scholars-family Traube-Litten-Fraenkel. One of his daughters was Margarete Traube, a chemist and activist, married firstly to the physiologist and histologist Franz Christian Boll and secondly to the Italian engineer and politician Guglielmo Mengarini. Another daughter was the mother of Anna Fraentzel Celli, a nurse and philanthropist. Assessments Ludwig Traube earned great fame and honours by his establishing experimental pathophysiological research in Germany (e.g. he did animal experiments in the 1840s in his Berlin flat in the Oranienburger Str.) He improved the physical-medical methods like auscultation and percussion and was a taxonomist of the medical documentation. (e.g. inaugural of the temperature-pulse-frequency of respiration-curve into clinical praxis). He investigated the pathophysiology of respiration and the regulation of the body temperature, and gave a scientific basis to digitalis therapy. The narrow coherencies between heart and kidney diseases have been well demonstrated. He worked together with Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), they substantiated the „Beiträge zur experimentellen Pathologie“. Acknowledgments The University of Leiden awarded Ludwig Traube the honorary doctorate in 1875. In the areal of Charité was built in 1878 a memorial monument. A street of Ratibor was named "Dr. Traubestraße“ in 1927. Some eponymous are associated to Ludwig Traube and describe clinical phenomena of auscultation, palpation and percussion: Traube's bruit, Traube's corpuscles, Traube's double tone, Traube's dyspnea, Traube's plugs, Traube's pulse, Traube's space and Traube-Hering-Mayer waves. Bibliography Die Ursachen und die Beschaffenheit derjenigen Veränderungen, welche das Lungenparenchym nach Durchschneidung der Nn. vagi erleidet. Berlin, 1845. Beitrag zur Lehre von den Erstickungserscheinungen am Respirationsapparat. Beiträge zur experimentellen Pathologie, 1846 and 1847. Ueber periodische Thätigkeits-Aeusserungen des vasomotorischen und Hemmungs-Nervencentrum. Centralblatt für die Medicinischen Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1865, 3: 881–885. Die Symptome der Krankheiten des Respirations und Circulations-Apparats. Vorlesungen gehalten an der Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität zu Berlin. Berlin: Hirschwald, 1867. Gesammelte Beiträge zur Pathologie und Physiologie. Berlin, Hirschwald, 1871–1878. Ein Fall von Pulsus bigeminus nebst Bemerkungen über die Leberschwellungen bei Klappenfehlern und über acute Leberatrophie. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1872, 9: 185–188, 221–224. Sources and literature Nachlass TRAUBE-LITTEN. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Handschriftenabt. Traube, Ludwig.: Briefe an Virchow (Literaturarchiv der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, NL-Virchow 2188, 9 Bl. Berndt, H.: Ludwig Traubes Beitrag zur Nephrologie. Zeitschr. Urol. Nephrol. 79 (1986) 171–174 Jüdisches Lexikon. Berlin (1930) 1034–1035 Winninger, S.: Große Jüdische Nationalbiografie. Bd. 6, Bukarest (1936) 125–126 Henrik Franke: Moritz Traube (1826–1894) Vom Weinkaufmann zum Akademiemitglied, "Studien und Quellen zur Geschichte der Chemie", Band 9, Verlag für Wissenschafts- und Regionalgeschichte