frequent in Africa and Oceania, human infection is extremely rare. Regions around the Caspian Sea have the highest number of cases, with the most occurring in Iran. Infections are also most commonly found in areas where freshwater fish is a dietary mainstay. Non-human infections are more common worldwide, especially in areas of temperate climate. Prevalence in mink populations may be high, such as portions of Ontario or Minnesota. Similarly, some minnow populations may be as high as 50%. Public health and prevention strategies No public health measures have been undertaken or vaccines developed because of the rarity of human infection. The majority of D. renale infections have resulted from undercooked or raw freshwater fish consumption. Thus, the simple practice of thoroughly cooking fish prior to consumption could be promoted and lead to eradication of D. renale'' infection in humans. See also List of parasites (human) References External links Giant Kidney Worm - YouTube video showing the removal of five giant kidney worms from a dog. Parasitic nematodes of mammals Ascaridida Nematodes described in 1782 Rare infectious diseases Taxa named by Johann August Ephraim Goeze