may show enlargement of the ventricles. MRI with contrast may show enhancement of leptomeninges and cochlea consistent with chronic meningitis. EEG shows a non-specific pattern with slow waves and spike discharges. Polymorphs tend to show increased expression of CD10. Differential diagnosis Aicardi–Goutières syndrome Still's disease Schnitzler syndrome Hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome Familial Mediterranean fever Marshall syndrome Castleman's disease Still's disease does not affect children under 6 months old. Hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome in 50% of cases is associated with mevalonate kinase deficiency which can be measured in the leukocytes. Treatment There have been attempts to control the inflammation using drugs that work in other conditions where inflammation is a problem. The most successful of these are steroids, but they have side effects when used long term. Other medications, including methotrexate, colchicine and canakinumab, have been tried with some success. Otherwise, the treatment is supportive, or aimed solely at controlling symptoms and maximizing function. Prognosis Overall, the prognosis for patients with NOMID is not good, though many (80%) live into adulthood, and a few appear to do relatively well. They are at risk for leukemia, infections, and some develop deposits of protein aggregated called amyloid, which can lead to kidney failure and other problems. The neurologic problems are most troubling. The finding that other diseases are related and a better understanding of where the disease comes from may lead to more effective treatments. Epidemiology This is a rare condition with an incidence estimated to be less than 1 in a million live births. About 100 cases have been reported worldwide. The bulk of cases are sporadic but familial forms with autosomal dominant transmission have also been described. See also Deficiency of the interleukin-1–receptor antagonist (DIRA) Familial cold urticaria, a similar disease List of cutaneous conditions Muckle–Wells syndrome, a similar disease References Notes Goldbach-Mansky, R. et al. Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease Responsive to Interleukin-1{beta} Inhibition N Engl J Med 2006 355: 581–592. External links Rheumatology Neonatology Rare diseases