In Buddhism, Jāti (Sanskrit/Pāli), "birth", refers to physical birth; to rebirth, the arising of a new living entity within saṃsāra (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena. Meaning Within the teachings on the Four Noble Truths, jāti refers to physical birth, and is qualified as dukkha (suffering): "Now this, monks, is the noble truth of dukkha: birth (jati) is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha." In traditional Buddhist thought, there are four forms of birth: birth from an egg (Sanskrit: Andaja; Pali: Aṇḍaja; ; )—like a bird, fish, or reptile; birth from a womb (Sanskrit: Jarayuja; Pali: Jalābuja; ; )—like most mammals and some worldly devas; birth from moisture (Sanskrit: Samsvedaja; Pali: Saṃsedaja; ; )—probably referring to the appearance of animals whose eggs are microscopic, like maggots appearing in rotting flesh; birth by transformation (Sanskrit: Upapaduka; Pali: Opapatika; ; )—miraculous materialization, as with this devas. Jāti is the eleventh link within the eleventh Nidāna of paṭiccasamuppāda ("dependent arising" or "dependent origination"), where it can refer both to rebirth and to the arising of mental phenomena. The Vibhanga, the second book of the Theravada Abbidhamma, treats it in both ways. In the Suttantabhajaniya it is described as rebirth, which is conditioned by becoming (bhava), and gives rise to old age and death () in a living being. In the Abhidhammabhajaniya it is treated as the arising of mental phenomena. References Sources Further reading Single suttas Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999). Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth (SN 56.11). Retrieved 2007-06-13 from "Access to Insight" at Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth. Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising (SN 12.2). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at SN XII.2: Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta. Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference (DN 22). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference. Sutta-collections Commentaries and interpretations Scholarly Twelve nidānas Sanskrit words and phrases