These proofs have, however, been criticized as circular. More recently, an approach based on self-locating uncertainty has been suggested by Charles Sebens and Sean M. Carroll. It has also been claimed that pilot-wave theory can be used to statistically derive the Born rule, though this remains controversial. Kastner claims that the transactional interpretation is unique in giving a physical explanation for the Born rule. In 2019, Lluis Masanes and Thomas Galley of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, and Markus Müller of the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information presented a derivation of the Born rule. While their result does not use the same initial assumptions as Gleason's theorem, it does presume a Hilbert-space structure and a type of context independence. Within the QBist interpretation of quantum theory, the Born rule is seen as a modification of the standard law of total probability, which takes into account the Hilbert space dimension of the physical system involved. Rather than trying to derive the Born rule, as many interpretations of quantum mechanics do, QBists take a formulation of the Born rule as primitive and aim to derive as much of quantum theory as possible from it. References External links Quantum Mechanics Not in Jeopardy: Physicists Confirm a Decades-Old Key Principle Experimentally ScienceDaily (July 23, 2010) Quantum measurement Max Born