The Bibron's toadlet or brown toadlet (Pseudophryne bibronii) is a species of Australian ground-dwelling frog that, although having declined over much of its range, is widespread through most of New South Wales, Victoria, south-eastern Queensland, and eastern South Australia, including Kangaroo Island. Bibron's toadlet settles in a wide variety of habitats within these region but they mainly reside in dry forests, woodland, shrubland, grassland, coastal swamps, heathland, and sub-alpine areas. They deposit their eggs in leaf litters during the flooding season, which is essential for the proper development of the egg. This species has high sexual dimorphism within the species and utilizes chemosignals to attract potential mates. Taxonomy The genus Pseudophryne encapsulates 14 different species of frogs localized to Australia. These frogs are morphologically similar to small bufonid frogs not localized to Australia. The first known nomenclature of the Pseudophryne genus dates back to 1835 with the characterization of the Bombinator australis. The types and localities of different Pseudophryne species has been debated, P. bibronni being localized to South Eastern Australia and other Pseudophryne localized to different regions in Australia. Description This species is variable and may represent more than one species. It grows to about 30mm in length and is brown, grey, or black above, often with scattered red spots. It is normally strongly marbled black and white on the ventral surface, however in some areas this marbling can be faint. There is always an orange, red or yellow patch in the armpits. This patch varies from yellow to orange between sites. At the Jervis Bay region this patch is always yellow, this may be a result of hybridization with the Dendy's toadlet (Pseudophryne dendyi) which has a strong yellow patch in the armpits. There is also a yellow/orange patch or raised bump on the back of the thigh. Its fingers and toes do not show any webbing nor do they contain any discs. The species has horizontal pupils and the iris displays a gold coloring. The species shows high sexual dimorphism in terms of size. Females are 14% longer than male toadlets and 15% heavier than male toadlets. This is due to the hypothesized longer growing period of female members of the species compared to male members of the species. The cause of female longevity is unknown but it is speculated that it is due to decreased predation risk and increased lifetime expectancy. Diet and predation The diet