point scale factor and meridian convergence using a reference meridian of longitude . By convention, in the northern hemisphere km and in the southern hemisphere km. By convention also and km. In the following formulas, the distances are in kilometers. In advance let's compute some preliminary values: From latitude, longitude (φ, λ) to UTM coordinates (E, N) First let's compute some intermediate values: The final formulae are: where is Easting, is Northing, is the Scale Factor, and is the Grid Convergence. From UTM coordinates (E, N, Zone, Hemi) to latitude, longitude (φ, λ) Note: Hemi=+1 for Northern, Hemi=-1 for Southern First let's compute some intermediate values: The final formulae are: See also Military grid reference system, a variant of UTM designed to simplify transfer of coordinates. Modified transverse Mercator, a variation of UTM used in Canada with zones spaced 3° of longitude apart as opposed to UTM's 6°. Transverse Mercator projection, the map projection used by UTM. Universal Polar Stereographic coordinate system, used at the North and South poles. Open Location Code, a hierarchical zoned system MapCode, a hierarchical zoned system References Further reading Geographic coordinate systems Cartography Geodesy