the "jinjimba" (a xylophone), the "likembe" (a small hand piano), and a variety of drums. Religion The Luvale recognize Kalunga, a sky god of creation and supreme power; it's held that it has power over every other deity and is omniscient and all seeing. Additionally, Kalunga holds jurisdiction over the spirits of both the living and the dead, blessing the good and punishing the wicked. The Luvale also recognize the mahamba, nature and ancestral spirits. These spirits may belong to the individual, the family, or the community, and must be appeased through offerings in order to maintain good fortune. Evil spirits may also be activated by