of Canadian citizenship to those: who became citizens when the first citizenship act took effect on 1 January 1947 (including people born in Canada prior to 1947 and war brides) and who then lost their citizenship; who were born in Canada or had become a Canadian citizen on or after 1 January 1947, and had then lost citizenship; or who were born abroad to a Canadian citizen parent on or after 1 January 1947, if not already a citizen, but only if they were the first generation born abroad. 2014 The Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act received royal assent on 19 June 2014. Several provisions had retroactive effect to 17 April 2009, in order to correct certain situations that arose from the 2009 amendments, with the remainder coming into effect on 1 August 2014, 28 May 2015, and 11 June 2015. Among the Act's significant changes: Citizenship was granted retroactively to those individuals who were born or naturalized in Canada as well as to those who were British subjects residing in Canada prior to 1947 (or prior to April 1949, in the case of Newfoundland) who were not eligible for Canadian citizenship when the first Canadian Citizenship Act took effect. The required residence prior to application for citizenship was lengthened to four years (1,460 days) out of the previous six years, with 183 days minimum of physical presence in four out of six years. Residency is defined as physical presence. Adult applicants must file Canadian income tax returns, as required under the Income Tax Act, to be eligible for citizenship. Time spent in Canada before being granted Permanent Resident status does not apply towards the residency period A fast-track mechanism for citizenship was established for permanent residents serving withand individuals on exchange withthe Canadian Armed Forces to honour their service to Canada. Knowledge and language requirements were unchanged, except that the knowledge test must be taken in English or French. Authority was provided for revoking or denying citizenship in specified circumstances. Provision was made for the regulation of consultants, as well as for certain anti-fraud measures. 2017 On February 25, 2016, as a consequence of the Liberal victory in the 2015 election, An Act to amend the Citizenship Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act was passed on June 19, 2017. Most provisions took effect upon Royal Assent, with the remainder coming into force on October 11, 2017 January