one finds the earliest extant passages in French appearing as refrains inserted into liturgical dramas in Latin, such as a Saint Nicholas (patron saint of the student clercs) play and a Saint Stephen play. Dramatic plays in French from the 12th and 13th centuries: Le Jeu d'Adam (1150–1160) – written in octosyllabic rhymed couplets with Latin stage directions (implying that it was written by Latin-speaking clerics for a lay public) Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas – Jean Bodel – written in octosyllabic rhymed couplets Le Miracle de Théophile – Rutebeuf (c.1265) The origins of farce and comic theater remain equally controversial; some literary historians believe in a non-liturgical origin (among "jongleurs" or in pagan and folk festivals), others see the influence of liturgical drama (some of the dramas listed above include farcical sequences) and monastic readings of Plautus and Latin comic theater. Non-dramatic plays from the 12th and 13th centuries: Le Dit de l'herberie – Rutebeuf Courtois d'Arras (c.1228) Le Jeu de la feuillé (1275) – Adam de la Halle Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion (a pastourelle) (1288) – Adam de la Halle Le Jeu du Pèlerin (1288) Le Garçon et l'aveugle (1266–1282) Aucassin et Nicolette (a chantefable) – a mixture of prose and lyrical passages Select list of plays from the 14th and 15th centuries: La Farce de maître Trubert et d'Antrongnard – Eustache Deschamps Le Dit des quatre offices de l'ostel du roy – Eustache Deschamps Miracles de Notre Dame Bien Avisé et mal avisé (morality) (1439) La Farce de maître Pierre Pathelin (1464–1469) – this play had a great influence on Rabelais in the 16th century Le Franc archer de Bagnolet (1468–1473) Moralité (1486) – Henri Baude L'Homme pécheur (morality) (1494) La Farce du cuvier La Farce nouvelle du pâté et de la tarte In the 15th century, the public representation of plays was organized and controlled by a number of professional and semi-professional guilds: Clercs de la Basoche (Paris) – Morality plays Enfants sans Souci (Paris) – Farces and Sotties Conards (Rouen) Confrérie de la Passion (Paris) – Mystery plays Genres of theater practiced in the Middle Ages in France: Farce – a realistic, humorous, and even coarse satire of human failings Sottie – generally a conversation among idiots ("sots"), full of puns and quidproquos Pastourelle – a play with a pastoral setting Chantefable – a mixed verse and prose form only found in