Tribes in Ranchi district, in 2011, was 47.67% of the population (rural) in the blocks. The percentage of Scheduled Tribes, numbering 1,042,016, in the total population of Ranchi district numbering 2,914,253 in 2011, was 35.76%. The Oraons forming 18.20% of the population and the Mundas forming 10.30% of the population, were the main tribes. Other tribes included (percentage of population in brackets) Lohra (2.46), Bedia (1.32) and Mahli (1.09). Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Mandar CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Karge (4,665), Barambe (4,230), Mandar (4,027) and Nagra (5,929). Literacy census, the total number of literate persons in Mandar CD block was 73,709 (67.63% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 42,015 (76.28% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 31,694 (58.79% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 17.49%. census, literacy in Ranchi district was 77.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011. Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%. See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate Language and religion Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language. Rural poverty 60-70% of the population of Ranchi district were in the BPL category in 2004–2005. In 2011-12, the proportion of BPL population in Ranchi district came down to 27.82%. According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line." Economy Livelihood In Mandar CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 32,858 and formed 55.56%, agricultural labourers numbered 16,860 and formed 28.51%, household industry workers numbered 2,155 and formed 3.64% and other workers numbered 7,267 and formed 12.29%. Total workers numbered 59,140 and formed 45.99% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 69,445 and formed 54.01% of the population. Infrastructure There are 69 inhabited villages in Mandar CD block. In 2011, 16 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 69 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 69 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 15 villages had post offices, 8 villages had sub post offices, 11 villages had telephones (land lines), 54 villages had mobile phone coverage. 67 villages