apoptosis; Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor to regulate intracellular Ca2+ signaling; Oct-1 to form the coactivator complex OCA-S, which is required for histone H2B synthesis during S phase of the cell cycle; p22 to aid microtubule organization; Rab2 to facilitate endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–golgi transport; Transferrin on the surface of diverse cells and in extracellular fluid; Lactate dehydrogenase; Lactoferrin; Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), thus converting oxidized APE1 to its reduced form, to restart its endonuclease activity; Promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML) in an RNA-dependent fashion; Rheb to sequester the GTPase during low glucose conditions; Siah1 to form a complex that translocates to the nucleus, where it ubiquitinates and degrades nuclear proteins during nitrosative stress conditions; GAPDH's competitor of Siah protein enhances life (GOSPEL) to block GAPDH interaction with Siah1 and, thus, cell death in response to oxidative stress; p300/CREB binding protein (CBP), which acetylates GAPDH and, in turn, enhances the acetylation of additional apoptotic targets; skeletal muscle-specific Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; Akt; Beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP); Huntingtin. GAPDH can self-associate into homotypic oligomers/aggregates Nucleic acid binding partners GAPDH binds to single-stranded RNA and DNA and a number of nucleic acid binding partners have been identified: tRNA, Hepatitis A viral RNA, Hepatitis B viral RNA, Hepatitis C viral RNA, HPIV3, lymphokine mRNA, IFN-γ mRNA, JEV mRNA, and telomeric DNA. Inhibitors Koningic acid Interactive pathway map References Further reading diagram of the GAPDH reaction mechanism from Lodish MCB at NCBI bookshelf similar diagram from Alberts The Cell at NCBI bookshelf External links PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1 Glycolysis enzymes Glycolysis