citizenship, and many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1947 Act were repealed. Under the new Act, Canadian citizenship is acquired by: birth in Canada (except where neither parent is a citizen or permanent resident and either parent is a representative of a foreign government, their employee, or anyone granted diplomatic privileges or immunities) birth outside Canada to a Canadian parent grant after three years' residence in Canada notification in the case of a woman who lost British subject status by marriage before 1947 delayed registration of a foreign birth under the Act before 15 February 1977 (This provision was repealed on 14 August 2004.) Canadian citizens are in general no longer subject to involuntary loss of citizenship, barring revocation on the grounds of: false representation, fraud, or knowingly concealing material circumstances. Section 8 of the Act provides that Canadians born outside Canada, to a Canadian parent who also acquired Canadian citizenship by birth outside Canada to a Canadian parent, will lose Canadian citizenship at age 28 unless they have established specific ties to Canada and applied to retain Canadian citizenship. Children born outside Canada to naturalized Canadian citizens are not subject to the section 8 provisions, nor is anyone born before 15 February 1977. Amendments 2009 On 17 April 2008, An Act to amend the Citizenship Act received Royal assent, coming into force one year later. Among the changes made: There is no longer a requirement to apply to maintain citizenship. Individuals can now only become Canadian citizens by descent if one of their parents was either a native-born citizen of Canada or a foreign-born but naturalized citizen of Canada. This effectively limits citizenship by descent to one generation born outside Canada. Such an individual might even be stateless if he or she has no claim to any other citizenship. The second generation born abroad can only gain Canadian citizenship by immigrating to Canada – this can be done by their Canadian citizen parents sponsoring them as dependent children, which is a category with fewer requirements and would take less time than most other immigration application categories. Foreign-born citizens being adopted in a foreign country by Canadian citizens can now acquire Canadian citizenship immediately upon completion of the adoption, without first entering Canada as a permanent resident, as was the case under the previous rules. Provision was also made for the reinstatement