(French: lit. 'singing café'), , or , is a type of musical establishment associated with the Belle Époque in France. The music was generally lighthearted and sometimes risqué or even bawdy but, as opposed to the cabaret tradition, not particularly political or confrontational. Although there is much overlap of definition with cabaret, music hall, vaudeville, etc., the was originally an outdoor café where small groups of performers performed popular music for the public. National variations The tradition of such establishments as a venue for music has its origins in Paris and London of the eighteenth century. Such establishments gained their widest popularity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the growth of various other national "schools" of cafè chantant (besides French). Thus, one spoke of an Italian café chantant, German café chantant, or Austrian café chantant. For example, at least one Victorian era premises in England was known as a café chantant. One of the most famous performers in this medium was violinist Georges Boulanger, who performed in this style from 1910 until 1958, and singer Gorella Gori or Zaira Erba who died in 1963. In Spain, such an establishment was known as a café cantante and became the centre for professional flamenco performances from the mid nineteenth century to the 1920s. Cafés chantants were known as (kafeşantan) in Turkish, and many were opened in the Beyoğlu/Péra district of Istanbul in the early years of the twentieth century. They are described in great detail in the memoirs of such authors as Ahmed Rasim and Sermet Muhtar Alus. Earlier versions of the kafeşantan, known as kahvehane in Turkish, appeared in Istanbul during the Ottoman Era as early as 1554. Hundreds of them were opened continually, most of them with a social club status. In the Russian Empire, the term was taken wholesale into the Russian language as "kafe-shantan" (кафе-шантан). Odessa was the city best known for its numerous kafe-shantany. Fundraising for women's suffrage and other causes In the twentieth century, Cafe Chantant events were held across the UK by the women's suffrage movement to bring together their supporters and to raise funds. The organization of the events of musical and other performances held the movement were intended to be of a high standard (and unlikely to be risqué although unconventional), so that fundraising this way was successful. Starting in one branch, then rolling out across Scotland, this type of