not broken into verse lines, instead expressing other traits such as symbols, metaphors, and figures of speech. Rondel (or roundel): a poem of 11 to 14 lines consisting of 2 rhymes and the repetition of the first 2 lines in the middle of the poem and at its end. Sonnet: a poem of 14 lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes; in English, they typically have 10 syllables per line. Caudate sonnet Crown of sonnets (aka sonnet redoublé) Curtal sonnet Petrarchan (or Italian): traditionally follows the rhyme scheme "abba, abba, cdecde"; a common variation of the end is "cdcdcd", especially within the final 6 lines Shakespearean (or English): follows the rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef, gg, introducing a third quatrain (grouping of four lines), a final couplet, and a greater amount of variety with regard to rhyme than is usually found in its Italian predecessors. By convention, sonnets in English typically use iambic pentameter, while in the Romance languages, the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used meters. Sonnet sequence Spenserian sonnet Sijo Stichic: a poem composed of lines of the same approximate meter and length, not broken into stanzas. Syllabic: a poem whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the number of stresses. Tanka: a Japanese form of five lines with 5, 7, 5, 7, and 7 syllables—31 in all. Villanelle: a French verse form consisting of five 3-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. Genre by form/presentation Abecedarian: a poem in which the first letter of each line or stanza follows sequentially through the alphabet. Acrostic: a poem in which the first letter of each line spells out a word, name, or phrase when read vertically. Example: “A Boat beneath a Sunny Sky” by Lewis Carroll. Concrete (aka pattern): a written poem or verse whose lines are arranged as a shape/visual image, usually of the topic. Slam Sound Spoken-word Verbless poetry: a poem without verbs Thematic genres Ars Poetica: a poem that explains the 'art of poetry', or a meditation on poetry using the form and techniques of a poem. Aubade: a love poem welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. Example: “The Sun Rising” by John Donne. Deep image Didactic Dramatic monologue Epithalamium (aka epithalamion): a nuptial poem in honour