were excluded from membership in the AFLA. Competition for professionals was limited. 1957-1983 By 1957, the AFLA was scheduling more than 400 competitions every year. The Cold War was affecting many sports, including fencing; the Soviet Bloc nations began systematically reinventing fencing to take advantage of the new electrical foil. In order to remain competitive internationally, AFLA fencers had to adapt to the emerging style. Steady growth of the league continued, and in 1964, the AFLA incorporated as a nonprofit in Pennsylvania. By this time, more foil and épée competitions were being judged electrically than visually (sabre remained visually judged). In addition to the non-divisional group, the AFLA boasted 49 active divisions. The AFLA changed its name to the United States Fencing Association (c.f.) in June 1981. In 1982, the organization moved its headquarters to Colorado Springs, Colorado. These events in the early 1980s solidified the evolutionary branching between fencing (under the USFA) and standard fencing (which in 2006 began to experience a revival under the fledgling American Fencing League). The intervening two decades also brought on the classical fencing and historical fencing movements, neither of which have much connection to USFA/AFLA fencing. Rules The AFLA's rules of fencing went through many revisions. The following is a summary of the revisions: 1891 edition Four pages in length. Jury of three apparently co-equal judges. Points awarded for form and for touches. Target area at foil excludes the back. Dark fencing jackets required. Jabs (elbow beginning behind the hip) do not count. Field of play is 20 feet by 3 feet. Crossing a boundary with any part of the foot results in a deduction of one point. All weapons contested to five touches, with points for form added on. No time limits. It is implied that women are not permitted to compete. 1940 edition 121 pages in length. Jury of four judges and a director. Points awarded solely for delivering a touch. The back is valid target in all three weapons. White fencing jackets required. Explanation of right-of-way replaces "no jabbing rule". Field of play is 40 feet long by between 1.8 and 2.0 meters in width. Crossing the rear limit with both feet (at any time at foil, and for the second time at sabre and épée) results in a point for the other fencer. Crossing the side limit with both feet results in the loss of 1 meter of ground.