transformation such as the stepping stone rule (to give an impressionist style) repeatedly until the desired artistic effect is achieved. Their use has also been explored in music. Fractal art consists of varieties of computer-generated fractals with colouring chosen to give an attractive effect. Especially in the western world, it is not drawn or painted by hand. It is usually created indirectly with the assistance of fractal-generating software, iterating through three phases: setting parameters of appropriate fractal software; executing the possibly lengthy calculation; and evaluating the product. In some cases, other graphics programs are used to further modify the images produced. This is called post-processing. Non-fractal imagery may also be integrated into the artwork. Genetic or evolutionary art makes use of genetic algorithms to develop images iteratively, selecting at each "generation" according to a rule defined by the artist. Algorithmic art is not only produced by computers. Wendy Chun explains: The American artist, Jack Ox, has used algorithms to produce paintings that are visualizations of music without using a computer. Two examples are visual performances of extant scores, such as Anton Bruckner's Eighth Symphony and Kurt Schwitters' Ursonate. Later, she and her collaborator, Dave Britton, created the 21st Century Virtual Color Organ that does use computer coding and algorithms. Since 1996 there have been ambigram generators that auto generate ambigrams See also Algorithmic composition Ambigram Artificial intelligence art Computer-aided design Computer art DeepDream Demoscene Display hack Low-complexity art Infinite compositions of analytic functions References Further reading Oliver Grau (2003). Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion (MIT Press/Leonardo Book Series). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. . Wands, Bruce (2006). Art of the Digital Age, London: Thames & Hudson. . External links Algorithmic Art: Composing the Score for Visual Art - Roman Verostko Compart - Database of Digital and Algorithmic Art Fun with Computer-Generated Art Thomas Dreher: Conceptual Art and Software Art: Notations, Algorithms and Codes Real-Time Computer Generated Digital Painting Visual arts genres Computer art Digital art Contemporary art Computational fields of study