African campaign were in action, of disease and African porters died. In 2007, Paice recorded casualties in the East African campaign, of whom of the in the campaign. By 1917, the conscription of Africans as carriers, depopulated many districts and porters had died, among them of the Carrier Corps in East Africa. Of the porters who died, Kenyan, amounting to of the male population. The campaign cost the British £70 million, close to the war budget set in 1914. A Colonial Office official wrote that the East African campaign had not become a scandal only "... because the people who suffered most were the carriers - and after all, who cares about native carriers?". The Belgian record of includes killed in action or died of disease but excludes deaths. Portuguese casualties in Africa were killed, missing or captured and an unknown but significant number wounded. In the German colonies, no records of the number of people conscripted or casualties were kept but in Der Weltkrieg, the German official history, Ludwig Boell (1951) wrote "... of the loss of levies, carriers, and boys (sic) [we could] make no overall count due to the absence of detailed sickness records". Paice wrote of a 1989 estimate of and a death rate of Carriers were rarely paid and food and cattle were requisitioned from civilians; a famine caused by the subsequent food shortage and poor rains in 1917 led to another deaths in German East Africa. The conscription of farm labour in British East Africa and the failure of the 1917–1918 rains, led to famine and in September the 1918 flu pandemic reached sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya and Uganda died, in South Africa there were and in German East Africa of the population died of famine and disease; in sub-Saharan Africa, died in the flu epidemic. Overall, the German conduct of war directly led to the death of at least 350,000 civilians in East Africa; most German colonial soldiers and officers, including Lettow-Vorbeck, never expressed remorse for these losses. Notes Footnotes Bibliography Books Journals Websites Further reading Books Journals Theses External links The Evacuation of Kasama in 1918 The German East Africa Campaign 1914–1918 The War with Germany in East Africa Rutherford, Alan. Kaputala, 2nd edition, Hand Over Fist Press, 2014. The Zeppelin Airship Era Digre, Brian : Colonial Warfare and Occupation (Africa), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. 01 .East