are lengthened, consonants and vowels are likely to overlap each other (CVCV); some consonants that follow each other (consonant clusters) are most likely to be avoided. The following will give an example of an 'e' which is spoken unstressed (schwa insertion) or the consonant is omitted. Consonants Consonant shifts The suprasegmental aspects – word stress and intonation – in Petjo are very similar to Malay; Petjo has a striking zinsmelodie (rhythm) compared to Dutch. In addition, Petjo has a different consonant pronunciation compared to Dutch. Below is a shift in the pronunciation of voiced consonants to voiceless in Petjo. Consonant blends The combination of consonants also for many Petjo speakers becomes an insurmountable problem. Petjo speakers will usually omit some sounds or add others in between to get a slightly flexible tongue to pronounce a combination of consonants. Vowels In Petjo's pronunciation, all vowels are pronounced nasally. Long and closed sounds are pronounced open or wide. Long sounds are often pronounced shorter and short sounds made longer compared to Dutch pronunciation, or speakers of these languages change the sound: Language samples Fragment from Petjoh van Batavia From Tjalie Robinson, Ik en Bentiet: I say: "Als so, alleen djoeloeng-djoeloeng jij fang!" He say: "Itoe diejè!" I say: "Njang klein-klein fóór wat?" He say: "Foor kwamaroem". I say: "Foor wat?" He say: Foor waramoeki". I say: So-euven jij seh anders". He say: "Ha-a. Muuleke woort dese. Laat maar dese woort, alsmaar ding-nja hoet". I say: "Wat foor ding, dese ding. Lekker?" He say: "Masa lekker. Als jij denken freten door maar-door jij". References Citations Bibliography Cress, R.(1998): Petjoh. Woorden en wetenswaardigheden uit het Indische verleden. Amsterdam, Prometheus. Rickford, J.R. & Mc Worther, J (1997): “Language contact and language generation: Pidgins and Creoles”. In: F. Coulmas (red), The handbook of sociolinguistics. Oxford, Blackwell, p. 238–256. Riyanto, Sugeng (1996): “Het ontstaan en de structuur van het Petjoek”, In: Darmojuwono, Setiawati; Suratminto, Lilie (red): Duapuluh lima tahun studi Belanda di Indonesia/ Vijfentwintig jaar studie Nederlands in Indonesië. p. 209–218 Van Rheeden, Hadewych A. (1995): "Het Petjo van Batavia – ontstaan en structuur van de taal van de Indo's", Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap External links University of Colorado paper by Elly Amade Dutch-based pidgins and creoles Languages of Indonesia Dutch language in Asia