silicon panels use prototype glass from Corning and cells from SunPower. The team used a custom 98% efficient motor for the vehicle. An in house developed software program allows the team to model sunlight and shadows during the race in order to plan race strategies. Luminos Luminos, the team's eleventh car, was unveiled in the summer of 2013. It placed 4th in the Challenger class of the World Solar Challenge 2013, the best finish by an undergraduate team. Luminos was the team's most successful vehicle to date, proving sturdy and reliable with 10,000 safe miles successfully logged. Arctan Arctan, the team's twelfth car, was unveiled in July 2015. It placed 6th in the Challenger class at the 2015 World Solar Challenge. Arctan was built with the intention of being a slightly more aggressive improvement on the 2013 car, with a more aerodynamically efficient design without compromising on robustness. Arctan logged even more safe test drive miles than Luminos before it and finished the race 50% closer to the top team than in 2013. Sundae Sundae, the team's thirteenth car, was unveiled in July 2017. It placed 9th in the Challenger class at the 2017 World Solar Challenge out of 12 teams. The car was significantly smaller, being built in accordance with the new rules for the 2017 World Solar Challenge, which only allowed for four square meters of silicon solar cells. There were more aggressive aerobody optimizations applied compared to what had been done in the past. Black Mamba Black Mamba was the team's fourteenth car, developed for the 2019 racing season, and utilized a sleeker, more aerodynamic design. During the 2019 World Solar Challenge, Black Mamba suffered a battery fire. The driver was able to escape and the burning battery was pulled from the frame of the car, leaving hopes that Black Mamba may be repairable for future events. See also Battery electric vehicle Solar car racing Solar cell Composite material List of solar car teams References "Stanford solar car on display before big race, " mercurynews.com, August 9, 2011 "Powered by the sun and Stanford ingenuity" news.stanford.edu, August 10, 2011 Stanford team readies solar car for Aussie Race, wired.com, August 25, 2009 Sun Racers, Popular Science, August 1990, p. 49 et seq. The automobile and the environment, Maxine A. Rock, Chelsea House Publishers, 1992, Speed of light: the 1996 World Solar Challenge, Photovoltaics Special Research Centre, University of