fever. Pappataci fevers, or Phlebotomus fevers, are mild 3-day fevers that are similar to influenza and have a rapid onset. They are most common in endemic areas during the summer months, particularly August, which is when sandflies are active. Some more extreme cases are the Toscana virus, which is associated with meningitis in humans, and the Rift Valley fever virus which has caused wide-spread epidemics in livestock in Africa. Clinical significance The following twelve viruses have been linked to disease in humans: Alenquer phlebovirus, Bhanja virus, Candiru phlebovirus, Chagres virus, Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus, Punta Toro phlebovirus, Rift Valley fever virus, Sicilian phlebovirus, Toscana phlebovirus, Uukuniemi virus, Heartland bandavirus (the first tick-borne phlebovirus known to cause disease in the Western Hemisphere, discovered in 2009), and the Sandfly Turkey virus (discovered in China in 2011). They cause symptoms ranging from short self-limiting fevers, such as pappataci fever, to encephalitis and fatal viral hemorrhagic fever. Taxonomy Phlebovirus is derived from Phlebotominae, which is the taxon of vectors of member species sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus. The name comes from the Greek root phlebos, which means "vein". Serological cross reactivity previosuls defined species in the genus. A change in classification rules was prompted due to the difficulty in detecting new phlebovirus in serological assays. As a result, viral species are now defined by 95% or greater identity in the amino acid sequences of their respective RNA-dependent RNA plymerase (RdRp). Currently, the genus consists of 67 species. Some of the viruses have other hematophagous arthropods as their main vectors. Examples of this include mosquitos for the Rift Valley fever virus, and the Mukawa virus, which has been isolated from ticks, but remains in Phlebovirus despite the common shift of tick-borne viruses from Phlebovirus to Uukuvirus. In addition to ticks and mosquitos, some Phleboviruses have been isolated from vertebrates like rodents in America and opossums or sloths in Africa. This wide variety of sources shows the possible presence of diversified epidemiological cycles. The following species are recognized: Adana phlebovirus Aguacate phlebovirus Alcube phlebovirus Alenquer phlebovirus Ambe phlebovirus Anhanga phlebovirus Arumowot phlebovirus Bogoria phlebovirus Buenaventura phlebovirus Bujaru phlebovirus Cacao phlebovirus Campana phlebovirus Candiru phlebovirus Chagres phlebovirus Cocle phlebovirus Corfou phlebovirus Dashli phlebovirus Durania phlebovirus Echarate phlebovirus Embossos phlebovirus Frijoles phlebovirus Gabek phlebovirus Gordil phlebovirus Icoaraci phlebovirus Itaituba phlebovirus Itaporanga phlebovirus Ixcanal phlebovirus Karimabad phlebovirus Kiborgoch phlebovirus La Gloria phlebovirus Lara phlebovirus Leticia phlebovirus Maldonado phlebovirus Massilia phlebovirus