many municipalities use substandard dumps to dispose of waste. Noise Environmental noise data is not reported. Climate change Summer temperatures have increased and are expected to continue to increase due to climate change. Coal in Turkey emits a third of the country's greenhouse gas. Water Pollution Organic pollution of streams is a problem. There is a potential for spills from the 5,000 oil- and gas-carrying ships that pass through the Bosporus annually. Drought Turkey is at risk of water shortages. Almost three quarters of water that is consumed is used for irrigation in agriculture. Land degradation Land degradation is a critical agricultural problem, caused by inappropriate use of agricultural land, overgrazing, or over-fertilization,. Serious soil erosion has occurred in 69% of Turkey's land surface. A national soil information system is being developed as presently 'it is difficult to assess the levels of land degradation, desertification or soil contamination'. Green space in cities Former military land in cities may be rezoned for housing. Laws and regulations The first Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control permits are expected to be issued in 2024, to use best available techniques but to use the least stringent emission levels (of those specified in EU 2017-1442). In 2021 ships were banned from using open-loop scrubbers in national waters. The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) legislation was adopted in 2021 to be phased in. There is a Pollutant release and transfer register website but it does not work yet. Politics Environmental issues are becoming more politically sensitive. Changes in the law on environmental impact assessments are being considered which will permit mining investments without waiting for environmental impact assessments. The EU has asked for "a stronger political commitment". In 2019 Turkey was one of five countries which voted against the proposed UN Global Pact for the Environment. Economics Ecotaxes on gasoline, diesel fuel and vehicles cover the social cost of carbon from the road transport sector, however being nationwide they are not designed to cover the negative externality of health costs due to local air pollution in cities. Subsidies Turkey continues to provide substantial environmentally harmful subsidies, such as subsidies for poor families to use coal for heating. Restrictions on public access to information Turkey is not a party to the Aarhus Convention, and the EU and OECD say the government should remove restrictions on access to environmental information: researchers say the government is punishing them