a dictionary of Kwaza to English. Hein van der Voort's work on the language has given the Kwaza the ability to preserve the language through making it available for others to learn, including non-indigenous people. Phonology Kwaza has eight oral and seven nasal vowel phonemes, which are all attested in a minimal pair set, despite the rare /œ/ occurrence. The consonant inventory consists of 19 phonemes. Vowels /a/ can sometimes be heard as [ɑ] when before back vowels /u, ɔ/. /ɛ/ can also be heard as [æ] free variation. /ɘ/ can be heard as [ɨ̞] in free variation, as [ə] in unstressed position, or as a glide [ɨ̯] in syllable-final position. /ɘ̃/ can be heard as [ɨ̞̃] in free variation. /œ/ can be heard as [œ̈] in free variation. Consonants Implosives /ɓ, ɗ/ can also be heard as voiced plosives [b, d] in free variation. /h/ can be heard as voiced [ɦ] in intervocalic positions. /w, ɾ, j/ are nasalized as [w̃, ɾ̃, j̃] within nasal vowels. Sounds /s̠̺, w/ are heard as [ɕ, w̜] before front vowels. Morphology Personal Pronoun System Kwaza personal pronouns: Examples: Parts of Speech Kwaza has four parts of speech: particles, verbs, adverbs, and nouns. No adjectives occur in the language. In Kwaza, the majority of the bound grammatical morphemes are suffixes. Kwaza is morphologically complex in its verbs. Word order is relatively free, but SOV and SVO are more dominant. In the language, it is mandatory to inflect verbs to express mood and subject person. First and second person singular are distinguished by subject agreement marking, as are first person inclusive and exclusive, and the second persona plural. The third person is not pronounced. There is no difference between third person singular and plural, or between feminine and masculine. Pro-Drop Language Hein van der Voort (2000) categorizes Kwaza as a 'pro-drop' language because subject agreement is obligatory, while pronominal reference is optional. Definite argument morphemes can agree with explicit lexical arguments, but overt pronouns have a contrastive effect by emphasizing them. Verb Morphology Verb morphology in Kwaza can express numerous moods. These moods include exhortative, interrogative, declarative, imperative, and negative. The imperative only happens with second person subjects. The second person singular usually has no expression. There are several verbal-final elements in Kwaza, which exist as subordinate clause mood markers. In adverbial clause construction, subordinate clause mood markers are used, for example in concessive