comma code (i.e., encoding in base 3, represented with 2 bits per symbol), the implicit distribution is a power law with . These distributions thus have near-optimal codes with their respective power laws. External links Data Compression, by Debra A. Lelewer and Daniel S. Hirschberg (University of California, Irvine) Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David MacKay, has a chapter on codes for integers, including an introduction to Elias codes. Кодирование целых чисел has mostly English-language papers on universal and other integer codes. Data compression Lossless compression algorithms