environmental clean-up efforts. Although London was ultimately selected to host the 2012 summer games, Doctoroff's Olympic efforts helped catalyze longstanding infrastructure and development projects in New York such as the extension of the No. 7 subway line. As a result of his involvement with NYC2012, Doctoroff was asked to join the Bloomberg administration in late 2001 as deputy mayor for economic development and rebuilding. Bloomberg administration During his first term as deputy mayor, Doctoroff continued to focus on developing neglected areas of the cities Five-Borough Economic Opportunity Plan. In total, Doctoroff oversaw 289 separate projects and initiatives, including the rezoning of 6,000 city blocks, the creation of 130 million square feet of residential and commercial space, and 2,400 acres of new parks, including the High Line, Brooklyn Bridge Park and Governor's Island. He also represented city interests in the redevelopment of Lower Manhattan after the devastation of 9/11. Doctoroff was responsible for initiatives to build the new Yankee Stadium, Citi Field, and the Barclays Center, and expand the campuses of Columbia University, New York University, and Fordham University. Doctoroff was also responsible for overseeing the creation of the New Marketplace Housing Plan, which developed or preserved 165,000 units of affordable housing. Doctoroff conceived of and led the team that developed PlaNYC, the 127-point plan that brought together more than 25 City agencies to make New York City more environmentally sustainable. In December 2012, he argued the changes made as a result of PlaNYC helped prevent further damage to the city from Hurricane Sandy, particularly in areas designated as flood zones. One of the 127 points of the plan was the introduction of congestion pricing, which is a system of fees to discourage commuting by car. Supporters, including Doctoroff, anticipated that the fees would help finance mass transit system improvements, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% citywide by 2030 and reduce traffic congestion. A study conducted by the NYC Metropolitan Transit Authority in 2007, however, revealed that subway lines were at capacity and could not accommodate an increase in new riders using the system. Congestion pricing was eventually dismissed by New York state legislators in April 2008, claiming the fee was unfair to middle-class commuters who did not have access to mass transit. Bloomberg L.P. Doctoroff left city politics before the congestion pricing proposal failed and became president of Bloomberg L.P. in February 2008. Under Doctoroff's leadership, Bloomberg L.P. shifted its