We should not push for group equality. We shouldn't try to guarantee that every group has the same quality of life. It is unjust to try to make groups equal. Group equality should not be our primary goal. We should work to give all groups an equal chance to succeed. (reverse-scored) We should do what we can to equalize conditions for different groups. (reverse-scored) No matter how much effort it takes, we ought to strive to ensure that all groups have the same chance in life. (reverse-scored) Group equality should be our ideal. (reverse-scored) SDO-16 items Some groups of people are just more worthy than others. In getting what you want, it is sometimes necessary to use force against other groups. It's OK if some groups have more of a chance in life than others. To get ahead in life, it is sometimes necessary to step on other groups. If certain groups stayed in their place, we would have fewer problems. It's probably a good thing that certain groups are at the top and other groups are at the bottom. Inferior groups should stay in their place. Sometimes other groups must be kept in their place. It would be good if groups could be equal. (reverse-scored) Group equality should be our ideal. (reverse-scored) All groups should be given an equal chance in life. (reverse-scored) We should do what we can to equalize conditions for different groups. (reverse-scored) Increased social equality is beneficial to society. (reverse-scored) We would have fewer problems if we treated people more equally. (reverse-scored) We should strive to make incomes as equal as possible. (reverse-scored) No group should dominate in society. (reverse-scored) Keying is reversed on questions 9 through 16, to control for acquiescence bias. Criticisms of the construct Rubin and Hewstone (2004) argue that social dominance research has changed its focus dramatically over the years, and these changes have been reflected in different versions of the social dominance orientation construct. Social dominance orientation was originally defined as "the degree to which individuals desire social dominance and superiority for themselves and their primordial groups over other groups" (p. 209). It then quickly changed to not only "(a) a...desire for and value given to in-group dominance over out-groups" but also "(b) the desire for nonegalitarian, hierarchical relationships between groups within the social system" (p. 1007). The most recent measure of social dominance orientation (see SDO-6 above) focuses on