example, is considered a country that uses defensive democratic tactics frequently, especially after the September 11 attacks and the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, while Italy is considered a country which engages in defensive democratic courses of action sparsely. Examples Europe Ten countries in Europe have outlawed Holocaust denial: France (Loi Gayssot), Belgium (Belgian Holocaust denial law), Switzerland (article 261bis of the Penal Code), Germany (§ 130 (3) of the penal code), Austria (article 3h Verbotsgesetz 1947), Romania, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Poland (article 55 of the law creating the Institute of National Remembrance 1998). Germany In German politics the concept exists under the term wehrhafte or streitbare Demokratie ("well-fortified" or "battle-ready democracy") which implies that the federal government (Bundesregierung), the parliament (Bundestag and Bundesrat) and the judiciary are given extensive powers and duties to defend the liberal democratic basic order ("freiheitlich-demokratische Grundordnung") against those who want to abolish it. The idea behind the concept is the notion that even a majority rule of the people cannot be allowed to install a totalitarian or autocratic regime such as with the Enabling Act of 1933, thereby violating the principles of the German constitution, the Basic Law. Several articles of the German constitution allow a range of different measures to "defend the liberal democratic order". Art. 9 allows for social groups to be labelled ("hostile to the constitution") and to be proscribed by the federal government. Political parties can be labelled enemies to the constitution only by the (Federal Constitutional Court), according to Art. 21 II. According to Art. 18, the can restrict the basic rights of people who fight against the (constitutional order). , that has never happened in the history of the Federal Republic. The federal and state bureaucracies can exclude people deemed "hostile to the constitution" from the civil service according to Art. 33 (). Every civil servant (, a very broad class including many in the public sector who would not be considered civil servants in other countries, such as teachers) is sworn to defend the constitution and the constitutional order. According to Art. 20, every German citizen has the right to resistance against anyone who wants to abolish the constitutional order as a last resort. In addition, Germany maintains a domestic intelligence service, the Verfassungsschutz, whose main purpose is to investigate parties which may violate the constitutional bans on working to end the