these hairs is persistent in lower pitchers, whereas in upper pitchers they are mostly caducous. Developing inflorescences are densely tomentose, becoming more sparsely tomentose when mature. Lower pitchers are generally reddish throughout with red blotches on their inner surface. Upper pitchers are usually green throughout but may also be reddish. Herbarium specimens are red-brownish, with the upper surface of the leaves being yellow-brownish. Ecology Nepenthes papuana occurs on both the north and south sides of the main central mountains of Papua Province. The species occurs from sea level to an intermediate elevation of 1300 m. In its natural habitat, N. papuana grows in exposed sites at forest edges. Lower pitchers frequently develop embedded in moss. The species occurs sympatrically with N. ampullaria, N. insignis, N. maxima, and N. mirabilis. It may form natural hybrids with N. paniculata. The conservation status of N. papuana is listed as Least Concern on the 2014 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Related species Danser considered N. neoguineensis to be the closest relative of N. papuana. In his description of the species, Danser states: "N. papuana is so much alike N. neoguineensis in its vegetative parts, that only the complete knowledge of the generative parts has suggested me to establish a new species". The two taxa can be distinguished on the basis of several morphological features. N. papuana has a racemose inflorescence, while that of N. neoguineensis is a panicle or panicle-like raceme. Furthermore, the inflorescence of N. papuana usually bears only one-flowered pedicels, both in male and female plants. Those of N. neoguineensis can be up to four-flowered. The lamina of N. papuana has very distinct longitudinal veins and indistinct pinnate veins, whereas in N. neoguineensis the opposite is true. In addition, the leaves of N. papuana are very densely ciliate, much more so than in N. neoguineensis. The wings are less developed in the upper pitchers of N. papuana and the fringe elements are more closely spaced. Notes a.Von Römer 454 and Von Römer 900 were collected on October 7, 1909, on a hill below 750 m in the northern part of the Noordrivier, Netherlands New Guinea. Both are deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java. Neither specimen includes flowers or fruits. b.This specimen was collected as part of the Wollaston Expedition on January 5, 1913, in camp VIa at 920 m altitude, in