titles to the Holy See rather than the Kingdom of Italy became known as the Black Nobility as they were considered to be in mourning. Plans to leave Rome Several times during his pontificate, Pius IX considered leaving Rome a second time. He had fled Rome in disguise in November 1848, following the assassination of his Minister of Finance, Count Pellegrino Rossi. One occurrence was in 1862, when Giuseppe Garibaldi was in Sicily gathering volunteers for a campaign to take Rome under the slogan Roma o Morte (Rome or Death). On 26 July 1862, before Garibaldi and his volunteers were stopped at Aspromonte, Another instance and rumours of others occurred after the Capture of Rome and the suspension of the First Vatican Council. These were confided by Otto von Bismarck to Julius Hermann Moritz Busch: One of the pope's confidants, Don Bosco, a popular priest-educator well-known for his genuine prophecies, sent Pius IX a note scripted in a prophetic vein: "Let the sentry, the Angel of Israel, stand firm at his post, to guard the fortress of God and the Ark of the Covenant!” Pius IX agreed and remained at his post as a self-imposed prisoner at the Vatican; so did his successors, till the signing of the Lateran Treaty occasioned the recognition of papal liberties. Lateran Treaty The Lateran Treaty resolved the Roman question in 1929; the Holy See acknowledged Italian sovereignty over the former Papal States and Italy recognized papal sovereignty over Vatican City. The Holy See limited its request for indemnity for the loss of the Papal States and of ecclesiastical property confiscated by the Italian State to much less than would have been due to it under the Law of Guarantees. Literature Historical novels such as Fabiola and Quo Vadis have been interpreted as comparing the treatment of the popes by the newly formed Kingdom of Italy to the persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire. See also Legal status of the Holy See Theatre state Notes References (reprint of 1962 ed.) 19th-century Catholicism 20th-century Catholicism Foreign relations of the Holy See History of the papacy Holy See–Italy relations Italian unification Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) National questions