bicycle, or transit) to farmer's markets and grocery stores. However, hybrid metropolises, areas that have large and tall buildings which accommodate a combination of public and private interests, do not show a decrease in carbon emissions in comparison to metropolitan areas that have a low, dense configuration. This is possibly because hybrid metropolises are prone to attract car traffic from visitors. Drawbacks Equity Due to the speculative nature of large scale real estate developments, mega-mixed-use projects often fall short on meeting equity and affordability goals. High-end residential, upscale retail, and Class A office spaces appealing to high-profile tenants are often prioritized due to their speculative potential. There is also a trend towards making residential spaces in mixed-use developments to be condominiums, rather than rental spaces. A study done by the Journal of the American Planning Association found that a focus on homeownership predominantly excludes individuals working in public services, trades, cultural, sales and service, and manufacturing occupations from living in amenity-rich city centers. Despite incentives like density bonuses, municipalities and developers rarely put a significant focus on affordable housing provisions in these plans. Financing Mixed-use buildings can be risky given that there are multiple tenants residing in one development. Mega-mixed-use projects, like Hudson Yards, are also extremely expensive. This development has cost the City of New York over 2.2 billion dollars. Critics argue that taxpayer dollars could better serve the general public if spent elsewhere. Additionally, mixed-use developments, as a catalyst for economic growth, may not serve their intended purpose if they simply shift economic activity, rather than create it. A study done by Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated (JLL) found that "90 percent of Hudson Yards' new office tenants relocated from Midtown." Aesthetics Mixed-use projects may be seen as disjointed from the surrounding environment. Designs that preserve local character, histories, and charm are in conflict with those that represent economic growth and modernity. Mixed-use projects are often at the center of this clash. Types of contemporary mixed-use zoning Some of the more frequent mixed-use scenarios in the United States are: Neighborhood commercial zoning – convenience goods and services, such as convenience stores, permitted in otherwise strictly residential areas Main Street residential/commercial – two to three-story buildings with residential units above and commercial units on the ground floor facing the street Urban residential/commercial – multi-story residential buildings with commercial and civic uses on ground floor Office convenience – office buildings with