Moduza procris, the commander, sometimes included in the genus Limenitis, is a medium-sized, strikingly coloured brush-footed butterfly found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is notable for the mode of concealment employed by its caterpillar and the cryptic camouflage of its pupa. Description The commander has a wingspan of about . The upperside of its wings are a bright reddish brown. Towards the centre of the wing are broad white spots. In flight, one can see a bright red brown butterfly with a white band forming a V shape. There are also a few white spots scattered on the wings. Its hindwings have crenulated margins. The undersides of the wings are a whitish grey toward the base and have a row of dull reddish brown and a row of black spots along the margins. The male and female are similar in appearance. Range Subspecies: M. p. procris Central India, Sikkim to South China, Thailand, South Myanmar, Cambodia, Indo-China M. p. calidosa (Moore, 1858) Ceylon M. p. anarta (Moore, 1877) Andaman Islands M. p. arnoldi (Fruhstorfer, 1898) Bawean, Kangean Islands M. p. undifragus (Fruhstorfer, 1906) South India M. p. milonia (Fruhstorfer, 1906) Peninsular Malaya, Thailand M. p. minoe (Fruhstorfer, 1906) Sumatra M. p. batuna (Fruhstorfer, 1906) Batu Islands M. p. aemonia (Weymer, 1883) Nias M. p. agnata (Fruhstorfer, 1897) Borneo M. p. neutra (Fruhstorfer, 1897) Java, Bali, Lombok M. p. laubenheimeri (Hagen, 1898) Mentawai Islands M. p. sumbawana (Fruhstorfer, 1913) Sumbawa M. p. sumbana (Fruhstorfer, 1913) Sumba M. p. floresiana (Fruhstorfer, 1906) Flores M. p. bankana (Fruhstorfer, 1913) Bangka Island M. p. florensis (Fruhstorfer, 1913) Flores M. p. tioma Eliot, 1978 Pulau Tioman Range within India Sri Lanka, Peninsular India, the Himalayas east of the Dun valley, through Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim to Assam, Arunachal, and onto Myanmar. Locally abundant, it is common from Sri Lanka to Maharashtra. It is rare in Gujarat and far more common in the Himalayas. Ecology The commander is generally found in forested regions having moderate to heavy rainfall. It usually keeps to low elevations, that is, up to into the hills. It is fond of open glades, roadsides and clearings in forests. It is abundant along watercourses in dry and moist deciduous forests. It is also found close to villages or wherever its larval host plant Mussaenda frondosa is found. It is most common in the post-monsoon months and winter. The commander can often be