the motives of that contradictory behaviour? He was not adept at political truth and honour." (Fereydun Adamiyat) Views vary as to the degree to which Taqizadeh served the interests of Iran and her people. Some experts believe that he made the Iranian interests secondary to that of the United Kingdom during the period of the Constitutional Revolution, and to that of Germany during World War I. Others suggest that he allied with the United Kingdom with the intention of protecting Iran against the Russian expansionist policies. They are of the opinion that Taqizadeh was a supporter of the Iranian constitution and that during World War I, he allied with Germany to oppose the Anglo-Russian influence which was aimed at undermining Iran's independence. In addition, they believe that in 1942 Taqizadeh attempted to bring about a close relationship between Iran and the United States of America in order to guarantee a balance of powers conducive to Iran's independence. Chronology of Taqizadeh's life 27 September 1878: Born in Tabriz. 1896: Established the Tarbiyat (Education) school and a bookshop and set up a pharmacy in collaboration with his friends in Tabriz. 1898: Taught physics at Loqmaniya in Tabriz. Translated the book 'Ajaeb-e Asemani (Astrnomie Populaire) by Camille Flammarion. 1899/1900: Studied English at the American Memorial School in Tabriz (the Presbyterian mission school in Tabriz). January 1903 — January 1904: Published the magazine Ganjineh-ye Fonun (Treasure of Sciences). 1904: Travelled to the Caucasus and Istanbul for six months, to Egypt for several months and to Beirut for fifty days. Published the discourse Tahqiq-e Ahval-e kononi-ye Iran ba Mohakemat-e Tarikhi (Research into the contemporary condition of Iran from historical perspective) in newspaper Hekmat (Wisdom), in Cairo. October 1905: Returned to Tabriz. September 1906: Arrived in Tehran. Published some articles in Neda-ye Vatan (Voice of Nation). October 1906: Elected by merchants of Tabriz as deputy to the First Majles. Published articles in Sur-e Esrafil (whose editor, Mirza Jahangir Khan, of Bábí background, was killed following Mohammad Ali Shah's coup d'état of June 23, 1908) and Mosavat (Equality). June 1908: Was exiled from Iran by Mohammad Ali Shah; left for Europe. September 1908: Organised political activities against Mohammad Ali Shah in the United Kingdom. November 1908: Returned to Tabriz. August 1909: Arrived in Tehran after the victory of Mojaheds. Membership to the "Temporarily Board of Directors". Elected deputy to the Second Majles. October 1909: Deputy to the