was a noted Japanese writer and critic. Biography Haniya was born in Taiwan, then a Japanese colony, to a samurai family named Hannya after the Hannya Shingyo (Heart Sutra). He had a sickly childhood and suffered from tuberculosis in his teens. Although originally interested in anarchism, in 1931 he joined the Japanese Communist Party, becoming its Agriculture Director the following year, whereupon he was promptly arrested and imprisoned. While in the prison's hospital, he devoted himself to studying Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. In 1933, Haniya underwent a coerced "ideological conversion" (tenkо̄), after which he was allowed to leave prison and return to society. During the war years, he eked out a meager living as the editor of a small magazine on economics and a freelance translator. During the war years, Haniya began a lengthy novel called Departed Souls (死靈, Shirei), which he considered his life's work. A pastiche of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novels The Brothers Karamazov and Demons, Haniya's novel was bitterly critical of the Japan Communist Party (JCP) and the Communist International under Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, which Haniya viewed as capricious and cruel. Because of its strong anti-communism, Departed Souls was praised and upheld as an exemplar of successful tenkо̄ conversion by the wartime police state. After World War II , when the Japan Communist Party was legalized under the U.S.-led Occupation of Japan, many of Haniya's old comrades rejoined the party, but Haniya did not. He returned to leftist activism, but remained strongly critical of the JCP and Stalinism. Shortly after the war, Haniya founded an influential literary magazine entitled Kindai Bungaku ("Modern Literature"). In this role he discovered and published Kōbō Abe, who subsequently joined Haniya's avant-garde group Yoru no Kai (Night Group). In 1960, Haniya participated in the massive Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, but was bitterly disappointed at the failure of the protests to stop the treaty, and lamented that the movement did not evolve into a broader socialist revolution. Haniya angrily declared the protests to have been a "revolutionless revolution." During the course of the protests in 1960, many radical left-wing student activists became disillusioned with the Communist Party. Haniya's writings became popular among these students because of his strong stand against the JCP, which led Haniya, along with similarly anti-JCP writers and critics such as Takaaki Yoshimoto, to become remembered as the intellectual forefathers of the anti-JCP "New Left"