and predatory species are known. Larvae may be found under bark, in tunnels of bark beetles, in decomposing wood and other decomposing plant residue, and in dung. Larvae of some species cause formation of galls on plants (including cereals), while larvae of other species live in juicy fruits (figs, etc.). Flies are found on trunks of trees, logs, cut wood, leaves of shrubs, and in grass. Some species are agricultural pests. The polyphagous and oligophagous species of the family Tephritidae (also called fruit flies) and Lonchaeidae are the main pests of horticulture in the neotropical region. Also in the neotropics, Neosilba perezi (Romero & Ruppel), known as the cassava shoot fly, is a pest of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Dasiops passifloris McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) infests the fruit of the corky-stemmed passion flower Passiflora pallida L. in the Americas. Species in the genus Earomyia are pests of fir and spruce trees, destroying the seeds and cones. The black fig-fly Silba adipata McAlpine is a pest of figs. Lonchaea chorea is synanthropic and may become a nuisance pest. List of genera A list of genera of Lonchaeidae with approximate number of extant species Subfamily Dasiopinae Dasiops (Sometimes misspelt Dasyops) 126 species Subfamily Lonchaeinae Chaetolonchaea 7 species Earomyia 22 species Lamprolonchaea (Sometimes misspelt Lamprolonchea) 19 species Lonchaea 209 species Neosilba 40 species Protearomyia 6 species Setisquamalonchaea 4 species Silba 89 species Identification Czerny, L. 1934. Lonchaeidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.). Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region 5, 43, 1-40.. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision (in German). Morge, G. (1963) Die Lonchaeidae und Pallopteridae Österreichs und der Angrenzenden Gebiete. 1. Teil: Die Lonchaeidae. Naturkundliches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz 9: 123-313. Morge,G. 1959, 1962. Monographie der palearktischen Lonchaeidae Beitr. z. Entom., vol. 2, pp. 1–92, 323-371, 909-945; vol. 12, pp. 381–434. Stackelberg, A. A. Family Lonchaeidae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision. Séguy, E. (1934) Diptères: Brachycères. II. Muscidae acalypterae, Scatophagidae. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 28.BibliothequeVirtuelleNumerique pdf MacGowan, I. & Rotheray, G. (2008) British Lonchaeidae (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae). Royal Entomological Society of London Handbook 10(15). K. G. V. Smith, 1989 An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies. Diptera Larvae, with notes on eggs, puparia and pupae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 10