on or near the pedicel; some species may enter the spider's book lungs. Larvae maintain themselves aboard spiders by feeding on spider hemolymph. Transfers of larvae from spider to spider are possible during spider mating or cannibalism. All of the major groups of hunting spiders are attacked by spider-boarding mantispids; the egg sacs of web-building species are also entered by egg-sac penetrators. Systematics Among the Neuroptera (which includes lacewings and owlflies), mantidflies are apparently most closely related to the Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings) and the thorny (Rhachiberothidae) and beaded lacewings (Berothidae). These and the prehistoric Mesithonidae - probably a paraphyletic assemblage rather than a natural group - form the superfamily Mantispoidea. Many mantidflies are placed in one of the four subfamilies, of which the Symphrasinae are probably the most distinct and the Mantispinae are the most advanced. But a considerable number of taxa cannot be easily accommodated in this layout, and are therefore better treated as incertae sedis at present. Extant taxa based on Global Biodiversity Information Facility and extinct taxa based on Jepson, 2015 and subsequent literature. Calomantispinae Calomantispa Banks, 1913 Nolima Navás, 1914 Drepanicinae †Acanthomantispa Lu et al. 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) †Aragomantispa Pérez-de la Fuente and Peñalver 2019 Spanish amber, Early Cretaceous (Albian) †Dicranomantispa Lu et al. 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, CenomanianDitaxis McLachlan, 1867 Drepanicus Blanchard, 1851 Gerstaeckerella Enderlein, 1910 †Liassochrysa Ansorge and Schlüter 1990 Green Series, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian) †Promantispa Panfilov 1980 Karabastau Formation, Kazakshtan, Middle/Late Jurassic †Psilomantispa Lu et al. 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian †Sinuijumantispa So & Won, 2022 Sinuiju Formation, North Korea, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Theristria Gerstaecker, 1884 Mantispinae Afromantispa Snyman & Ohl, 2012 Asperala Lambkin, 1986 Austroclimaciella Handschin, 1961 Austromantispa Esben-Petersen, 1917 Buyda Navás, 1926 Campanacella Handschin, 1961 Campion Navás, 1914 Cercomantispa Handschin, 1959 Climaciella Enderlein, 1910 Dicromantispa Hoffman, 2002 Entanoneura Enderlein, 1910 Euclimacia Enderlein, 1910 Eumantispa Okamoto, 1910 †Feroseta Poinar 2006 Dominican amber, Miocene Haematomantispa Hoffman, 2002 Leptomantispa Hoffman, 2002 Madantispa Fraser, 1952 Mantispa Illiger, 1798 Mimetispa Handschin, 1961 Nampista Navás, 1914 Necyla Navás, 1913 Nivella Navás, 1930 Orientispa Poivre, 1984 Paramantispa Williner & Kormilev, 1959 Paulianella Handschin, 1960 †Prosagittalata Nel 1988 Céreste, France, Rupelian Pseudoclimaciella Handschin, 1960 Rectinerva Handschin, 1959 Sagittalata Handschin, 1959 Spaminta Lambkin, 1986 Stenomantispa Stitz, 1913 Toolida Lambkin, 1986 Tuberonotha Handschin, 1961 †Vectispa Lambkin 1986 Bembridge Marls, United Kingdom, Eocene (Priabonian) Xaviera (lacewing) Lambkin, 1986 Xeromantispa Hoffman, 2002 Zeugomantispa Hoffman, 2002 Symphrasinae Auth: Navás,