unfeasible to undertake the significant renewals required to continue electric operation. The locomotives were stored for other electrified routes. 1,200 V DC, third rail (side-contact) Manchester Victoria - Bury In 1916, the line between Manchester Victoria and Bury was electrified using 1,200 V DC third rail (side contact). The line between Bury and Holcombe Brook which had been electrified using 3,500V DC overhead in 1913 was converted to this system in 1918. It was abandoned in 1991, when the line was converted to a 750V DC system and became part of the Manchester Metrolink. 650 V DC, overhead Swansea and Mumbles Railway 600 V DC, third rail Tyneside Electrics This was electrified in 1904, in response to extensive competition from new electric trams. The concept was a success for the North Eastern Railway (NER), a noted pioneer in electrification, as passenger numbers returned to pre-tram levels. As the stock reached life expectancy in 1937, the network was remodelled by London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) to reflect the changing industrial and residential makeup of the area. Electrified, at the same time, was the dockside branch, where a pair of Class ES1 (formerly NER No.1 and 2) locomotives were introduced in 1905. These British Thomson-Houston locomotives operated from both the third rail and overhead line. British Rail removed the electrification between 1963 and 1967, citing the changing industrial and population makeup of the area which reduced the need for electric traction. Much of the Tyneside network was later re-electrified, (using 1500VDC overhead), as the Tyne and Wear Metro. 525 V DC, third rail Liverpool Overhead Railway The Liverpool Overhead Railway was one of the earliest electric railways in Great Britain. The first section, between Alexandra Dock and Herculaneum Dock, was opened in 1893. The line connected with Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's North Mersey Branch. It was never nationalised, and closed on 30 December 1956 due to extensive corrosion throughout its iron infrastructure (which was deemed uneconomical to replace). 500 V DC, overhead Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway 500 V DC, third rail City and South London Railway The City and South London Railway electrification was unusual (compared with later schemes) in that it used a three-wire DC system. This meant that, although the offset centre third rail was electrified at +500volts in the northbound tunnel, it was electrified at -500volts in the southbound tunnel. The motors on the locomotives and the