to be a literal method for formulating scientific propositions. To capture what Pierre Duhem would call the entire "holistic" universe relating to any specified theory would require long and complicated renderings of RTC → TC. Instead, it is to be taken as demonstrating logically that there is a way that science could formulate empirical, observational explications of theoretical concepts – and in that context the Ramsey and Carnap construct can be said to provide a formal justificatory distinction between scientific observation and metaphysical inquiry. Criticism Among critics of the Ramsey formalism are John Winnie, who extended the requirements to include an "observationally non-creative" restriction on Carnap's AT – and both W. V. O. Quine and Carl Hempel attacked Carnap's initial assumptions by emphasizing the ambiguity that persists between observable and non-observable terms. See also Ramsey-style epistemic structural realism Notes Works cited Carnap, R. (1950) "Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology," in Paul Moser and Arnold Nat, Human Knowledge Oxford University Press. (2003). Carnap, R. (1966) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (esp. Parts III, and V), ed. Martin Gardner. Dover Publications, New York. 1995. Carnap, R. (2000) [originally: 29 December 1959] "Theoretical Concepts in Science," with introduction by Stathis Psillos. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 31(1). Demopoulos, W. "Carnap on the Reconstruction of Scientific Theories," The Cambridge Companion to Carnap, eds. R. Creath and M. Friedman. Moser, P. K. and vander Nat, A. (2003) Human Knowledge Oxford Univ. Press. Schlick, Moritz (1918) General Theory of Knowledge (Allegemeine Erkenntnislehre). Trans. Albert Blumberg. Open Court Publishing, Chicago/La Salle, IL. (2002). Hallvard Lillehammer, D. H. Mellor (2005), Ramsey's legacy, Oxford University Press, p. 109. Stathis Psillos, "Carnap, the Ramsey-Sentence and Realistic Empiricism", 2000. External links "Epistemic Structural Realism and Ramsey Sentences" "Theoretical Terms in Science" Philosophy of science Sentences by type