Isaac Royall Jr. (1719–1781) was the largest slaveholder in 18th-century Massachusetts. His wealth, primarily accrued through enslaved labor in Antigua, made possible the creation of Harvard Law School. Royall and his father enslaved 64 people on the family's estate in today's Medford, Massachusetts. The Isaac Royall House is now a museum and historic site. The property includes the only surviving freestanding slave quarters in the northern United States. Life Isaac Royall Jr. was the son of slave trader and planter Isaac Royall (1677–1739). The elder Royall had moved from Massachusetts to Antigua in 1700 to establish a slave-labor plantation and made his fortune trading enslaved people, rum, and sugar. Isaac was born on the island in 1719. He was 17 when Antiguan officials carried out a brutal wave of punishments in anticipation of an uprising by enslaved workers. "A total of 132 enslaved persons were convicted, and 88 executed: five by being broken on the wheel, six by gibbeting, and 77 by burning at the stake." Despite recent claims, however, there is no evidence that Royall father or son played a role in suppressing the revolt. "The executed individuals were held in bondage by a total of 60 different individuals and estates," including one man owned by Royall's father. When Hector was burned at the stake, "Isaac Royall Sr. received £70 in compensation for his loss." Harsh weather and disease cut into Royalls' Antiguan profits, including a drought in 1725, a massive hurricane in 1733, earthquakes in 1735, and a smallpox epidemic in 1737. Determined to return to New England, Royall Sr. bought a 500-acre estate in Charlestown, Massachusetts (now Medford), near the Mystic River known as Ten Hills Farm. The property was originally owned and named by the colony's first governor, John Winthrop. In 1737, the family moved to the estate, bringing with them at least 27 enslaved people, making the Royalls "the largest slaveholding family in Massachusetts." The estate included a three-story Georgian mansion (expanded from an earlier, more modest structure), a carriage house, a stable, an "out kitchen," and a number of barns. After Isaac Sr. died in 1739, Isaac Jr., then twenty years old, inherited his father's estate, variously described as "immense" and "small but prosperous." The property, now known as the Isaac Royall House, is a museum and historic site. It includes the only surviving example of freestanding slave quarters in the northern United States.