longstanding issue of invoking "distrust, fear and contempt", as a purported cause of social ills. As well, television scholars had to prove that television was different from other "mass media", often by pointing to how television differed from radio and cinema. In the 1970s and 1980s, television studies developed three strands of commentary: A journalistic approach, which reviews recent television programs A literary and dramatic criticism approach, which examines the television screenwriter in the same way that literary and dramatic criticism examines novels and plays A social science approach, which examines production and distribution, and the function of television in society. The social science stream examined the social function and effects of television and analyzed the role that television plays in the social order and the public sphere. Some television scholars applied Marxist frameworks or the "critical sociology of the Frankfurt School". Since the 1970s, feminist television scholars have focused "... on programmes for women and those which have key female protagonists", such as Julie D'Acci's study of the police drama Cagney and Lacey and the "...now substantial literature on soap opera." Television studies in the 1990s includes "work on the definition and interpretation of the television text and the new media ethnographies of viewing" and histories of "production studies" - how television shows are developed, financed, and produced. While some predicted the end of television (or at least of the broadcast TV), some scholars claim that television "has never been so healthy and triumphant as nowadays". Television scholars Scholars who principally work in television studies include: Robert C. Allen Ien Ang Jeremy G. Butler John Ellis Jane Feuer John Fiske Kevin Glynn John Hartley Henry Jenkins Lynne Joyrich Milly Buonanno Amanda D. Lotz Toby Miller Jason Mittell Horace Newcomb Neil Postman Lynn Spigel Raymond Williams Arslan I. Galeyev See also B-television Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television Media psychology Quality television Social aspects of television Telephilia Television production The A.V. Club Museums The Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles Journals The following journals are either devoted to television studies or, at the least, frequently include TV-studies essays. Cinema Journal — published by the Society for Cinema and Media Studies. Critical Studies in Television: Scholarly Studies in Small Screen Fictions — a print journal and online research resource, published by Manchester University Press. Flow — an online journal of television and media studies published