was brought up in England, was called by the English 'The Calough,' and, as he describes himself as of Gray's Inn in 1568, he may be the John Callow who entered there in 1567 (Foster, Reg. of Gray's Inn, p. 39). In 1571 Ormonde petitioned for the Calough's return, and soon afterwards he came back to Ireland, and was granted an estate at Balyna, near Moyvalley, County Kildare in 1574. In 1582 he was thought a sufficiently strong adherent to the English to receive a grant of land in Leix. . Callagh was the father of Rory O'Moore, alias Sir Roger Moore, who was a leader of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Rebellion Ruairí Óge Ó Mórdha, the second son, was constantly engaged in rebellion. He received a pardon on 17 February 1565-6, but in 1571 he was claimed to be dangerous, and in 1572 he was fighting the Earl of Ormond and Queen Elizabeth, being favoured by the weakness of the forces at the command of Francis Cosby, the seneschal of Queen's County, and the temporary absence of Ormond in England. The Butlers and the Fitzgeralds were united against him; but when, in November 1572, the Earl of Desmond escaped from Dublin, it was Ruairí Óge Ó Mórdha who escorted him through Kildare and protected him in Laois. He was involved in the Earl of Kildare's plans in 1574, and was taken prisoner by the English in November. However, he quickly escaped captivity. The man who would order his killing, Sir Henry Sidney, called O'Mordha 'an obscure and base varlet'. When on his tour in 1575, Sidney wrote of him: Submission and war When Sidney came into his territory, O'Mordha went to meet him in Kilkenny Cathedral (December 1575), and 'submitted himself, repenting (as he said) his former faults, and promising hereafter to live in better sort (for worse than he hath been he cannot be)'. A new pardon was granted to him on 4 June 1576 (ib. p. 179). On New Year's Day 1577, a massacre of a group of Gaelic gentry by Sir Henry Sidney's troops took place at Mullaghmast in County Kildare. Sidney invited all of the Clan Chiefs and their derbhfine from Laois and Offaly to a peace conference at Mullaghmast. They arrived unarmed and were killed with their whole families by Sidney's troops, who had surrounded the castle. Estimates of the dead range from