is a South Island species, found in mid- to southern montane areas. Host plants associated with these species include native Hebe spp., Epilobium spp. and Myosotis spp. H. murihiku is also a South Island species, with specimens being collected from Fiordland. Little is currently known about biological behaviour and habits of the species. H. perhumilis inhabits both the North and South Island. This species once again occupies pre-made holes to nest, and have been collected from both borer holes as well as those found in structures such as buildings and benches. Their host plants are known to be introduced Banksia spp and Eucalyptus regnans. H. relegatus is widespread throughout the 3 main islands of New Zealand, and also the Chatham Islands and Three Kings Islands. They are known to utilise a wide range of both native and introduced plants across their range. They also utilise pre-excavated holes in wood and stems to nest, including those found in weatherboards and planking. Nests have been known to be parasitized by Gasteruption spp and Coelopencyrtus australis. Prepupae have also been recorded being attacked by Melittobia spp, and immature bees have been recorded as being killed by mould mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae). Australia There are 173 species of Hylaeus found in Australia. 14 out of 16 sugenera of Hylaeus found in Australia are endemic. Phylogenetic data currently suggests that Hylaeus originates from Australia, arising around 30 million years ago. One dispersal event would have led to the species found in New Zealand, and another separate dispersal event leading to the worldwide distribution of species found outside Australasia, with both these events having occurred between 22 and 23 million years ago. Subgenera found in Australia The Australian Faunal Directory lists 20 subgenera as being found in Australia: Hylaeus (Analastoroides) Rayment, 1950: Hylaeus foveatus (Rayment, 1950) Hylaeus (Edriohylaeus) Michener, 1965: Hylaeus ofarrelli Michener, 1965 Hylaeus (Euprosopellus) Michener, 1965: Hylaeus certus (Cockerell, 1921); Hylaeus chrysaspis (Cockerell, 1910); Hylaeus dromedarius (Cockerell, 1910); Hylaeus pergibbosus Cockerell, 1926 Hylaeus (Euprosopis) Perkins, 1912: Hylaeus disjunctus (Cockerell, 1905); Hylaeus elegans (Smith, 1853); Hylaeus honestus (Smith, 1879); Hylaeus husela (Cockerell, 1910); Hylaeus violaceus (Smith, 1853) Hylaeus (Euprosopoides) Michener, 1965: Hylaeus amatus (Cockerell, 1909); Hylaeus cyanurus (W. Kirby, 1802); Hylaeus lubbocki (Cockerell, 1905); Hylaeus musgravei Cockerell, 1929; Hylaeus obtusatus (Smith, 1879); Hylaeus perplexus (Smith, 1854); Hylaeus rotundiceps (Smith, 1879); Hylaeus ruficeps (Smith, 1853) Hylaeus (Gephyrohylaeus) Michener, 1965: Hylaeus sculptus (Cockerell, 1911) Hylaeus (Gnathoprosopis) Perkins, 1912: