to protect an absent neighbour's property from flooding) without the awareness or consent of the other person (negotiorum gestio or necessitous intervention). In Québec, quasi-contractual obligations arising from the former are codified in section 1491 of the civil code, which provides that "payment made in error, or merely to avoid injury to the person making it while protesting that he owes nothing, obliges the person who receives it to make restitution". Similarly, quasi-contractual obligations arising from the latter are provided for by sections 1482-1490 of the civil code, which provide that an individual who spontaneously manages the affairs of another person is entitled to remuneration as though they did so under a contractual obligation (provided that the first person promptly notifies the other person) and that a person who undertakes such management has an obligation to continue acting until either they "can withdraw without risk of loss" or the person in question (or an agent, liquidator, or guardian) is able to provide for it. In the common law provinces and territories, the law of restitution and necessitous intervention are rooted in equity and produce substantially similar effects to the provisions of the civil code. Unawareness and non-consent, depending on the circumstances, may be due to unconsciousness (e.g. in the case of medical assistance provided), absence, or any other factor which made it impracticable to seek that person's consent before reasonably acting in that person's interests. The elements of an action for restitution at common law are typically: the supplier acts "unofficiously", that is, isn't interfering in the affairs of the recipient for no reason; the supplier acts with the intent to charge money for doing so; the goods or services are necessary to prevent the recipient from suffering serious bodily injury or pain; the recipient is unable to consent; the supplier has no reason to know that the recipient would not consent if they could; and, if the recipient is "extremely" mentally incompetent or young and objects, the non-consent is immaterial. Dispute resolution In both Québec and the common law provinces, where no arbitration or mediation clause or agreement applies, a party seeking a remedy for breach of contract is typically required to file a civil lawsuit in the court which has jurisdiction over the contract. Except where the remedy sought is damages below the prescribed amount for a province's small claims court to assume jurisdiction or where the subject-matter