traits but the triple exits were seen as rare. Classification When described in 2002, Averianov placed A. archibaldi in the Ankylosauridae. Parish & Barrett thought such precision was unwarranted and placed the newly Bissektipelta in a more general Ankylosauria. However, Victoria M. Arbour and Philip J. Currie affirmed the position within the Ankylosauridae. Based on numerous cranial traits, Kuzmin and colleagues have placed Bissektipelta within the advanced Ankylosaurinae in a basal position and confirmed its valid taxonomic status. Paleobiology In 2019, Alifanov and Saveliev redescribed the braincase noting that Bissektipelta had a well-developed olfaction, poor hearing and eyesight, good taste sensitivity, omnivorous diet and the unusual ability for filter-feeding. Also, the brain structure of Bissektipelta is rather primitive compared with other ankylosaur species. In 2020, Ivan Kuzmin and colleagues described and examined the braincase specimens of Bissektipelta in extensive detail. They performed a 3D reconstruction of the endocast of the brain cavity using CT scans and they revealed that a considerable part of the brain of Bissektipelta was occupied by olfactory bulbs, confirming that Bissektipelta had an extremely developed sense of smell. The numerous small vascular canals around the skull roof, the lateral wall of the brain case and cranial vessels form a complex network around the brain which allowed the redistribution of the blood flow and physiological mechanisms for heat exchange in order to cool-down the brain and maintain optimal temperatures. In addition, the length of the cochlear ducts in the inner ear suggests that Bissektipelta, and many other ankylosaurs, were adapted for low frequency-hearing within 100 Hz and 3000 Hz. The elongated cochlear ducts in the more advanced ankylosaurines seem to indicate that these traits were adapted for enhanced hearing at lower frequencies. See also Timeline of ankylosaur research References Ankylosaurids Turonian life Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Fossils of Uzbekistan Ornithischian genera