Philosophers born in the 19th century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically: Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed. A Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905) Robert Adamson, (1852–1902) Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897) Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963) Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817–1860) Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938) B. R. Ambedkar, (1891–1956) Henri-Frédéric Amiel, (1821–1881) John Anderson, (1893–1962) Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920) Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975) Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950) Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896) B Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962) Alfred Baeumler, (1887–1968) Alexander Bain, (1818–1903) Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975) Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876) James Mark Baldwin, (1861–1934) Karl Barth, (1886–1968) Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, (1805–1895) Georges Bataille, (1897–1962) Bruno Bauer, (1809–1882) David Baumgardt, (1890–1963) Oskar Becker, (1889–1964) Vissarion Belinsky, (1811–1848) Gustave Belot, (1859–1929) Julien Benda, (1867–1956) Walter Benjamin, (1892–1940) Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874–1948) Henri Bergson, (1859–1941) Eduard Bernstein, (1850–1932) Nathan Birnbaum, (1864–1937) Brand Blanshard, (1892–1987) Ernst Bloch, (1885–1977) Maurice Blondel, (1861–1949) Benjamin Paul Blood, (1832–1919) Hermann Blumenau, (1819–1899) George Boas, (1891–1980) Alexander Bogdanov, (1873–1928) Niels Bohr, (1885–1962) Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844–1906) John Elof Boodin, (1869–1950) George Boole, (1815–1864)* Bernard Bosanquet, (1848–1923) Emile Boutroux, (1845–1921) Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898–1978) Borden Parker Bowne, (1847–1910) F. H. Bradley, (1846–1924) Franz Brentano, (1838–1917) Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882–1961) Edgar S. Brightman, (1884–1953) C. D. Broad, (1887–1971) Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966) Orestes Brownson, (1803–1876) Constantin Brunner, (1862–1937) Emil Brunner, (1889–1966) Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944) James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838–1922) Martin Buber, (1878–1965) Ludwig Büchner, (1824–1899) Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871–1944) Rudolf Bultmann, (1884–1976) Jacob Burckhardt, (1818–1897) Samuel Butler, (1835–1902) C Cai Yuanpei, (1868–1940) Edward Caird, (1835–1908) Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863–1930) Norman Robert Campbell, (1880–1949) Georg Cantor, (1845–1918) Pantaleo Carabellese, (1877–1948) Rudolf Carnap, (1891–1970)* Lewis Carroll, (1832–1898) Paul Carus, (1852–1919) Ernst Cassirer, (1874–1945) Carlo Cattaneo, (1801–1869) Emile Auguste Chartier, (1868–1951) Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828–1889) Ch'ien Mu, (1895–1990) Leon Chwistek, (1884–1944) August Cieszkowski, (1814–1894) William Kingdon Clifford, (1845–1879) Hermann Cohen, (1842–1918)* R. G. Collingwood, (1889–1943) Josephus Flavius Cook, (1838–1901) John Cook Wilson, (1849–1915) Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, (1877–1947) Hans Cornelius, (1863–1947) Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801–1877) Louis Couturat, (1868–1914) James Edwin Creighton, (1861–1924) Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952) Tadeusz Czezowski, (1889–1981) Heinrich Czolbe, (1819–1873) D Nikolay Danilevsky (1822–1885) Charles Darwin, (1809–1882) Augustus De Morgan, (1806–1871) Francesco de Sanctis, (1817–1883) Richard Dedekind, (1831–1916) Galvano Della Volpe, (1895–1968) Paul Deussen, (1845–1919) John Dewey, (1859–1952) Albert Venn Dicey, (1835–1922) Wilhelm Dilthey, (1833–1911) Hugo Dingler, (1881–1954) Juan Donoso Cortés (1809–1853) Herman Dooyeweerd, (1894–1977) Fyodor Dostoevsky, (1821–1881)