The attack surface of a software environment is the sum of the different points (for "attack vectors") where an unauthorized user (the "attacker") can try to enter data to or extract data from an environment. Keeping the attack surface as small as possible is a basic security measure. Elements of an attack surface Worldwide digital change has accelerated the size, scope, and composition of an organization’s attack surface. The size of an attack surface may fluctuate over time, adding and subtracting assets and digital systems (e.g. websites, hosts, cloud and mobile apps, etc). Attack surface sizes can change rapidly as well. Digital assets eschew the physical requirements of traditional network devices, servers, data centers, and on-premise networks. This leads to attack surfaces changing rapidly, based on the organization’s needs and the availability of digital services to accomplish it. Attack surface scope also varies from organization to organization. With the rise of digital supply chains, interdependencies, and globalization, an organization’s attack surface has a broader scope of concern (viz. vectors for cyber attacks). Lastly, the composition of an organization’s attack surface consists of small entities linked together in digital relationships and connections to the rest of the internet and organizational infrastructure, including the scope of third-parties, digital supply chain, and even adversary-threat infrastructure. An attack surface composition can range widely between various organizations, yet often identify many of the same elements, including: Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) IP Address and IP Blocks Domains and Sub-Domains (direct and third-parties) SSL Certificates and Attribution WHOIS Records, Contacts, and History Host and Host Pair Services and Relationship Internet Ports and Services NetFlow Web Frameworks (PHP, Apache, Java, etc.) Web Server Services (email, database, applications) Public and Private Cloud Understanding an attack surface Due to the increase in the countless potential vulnerable points each enterprise has, there has been increasing advantage for hackers and attackers as they only need to find one vulnerable point to succeed in their attack. There are three steps towards understanding and visualizing an attack surface: Step 1: Visualize. Visualizing the system of an enterprise is the first step, by mapping out all the devices, paths and networks. Step 2: Find indicators of exposures. The second step is to correspond each indicator of a vulnerability being potentially exposed to the visualized map in the previous step. IOEs include "missing security controls in systems and software". Step 3: Find indicators of compromise. This