effect genes have. In the field of criminology, Lonnie Athens developed a theory of how a process of brutalization by parents or peers that usually occurs in childhood results in violent crimes in adulthood. Richard Rhodes's Why They Kill describes Athens's observations about domestic and societal violence in the criminals' backgrounds. Both Athens and Rhodes reject the genetic inheritance theories. Criminologists Jonathan Pincus and Dorothy Otnow Lewis believe that although it is the interaction of childhood abuse and neurological disturbances that explains murder, virtually all of the 150 murderers they studied over a 25-year period had suffered severe abuse as children. Pincus believes that the only feasible remedy for crime would be the prevention of child abuse. The logical conclusion of the trauma model is that the task for clinicians is not to treat biological disorders but to help people manage and modify their learned, and often embedded, responses to traumas they have experienced. As such, services need to be reconstituted to focus on this aim. See also References External links Alice-Miller.com – According to Miller, the "forbidden issue" is the parental role in mental disorders Special edition of JCPCP on complex reactions to severe trauma LaingSociety.org – The Society for Laingian Studies, R.D. Laing (1927–1989) MosherSoteria.com – Loren Mosher, MD, (1933–2004) Prof J.J. Freyd's Betrayal Trauma Theory Home Page at the University of Oregon Psychohistory.com – The Institute for Psychohistory Rossinst.com – Home page of the Ross Institute for Psychological Trauma sfhelp.org – Home page of the "Break the Cycle! (of inherited psychological wounds + unawareness)" Web site Mental disorders Aftermath of war Attachment theory Child abuse Anti-psychiatry Psychiatric models