the female copulatory ducts by males leaving behind their palpal bulbs, is ancestral to the nephilines, and was lost in Nephila and Clitaetra. Genera The following genera are placed in the subfamily by Kuntner et al. (2019); distributions based on the World Spider Catalog: Clitaetra Simon, 1889 – Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka Herennia Thorell, 1877 – South Asia, Australia Indoetra (previously a subgenus of Clitaetra) Kuntner, 2006 – Sri Lanka Nephila Leach, 1815 – pantropical Nephilengys L. Koch, 1872 – South Asia to north Australia Nephilingis Kuntner, 2013 – tropical South America and Africa Trichonephila (previously a subgenus of Nephila) Dahl, 1911 – pantropical Distribution The subfamily has a pan-tropical distribution: species of Nephilia, in particular, are found in tropical and subtropical environments in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. See also Spider families References Further reading Nephila of Southern Africa External links Araneidae Spider subfamilies