the Sciences", or "On the scientific arts": The nine professional sciences are "the educational sciences, intended to help men to a maintenance, and to direct them in their intercourse with others." They are: reading and writing; grammar and language; arithmetic; sorcery and alchemy and shorthand; "Versification and poetry" or "poetry and music"; business and agriculture; "trades and professions"; selling, buying, and other things of commerce like breeding cattle; and finally, biographies and histories. The 6 religious sciences "help the soul in its struggle towards the other world." They consist of: learning the Koran (revelation); learning the Koran's commentaries (explanation); of the hadith and other traditions (tradition); "the knowledge of law and ordinances of God and of legal division" (law); religious obligations and asceticism; and oneiromancy ("illumination"). The given hierarchy of philosophical sciences is complex. It appears to be as follows: Mathematical sciences Arithmetic Geometry Astronomy Music Logic Poetry Rhetoric Topica Analytica Sophistica Natural philosophy "Sciences of the first principles of a body" Matter Shape Time Place Motion "Science of the heavens and of the universe" What the heavens are made of How many bodies there are in the heavens Why those bodies move Whether those bodies can be destroyed like mundane matter "de generatione et corruptione" The nature of the four elements The influence of stars on the sublunary world Meteorology Mineralogy Zoology Metaphysical sciences Theology Knowledge of angels Knowledge of dead souls Knowledge of governments "Science of things connected with a future state" "On creeds and professions"- a classification of the sciences into three categories of professional, religious, and philosophical sciences. The Brethren write: "Know, my brother, that there are three kinds of sciences with which people are busy, namely: the propaedeutic sciences, the religious and conventional sciences, the philosophical and real sciences." This chapter deals especially with the practical arts. 9. "Where one accounts for characters, the causes of their difference and the [various] species of the evils which [strike] them; anecdotes drawn from the educational rules of the Prophets and cream of the morals of the sages." (from Sprenger). "No. 9 examines the differences of Temperament and Character, with the view of enabling the soul to attain the proper mood and develop a perfect character. Here we have a system of Ethics." (from Thomas Davidson). 10. A summary of Porphyry's Isagoge (the Latin name for his Introduction to Categories, sometimes simply Introduction). 11. A summary of Aristotle's