they are strong and can conquer their addiction is a positive form of communal reinforcement. Echo chamber • The members within a group who obtain information only from within their group. While a filter bubble is created by algorithms online, echo chambers are created by purposely choosing who you associate with and from whom you receive your information. American psychology professor Nicholas DiFonzo found that when Republicans and Democrats were separated and asked to discuss rumors about the other party, they would polarize. However, as the groups were mixed, polarization was significantly decreased. • Online forums, such as Reddit, have often been associated with echo chambers. A group known as "incels" has received much media attention. This group of "involuntarily celibate" individuals would post often about how they felt they were being wronged by society for what they viewed as bad genetics. Some were pushed into extremism thoughts, and a few committed mass murders. Application to cognitive psychology Self-propaganda is closely related to self-deception and cognitive dissonance. See also Doublethink Group polarization Outline of self Self-deception Ingroup bias Echo chamber (media) References Cognitive biases Propaganda techniques