accompanying meetings and the harmonica becoming a popular instrument among the insurgents. Makhnovist musicians played a number of original songs, including their own version of the popular folk song Yablochko, which depicted insurgents triumphing over the forces of Anton Denikin's White movement. Following the siege of Perekop and the renewal of Bolshevik attacks against the Makhnovshchina, the remains of the Makhnovist cultural and educational programs were finally destroyed. Bolshevik reforms to education included the scrapping of the final year of secondary education and the requirement that all teachers seek election. Political commissars and Bolshevik cells were established in all schools, in order to remove teachers that contradicted the party line. Urbanisation While the territory of the Makhnovshchina was a predominantly rural, it also included a number of large cities, with the Insurgent Army capturing several following the Battle of Peregonovka. Its capital city was Nestor Makhno's relatively small hometown of Huliaipole, which was nicknamed "Makhnograd" by the Bolsheviks. See also Armed Forces of South Russia Revolutionary Catalonia Shinmin Autonomous Zone References Citations Sources Further reading 1918 establishments in Ukraine 1921 disestablishments in Ukraine 20th-century revolutions Agrarian politics Anarchism in Ukraine Anarchist communities Anarchist revolutions History of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast History of Donetsk Oblast History of Zaporizhzhia Oblast Peasant revolts Post–Russian Empire states Russian Revolution in Ukraine States and territories established in 1918 States and territories disestablished in 1921