The Robert Koch Medal and Award are two prizes awarded annually by the German for excellence in the biomedical sciences. These awards grew out of early attempts by German physician Robert Koch to generate funding to support his research into the cause and cure for tuberculosis. Koch discovered the bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) responsible for the dreaded disease and rapidly acquired international support, including 500,000 gold marks from the Scottish-American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. The Robert Koch Prize Since 1970, the Robert Koch Foundation has awarded prizes for major advances in the biomedical sciences, particularly in the fields of microbiology and immunology. The prestige of this award has grown over the past decades so that it is now widely regarded as the leading international scientific prize in microbiology. As has been described by a jury member for the prize, the committee often asks, "What would Robert Koch work on today?” to decide on research that should be granted recognition. The more specific Robert Koch Prize is commonly considered one of the stepping-stones (along with other prizes such as the Lasker Award) to eventual Nobel Prize recognition for scientists in the fields of microbiology and immunology, and a number of Robert Koch Prize winners subsequently became Nobel laureates, such as César Milstein, Susumu Tonegawa and Harald zur Hausen. Other notable awardees include Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk and John Enders for their pioneering work on the development of polio vaccines. Only Enders was recognized with a Nobel Prize, together with Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Chapman Robbins. Two separate Robert Koch Awards are presented annually: The Gold Robert Koch Gold Medal for accumulated excellence in biomedical research and the Robert Koch Prize, worth €120,000, for a major discovery in biomedical science. Robert Koch Prize Winners since 1960 Source: 1960 (Germany), René Dubos (USA), (Japan), (Germany), (Germany), (Switzerland) 1962 John Franklin Enders (USA), Albert Sabin (USA), Jonas Salk (USA) 1963 Tomizo Yoshida (Japan) 1965 Gertrud Meißner 1966 1968 , , 1970 (United Kingdom), (Finland), (Denmark) 1971 Gertrude Henle and Werner Henle (USA) 1972 (Netherlands), Alain de Weck (Switzerland) 1973 Jean Lindenmann (Switzerland), (Germany) 1974 (Germany) 1975 Harald zur Hausen (Germany), Heinz-G. Wittmann (Germany) 1976 (USA), Mark Richmond (United Kingdom) 1977 Jean Dausset (France), Jon J. van Rood (Netherlands) 1978 (Germany), (Germany) 1979 Ruth Arnon (Israel), Peter Starlinger (Germany) 1980 César Milstein (United Kingdom), Lewis W. Wannamaker (USA) 1981 Robert M. Chanock (USA), (Sweden) 1982 Raymond