of animals: for both, it is a material soul, limited and mortal The "automatism of beasts": whereas Descartes says that animals have a body, mind and memory, Pereira says the same using different language, viz., animals have internal structure or soma, external stimuli or phantasmae, and the ability to learn or memoria. The basic syllogism is strikingly similar in both, the "Cogito ergo sum" ("je pense, donc je suis") of Descartes versus the "quidquid noscit, est, ergo ego sum" of Pereira (which precedes Descartes by some one hundred years). References 1500 births 1567 deaths Spanish philosophers 16th-century philosophers 16th-century Spanish physicians University of Salamanca alumni 16th-century Spanish philosophers