and Cordia lutea are the most important part of the diet because they are available during most of the year. Breeding The white-winged guan is territorial and mated pairs stay together over successive years. Their breeding season spans from November to May, a period which overlaps the resource-abundant rainy season. They construct a nest of twigs and leaves in vine-covered trees, typically about above the ground. The clutch size can be one to three eggs but two is the usual number. Vocal and non-vocal sounds The white-winged guan has three categories of vocalization, which are sometimes mixed or merged. They are most vocal at dawn and dusk during the breeding season. The territorial call "sounds like jar-jar-jar ending with a quick ha-ha-ha-ha" and is usually given by the male. The alarm call "piu-piu-piu or cau-cau-cau" can be given in duets. The threat call is given as a direct challenge to a conspecific intruder and "sounds like arrr, arrr, arrr." The guan's non-vocal wing-drumming display is given at dawn and can be heard at great distances. Status The IUCN has assessed the white-winged guan as Endangered, an improvement in 2018 from its previous Critically Endangered status. Its population of approximately 200 mature birds is believed to be stable. Several refuges have been created specifically to protect the species and reintroduction efforts have helped augment the current six to 10 locations that host the bird. However, habitat destruction and hunting remain as threats. References External links BirdLife Data Factsheet Stamps (for Peru—2 issues) White-winged Guan photo gallery VIREO Chaparri Reserve on the Conservation Projects at Chaparri Reserve white-winged guan white-winged guan Birds of the Peruvian Andes Endemic birds of Peru White-winged guan white-winged guan