of Ferozeshah in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the Punjab Army, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better of the British artillery". As the British made advances, Europeans in their army were specially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became demoralized, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken". The fighting continued throughout the night. The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or wounded". Nevertheless, the British army took and held Ferozeshah. British General Sir James Hope Grant recorded: "Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation." The reasons for the withdrawal of the Sikhs from Ferozeshah are contentious. Some believe that it was treachery of the non-Sikh high command of their own army which led to them marching away from a British force in a precarious and battered state. Others believe that a tactical withdrawal was the best policy. The Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown. Timeline 1699: Formation of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh. 1710–1716: Banda Singh defeats the Mughals and declares Khalsa rule. 1716–1738: Turbulence, no real ruler; Mughals take back the control for two decades but Sikhs engage in guerrilla warfare 1733–1735: The Khalsa accepts, only to reject, the confederal status given by the Mughals. 1748–1757: Afghan invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani 1761–1767: Recapture of Punjab region by Afghan in Third Battle of Panipat 1763–1774: Charat Singh Sukerchakia, Misldar of Sukerchakia misl, establishes himself in Gujranwala. 1764–1783: Baba Baghel Singh, Misldar of Singh Krora Misl, imposes taxes on the Mughals. 1783: Sikh capture of Delhi and the Red Fort from the Mughals 1773: Ahmad Shah Durrani dies and his son Timur Shah launches several invasions into Punjab. 1774–1790: Maha Singh becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia misl. 1790–1801: Ranjit Singh becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia misl. 1799, formation of the Sikh Khalsa Army 12 April 1801 (coronation) – 27 June 1839: reign of Maharaja Ranjit