were also reported, including castration and severing heads, noses and ears, which were collected by Spanish legionnaires as war trophies and worn as necklaces or spiked on bayonets. Massacre of Monte Arruit On August 9, 1921, the Massacre of Monte Arruit occurred, in which 2,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army were killed after surrendering the Monte Arruit garrison near Al Aaroui following a 12-day siege. The atrocities subsequently committed by the Spanish Army of Africa were triggered by a 'compulsive spirit of revenge' of this and other massacres, and the desire to exact retribution on the rebel tribes. In popular culture The Rif War directly inspired Sigmund Romberg's 1926 operetta The Desert Song, which was later adapted several times into motion pictures. The 1929 romance novel La riffaine, which was set during the Rif War, was written by the Jewish-Algerian writer Elissa Rhaïs. The 1927 novel Amy Jolly and the 1930 film Morocco adapted from it are set against the background of the Rif War. The action of the 1931 novel La Bandera by Pierre Mac Orlan is set during the Rif War. The novel was also turned into a movie in 1935. The 1951 Hollywood film Ten Tall Men is set in the context of the Rif War. The 1999 film Legionnaire, starring Jean Claude van Damme, is set in the war in 1925, with Kamel Krifa playing Abd-El Krim. The 2017 miniseries Morocco: Love in Times of War, follows Spanish nurses during the war. See also Zaian War, the 1914–21 conflict between the French and Berber tribesmen in Morocco. Kert campaign References Notes Further reading Balfour, Sebastian. Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War (Oxford 2002) online Chandler, James A. "Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898–1927," Journal of Contemporary History (1975) 10#2 pp. 301–322 in JSTOR La Porte, Pablo. "'Rien à ajouter': The League of Nations and the Rif War (1921—1926)," European History Quarterly (2011) 41#1 pp 66–87, online Pennell, C. R. "Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926," International Journal of Middle East Studies (1982) 14#1, pp 19–33. in JSTOR Pennell, C. R. "How and why to remember the Rif War (1921–2021)." Journal of North African Studies 22.5 (2017): 798-820. abstract Pennell, C. R. "Women and Resistance to Colonialism in Morocco: The Rif 1916–1926," Journal of African History (1987) 28#1 pp. 107–118 in JSTOR Pennell, C.