but Liniers rejected it and confirmed his loyalty to the captive king Ferdinand VII. Later, they also attempted to negotiate with the anti-French Cortes of Cádizwhich served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposedto maintain as much possible of Joseph's Bayonne laws of 1808 into Ferdinand's 1812 Constitution. Nonetheless, the Cortes voted to confiscate all assets of Joseph's court and of the afrancesados. Exile After Wellington's 1813 campaign and the battle of Vitoria, all of Joseph's court and his collaborators (nobles, soldiers, jurists, writers, journalists, and Roman Catholic clergy alike) took refuge to France with Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's armies. The total estimate of this exile is fluctuating between 4,000 and 12,000 persons at its peak. Ferdinand broke the terms of his agreement with Napoleon after his return detention at the Château of Valençay (May 4, 1814), and began a campaign of persecution, defining as afrancesados most of those who had not risen in combat against the French: colaboracionistas (servants of French interests), receivers of honours and distinctions handed by king Joseph, co-operating bureaucrats (those who had not resigned their positions during the occupation), or even those who were sought by the French as collaborators but had denied offers. The immense number of liberally-minded émigrés alarmed the authorities of the Bourbon Restoration in France, and they began steps to convince the Spanish government to pardon them. This came during the Liberal Triennium, as an amnesty decreed by liberal Premier Evaristo Pérez de Castro; those that did return had to flee soon after the Quintuple Alliance intervention. On April 21, 1832, France ordered them to solve their highly problematic stateless condition by either settling in the country or leaving its territory. Joseph Bonaparte's great-great-grandson Frederick Joseph Benton born 1954 reviewed the afrancesado doctrine in 1999 but has done nothing to advance its cause. Notable Spanish afrancesados Francisco Amorós Miguel José de Azanza, Duke of Santa Fe Fernando Sor Javier de Burgos François Cabarrus (was considered an afrancesado in retrospect) Fernando Camborda José Antonio Conde Guido Bellico Leandro Fernández de Moratín José Mamerto Gómez Hermosilla Francisco Goya Alberto Lista y Aragón Juan Antonio Llorente José Marchena Francisco Martínez Marina Juan Meléndez Valdés Sebastián Miñano Manuel Narganes Martín Fernández de Navarrete Gonzalo O'Farrill Cipriano de Palafox, 8th Count of Montijo Manuel José Quintana Félix José Reinoso Mariano Luis de Urquijo Diego Fernández de Velasco, 13th Duke of Frías Juan Van Halen Francisco Antonio