standards pertaining to the care and handling of photographs. Education and training Photograph conservators can be found in museums, archives, and libraries, as well as in private practice. Conservators often have earned their master's degrees in art conservation, though many have also been trained through apprenticeship. They often have backgrounds in art history, chemistry, or photography. Among numerous programs concerned with conservation of photographs around the world are: University of Amsterdam University of Melbourne in Australia The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Canadian Conservation Institute The National School of Conservation, Restoration and Museology in Mexico (ENCRyM) Royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgium's Artistic Heritage Institut national du patrimoine Université Paris 1 Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (HTW) Fachhochschule Köln Staatlichen Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart Swiss Conservation-Restoration Campus Hochschule der Künste Bern Fratelli Alinari Studio Art Centers International, Florence (SACI) Royal College of Art/Victoria and Albert Museum The International master Program in Conservation of Antique Photographs and Paper Heritage held at the EICAP Faculty of Applied arts-Helwan University In addition, Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) works internationally to advance conservation practice in the visual arts. The United States, in particular, has many training or degree programs for photograph conservators offered by graduate schools and organizations such as: Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts (CCAHA) Northeast Document Conservation Center (NEDCC) George Eastman House Buffalo State College Institute of Fine Arts, New York University University of Delaware Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies Northern States Conservation Center Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education. There are also photographic conservation teaching courses available online from various providers, for instance: Conserve Photography online teaching courses Citaliarestauro.com online teaching course NEDCC online teaching course See also Preservation (library and archival science) Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera Collections care Media preservation Conservation (cultural heritage) Conservation and restoration of photographic plates Notes Further reading Clark, Susie, and Franziska Frey. Care of Photographs. Amsterdam: European Commission on Preservation and Access, 2003. Eaton, George T. Conservation of Photographs. Kodak Publication No. F-40. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1985. Hayes, Sandra. “Preserving History: Digital Imaging Methods of Selected Mississippi Archivists.” Mississippi Archivists 65, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 101-102. Norris, Debra Hess, and Jennifer Jae Gutierrez, eds. Issues in the Conservation of Photographs. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 2010. Reilly, James. Care and Identification of 19th Century Photographic Prints. Kodak Publication No.