Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal (, Villaescusa de Haro, Cuenca, Spain – January 22, 1547, Valladolid, Spain) was bishop of Santo Domingo and president of the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo from 1528 to 1531. He was also president of the second Real Audiencia of Mexico from January 10, 1531 to April 16, 1535. Later he was a member of the Council of the Indies. Early life Ramírez de Fuenleal was born in Cuenca, to a family of the hidalgo class. He entered the University of Valladolid at the age of 16, where he received a degree in canon law. In 1520 he became inquisitor of Seville. He was later a member of the Royal Chancery of Granada. Bishop of Santo Domingo He was named bishop of Santo Domingo and president of its audiencia, occupying these positions from 1528 to 1531. In Hispaniola he punished mistreatment of the Indians, reorganized the treasury, and faced the rebellion of Enriquillo of the Bahoruco. He built schools, established villages and constructed public works. He paid particular attention to mining, and to the rights of the Indians. At this time the African slave trade to Hispaniola and Cuba was just beginning, in order to supply labor for the mines and for sugar production. Ramírez did not oppose this slave trade, which was considered necessary at the time. He did oppose monopolies in the slave trade that led to inflated prices. President of the Audiencia of Mexico The Real Audiencia of Mexico, a high court, was the highest governing authority in New Spain until the establishment of the viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535. The second Audiencia was named in a royal decree dated January 12, 1530, to supplant the disastrous first Audiencia of Nuño de Guzmán. It included Ramírez as president and Juan de Salmerón, Alonso de Maldonado, Francisco Ceinos and Vasco de Quiroga as oidores (judges). These individuals had been nominated by the bishop of Badajoz, who was also president of the Chancery of Valladolid. In contrast to the members of the first Audiencia, all of these men were honest, honorable and capable. All held the academic degree of licenciado (licentiate). The nominated oidores were located in various parts of Spain at the time; Ramírez was in Santo Domingo. The king directed that whoever among them arrived first in New Spain should begin immediately to govern. Conquistador Hernán Cortés was returning to New Spain