opens with a discussion of the sequence of sin of the High Priest and the King, with the question being whether those figures would be responsible for making atonement on transgressions committed prior to attaining the office, and similar matters. The king's sacrifice for an unwitting sin is that of a male goat, in contrast to the female goat or ewe brought by the common person, and this true even if the sin took place before he became king. When an apostate sins unwittingly, he does not bring a sin offering. (Hor.11a) The sages seek to define the parameters of apostasy in the context of sins of pleasure contrasted with sins to anger. (Hor. 11a) The chapter also discusses personal status of individuals in comparison to figures who have status accorded to them on account of the office they hold or their lineage. Other concepts raised by the sages in chapter 3 include that of "a transgression for the sake of heaven." Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak says: A transgression performed for the sake of Heaven is greater than a mitzva performed not for its own sake, as it is stated: “Blessed above women shall be Yael, the wife of Heber the Kenite, above women in the tent shall she be blessed” (Judges 5:24).(Hor.10b) The laws of anointing oil for the Kings are outlined, including the history of the practice in Horayot 11b-12a, and also in the Jerusalem Talmud on Horayot 3:4, 47c. The sages describe how anointing oil was made only one time in history by Moses (Ex.30:31-33). The original amount that Moses prepared was used by Aaron and his descendants until it was hidden by Josiah. The High Priest and the "priest anointed for war" (Deut. 20:2) were the only priests anointed with that special oil. The High Priest and anointed were anointed with sacred oil during the First Temple, but the high priests who came afterward in the second temple relied on a different oil. The sacred oil prepared by Moses was used for the High Priest for the kings from Davidic line in the First Temple, but davidic kings whose succession to the monarchy was unquestioned were not anointed. After King Josiah hid the original anointing oil, a balsamic oil recipe was used in the time of the Second Temple. The sages state that, "One anoints the kings only upon a spring," as an omen so that