Claude-François Ménestrier (9 March 1631 – 21 January 1705) was a French heraldist, writer, member of the Society of Jesus [Jesuit], and attendant of the royal court. Ménestrier was born in Lyon. He composed numerous books on heraldry, in which he was one of the greatest authorities of his age, the professor of the colleges in Chambéry, Vienne, Grenoble, and Lyon. During 1669-70 he traveled to Germany and Italy, but reached Paris and lived there to his death. Menestrier's early treatises clearly show the influence of Emanuele Tesauro's theoretical work, and in particular the content of his best-known treatise, the Cannocchiale aristotelico. He was the most widely known heraldist of his time, and was from 1622 in close correspondence with Philipp Jakob Spener, the founder of the German scientific heraldry who refused the merely symbolic interpretation of arms. Ménestrier maintained that we can know the essence of heraldry only from the sources from the age of living heraldry but he was also influenced by the heraldic view of his age. Thus, his researches were abortive. Ménestrier's essays "On Ancient and Modern Musical Productions" (Des Représentations en musique anciennes et modernes, 1681) and "On Ancient and Modern Ballets, After The Rules of Theatre" (Des Ballets anciens et modernes selon les règles du théâtre, 1682) were influential in the development of ballet as a dramatic concert dance style capable of expressing a wide range of emotion and narrating a complex story, drawing upon accounts of ancient Roman pantomime. Ménestrier was also a numismatist and antiquary. In 1689 he published his Histoire du Roy Louis le Grand par les médailles. emblêmes, devises, jettons, inscriptions, armoiries, et autres monumens publics. The book was the first antiquarian history of a modern individual, and largely used medals drawn from the collection of Père François de la Chaise. It also covered jettons and heraldic devices. Unfortunately for Ménestrier a pirated 1691 Dutch edition included five pages of anti-Louis medals, harming Ménestrier's position at court. Works L'Autel de Lyon, consacré a Louys Auguste, et placé dans le temple de la gloire. Ballet dédié à Sa Majesté en son entrée à Lyon, Lyon, Jean Molin, 1658 Le véritable art du blason et l'origine des armoiries, Lyon, Benoît Coral, 1659 Les Réjouissances de la paix, avec un recueil de diverses pièces sur ce sujet, Lyon, Benoît Coral, 1660 Abbrégé méthodique des principes héraldiques, ou du Véritable art du blason, Lyon,