as low emission zone for franchised buses. For bus routes entering the three zones, franchised bus operators are required to use only buses meeting emission standards of Euro IV or above except when necessary. The LEZ scheme does not cover vehicles other than franchised buses. As of 31 December 2019, the standard for entry into the LEZ has been increased to Euro V. Italy Italy has LEZs that are applicable to all vehicles. There are combined LEZs and urban road tolling schemes in Milan and Palermo as well as low emission zones with differing standards and time periods. The latter are mainly found in north Italy, but also in mid Italy and Sicily. Some limited traffic zones are also aimed at limiting pollution levels. Japan In Tokyo, the municipal government decided to tackle controlling diesel vehicle emissions (particulate matter emissions, ...) far ahead of the national government. Netherlands Amsterdam, The Hague, Utrecht and Arnhem have LEZs (milieuzone) applying to passenger cars and delivery vans. Only diesel passenger cars and diesel delivery vans meeting the emission standards of Euro 4 and above are allowed to enter the LEZs. Diesel trucks and diesel Buses/coaches have to meet Euro VI (6) or above to enter the LEZs. The LEZ of Arnhem does not apply to buses/coaches. The LEZ of Amsterdam covers practically the entire area within the A10 highway. The highway itself is not part of the LEZ. The LEZ of The Hague covers the area enclosed by the Centrumring (S100) and Professor B.M. Teldersweg (S200). These roads themselves, as well as the road from Lijnbaan to the visitors’ car park and the parking garage of the HMC Westeinde hospital, are not part of the LEZ. Rotterdam has an LEZ applying to trucks only. Diesel trucks have to meet the Euro VI (6) emission standard or above. Norway Norway has LEZs in Bergen and Oslo. Portugal Portugal has an LEZ in Lisbon. Spain Pontevedra was the first Spanish city to ban traffic in its core, in 1999. Málaga and Seville were the next cities to establish low emission zones, with traffic only allowed for residents, in 2009. Seville rolled back its low-emission zone under the mayorship of Juan Ignacio Zoido in 2011, but at date of August 2021 a new system was in the process of implementation. Madrid established its LEZ in 2018 in its city center, and Barcelona approved it in 2020.