particularly disorienting and can inhibit discussions when discussion threads are not organized in a coherent, conceptual, or logical structure (e.g., threads presenting arguments in support of a given claim under debate intermingled with threads presenting arguments in opposition to the claim). Temporal Fragmentation Thread fragmentation can be particularly problematic for systems that allow users to choose different display modes (hierarchical vs. linear). Users of the hierarchical display mode will reply to older messages, confusing users of the linear display mode. Examples The following messaging software can group and display messages by thread. Client-based Apple Mail Emacs Gnus FastMail Forte Agent Gmail Mailbird Microsoft Outlook Thunderbird Mutt Pan Protonmail slrn Web-based 4chan Discourse FastMail Gmail Hacker News Zulip MSN Groups Protonmail Reddit Slashdot Yahoo! Groups Roundcube See also Document mode, a contrasting method which only displays the result of the last page update. References Sources cited in Wolsey, T. DeVere, "Literature discussion in cyberspace: Young adolescents using threaded discussion groups to talk about books. Reading Online, 7(4), January/February 2004. Retrieved 2007-12-30. Network Working Group,IETF (June 2008). "Internet Message Access Protocol - SORT and THREAD Extensions". Retrieved 2009-10-10. Internet terminology Internet forum terminology