and policy makers, to understand the emergence of new "dead zones," and the impacts of climate change, ocean acidification, and sea star wasting disease off Washington and Oregon. Further, the findings have been used to inform selection criteria for networks of marine reserves and Marine Protected Areas in California, Washington, and Oregon. Marine reserves and marine protected areas Lubchenco led an influential study of the science of marine reserves (also called 'no-take' marine protected areas) – areas of the ocean protected from any extractive or destructive activities. The study showed that reserves result in significant increases in abundance, size and diversity of species within the reserve, and that some of this bounty spills over to the area outside the reserve. This study also proposed the concept of 'networks' of reserves – reserves within a large marine ecosystem that are connected by the movement of juveniles or adults. In 1997 at the AAAS Annual Meeting, she famously proposed the '20% by 2020' phrase – that 20% of the world's oceans be protected in marine reserves by the year 2020 to draw attention to the urgent need to protect and restore the health of our oceans (see The Controversy over Marine Protected Areas: Science meets Policy). This proposal and other efforts to promote marine reserves have attracted both controversy and resistance from those who wish to keep extracting resources from oceans. More recently, where fishermen have exclusive rights to fish along the margins of marine reserves, and thus benefit from the bounty spilling out from the reserve, they have championed establishment of more reserves. As part of the ongoing efforts to promote marine reserves, Lubchenco established the Science of Marine Reserves project—an international collaboration within PISCO to study, synthesize, and share information on MPAs globally—in 2005. Dr. Lubchenco currently oversees these efforts and is an active contributor to MPA research and discussions. She was part of a study on the potential of well-managed marine reserves to mitigate and promote climate change adaptation by limiting direct anthropogenic stressors, enabling species recovery, and restoring habitat complexity. More recently, she and her collaborators provided a novel approach to reconcile multiple goals for MPAs: biodiversity protection, food production, and climate mitigation. Lubchenco is currently working on an international collaboration to bring clarity and transparency to global MPA design and reporting. This effort, known as The MPA Guide, clarifies the four Stages of Implementation of MPAs (Proposed/Committed,