Ki-32s were used in a training role. During World War II, the Japanese also supplied Ki-32s to the Manchukuo Air Force to replace Manchukuo′s obsolescent Kawasaki Type 88/KDA-2 light bombers. Ki-32s were the main bomber of the Manchukuo Air Force throughout World War II. Operators Imperial Japanese Army Air Force No. 3 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No. 6 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No. 10 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No. 35 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No. 45 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No. 65 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No. 75 Hikō Sentai IJAAF Manchukuo Air Force In 1945, Indonesian People's Security Force (IPSF) (Indonesian pro-independence guerrillas) captured a small number of aircraft at numerous Japanese air bases, including Bugis Air Base in Malang (repatriated 18 September 1945). Most aircraft were destroyed in military conflicts between the Netherlands and the newly proclaimed-Republic of Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution of 1945–1949. Specifications See also References Notes Bibliography (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, .) External links Warbird Resource Group Ki-32, Kawasaki Ki-32, Kawasaki Ki-032 Single-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1937 Mid-wing aircraft