locally up to 2200 m. It requires humidity and is active at night. It buries into heavy soils. This species is widespread in some countries and it is still spreading in the British Isles. The biology of the species was reviewed by Reise et al. (2006). In Britain the copulation of this slug species takes place from November to January; in Central Europe from April to autumn. Slugs may copulate several times in their life. Copulation begins usually at night and may last 15 hours or more; everted genitalia are visible between the partners. In Britain, juveniles hatch in April or May, and maturity is reached in the autumn. Up to more than 20 eggs are laid at a time. In Central Europe, eggs, sub-adults and adults pass the winter. Human relevance This species is noxious to crops, in lowland England particularly to potatoes. This species is a pest in crops of root vegetables. References This article incorporates public domain text from the reference. Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp 196–219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch. External links Milacidae Gastropods described in 1880