the back or to the buttocks. By the Age of Warring States, flogging had been largely replaced by decapitation. See also Kozukappara execution grounds Notes References Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan. London: Routledge. Yoshino, Jun. (2004). Law Enforcement in the Edo Period. In: Japan Echo, vol. 31 n. 3, June 2004. p. 59-62. External links Arakawa Ward sights (Kozukappara) Suzugamori site, Shinagawa Government of feudal Japan Punishments Criminal justice