settings were not necessarily related to each other. Evidence suggests that the parts were either related to the tenor part, or composed independently. Either way, this formed the first ‘composition’, and provided a foundation for development, and a new style, conductus was developed from the three and four part discant ideas. See also Anglican church music Congregational singing Hymn tunes Last verse harmonisation Organ References Further reading Clark Kimberling, "Hymn Tune Descants, Part 1: 1915–1934", The Hymn 54 (no. 3) July 2003, pages 20–27. (Reprinted in Journal of the Ralph Vaughan Williams Society 29 (February 2004) 17–20.) Clark Kimberling, "Hymn Tune Descants, Part 2: 1935–2001", The Hymn 55 (no. 1) January 2004, pages 17–22. Crocker, Richard L. 1962. "Discant, Counterpoint, and Harmony". Journal of the American Musicological Society 15, no. 1:1–21. Flotzinger, Rudolf. 1969. Der Discantussatz im Magnus liber und seiner Nachfolge: mit Beiträgen zur Frage der sogenannten Notre-Dame-Handschriften. Wiener musikwissenschaftliche Beiträge 8. Vienna, Cologne, and Graz: H. Böhlaus Nachfolger. Flotzinger, Rudolf, Ernest H. Sanders, and Peter M. Lefferts. 2001. "Discant [descant, descaunt(e), deschant, deschaunt(e), dyscant; verb: discanten]". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. Hughes, Andrew. 1966. "Mensural Polyphony for Choir in 15th-Century England", Journal of the American Musicological Society 19, no. 3 (Fall): 352–69. Hughes, Andrew. 1967. "The Old Hall Manuscript: a Re-appraisal". Musica Disciplina 21:97–129 Kenney, Sylvia W. 1964. "The Theory of Discant". Chapter 5 of Walter Frye and the "Contenance Angloise", 91–122. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Reprinted, New York: Da Capo Press, 1980. . Knapp, Janet. 2003. "Discant". Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth edition, edited by Don Michael Randel. Harvard University Press Reference Library 16. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. . Scott, Ann Besser. 1970. "The Performance of the Old Hall Descant Settings". Musical Quarterly 56, no. 1 (January): 14–26. Spiess, Lincoln B. 1955. "Discant, Descant, Diaphony, and Organum: a Problem in Definitions". Journal of the American Musicological Society 8, no. 2 (Summer):, 144–47. Trowell, Brian. 1959. "Faburden and Fauxbourdon". Musica Disciplina 8:43–78. Waite, William. 1952. "Discantus, Copula, Organum". Journal of the American Musicological Society 5, no. 2 (Summer): 77–87. External links Selection of hymnal descants Melody types Musical terminology