proceeding is to find who the criminal is or is not in any given case, but no force may be used against non-criminals. Rothbard argues that police may use coercive methods only if the suspect turns out to be guilty, and if not, then the police must be put into the dock for criminal assault. Police can never be allowed to commit an invasion that is worse than, or that is more than proportionate to, the crime under investigation. Finally, Rothbard argues that no man, in an attempt to exercise his right of self-defense, may coerce anyone else into defending him, as this would make the defender himself a criminal invader of the rights of others. Chapter 13, "Punishment and Proportionality", discusses the libertarian theory of punishment. He emphasizes that punishment should be proportional to the crime committed and that the victim, not "society," should be the one to press charges against the wrongdoer. Proportionality sets the upper bound on punishment, but the plaintiff can forgive part or all of the penalty or allow the criminal to buy his way out of it. In cases of theft, the first part of punishment should be restitution, and if the criminal has already spent the money, they should be forced to work and allocate the ensuing income to the victim until they have been repaid. Rothbard criticizes current punishment practices, where the victim pays taxes to support the criminal in prison instead of receiving restitution. Rothbard emphasizes that the idea of primacy for restitution to the victim as an ancient principle of law that has been lost as the state monopolized the institutions of justice. Rothbard provides examples of how restitution was the dominant concept of punishment in the Middle Ages, and the state gradually confiscated a greater proportion of the criminal's property for itself. Rothbard argues that restitution is not the complete criterion for punishment as it cannot be applied in cases of bodily assault. In such cases, the criminal must lose rights to the same extent as he has taken away. Rothbard concludes that proportionate punishment must be levied, which would include an additional compensation to the victim for the uncertain and fearful aspects of his ordeal. In the case of bodily assault, the victim has the right to beat up the criminal to rather more than the same extent. Finally, the author suggests that allowing the criminal to buy