first documented groups of people in the world known to use the effect of mechanoluminescence. They used quartz crystals to generate light, likely hundreds of years before the modern world recognized the phenomenon. The Ute constructed special ceremonial rattles made from buffalo rawhide, which they filled with clear quartz crystals collected from the mountains of Colorado and Utah. When the rattles were shaken at night during ceremonies, the friction and mechanical stress of the quartz crystals banging together produced flashes of light which partly shone through the translucent buffalo hide. These rattles were believed to call spirits into Ute ceremonies, and were considered extremely powerful religious objects. Ethnobotany Medicine women used up to 300 plants to treat ailments. Pine pitch or split cactus was used to treat sores or wounds. Sage leaves were used for colds. Sage tea and powdered obsidian for sore eyes. Teas were made from various plants to treat stomachaches. Grass was used to stop bleeding. The Ute use the roots and flowers of Abronia fragrans for stomach and bowel troubles. Cedar and sage were used in purification ceremonies conducted in sweat lodges. Yarrow was also used as a medicine by the Utes. There were many plants found in Provo Canyon that were used by Utes as medicine. In popular culture When the Legends Die (1963), a book by Hal Borland, is a story about a Ute boy growing up on a reservation after his parents die, and becoming a rodeo sensation. A film adaptation by the same name was released in 1972. The University of Utah's athletic teams are known as the Utes and have received explicit permission from the Ute tribe to continue using the name. In the television series Resident Alien, based on the comics of the same name, health center assistant Asta Twelvetrees (played by Sara Tomko) is a member of the Ute Nation. In Cold Pursuit (2019), a gang formed by Utes play a prominent role in the film as a rival cartel to the main antagonists. Notable people Black Hawk, son of Chief San-Pitch and noted War leader during the Utah Black Hawk War (1865–72). Chipeta, Ouray's wife and Ute delegate to negotiations with federal government R. Carlos Nakai, Native American flutist Ouray, leader of the Uncompahgre band of the Ute tribe Polk, Ute-Paiute chief Posey, Ute-Paiute chief Joseph Rael, (b. 1935), dancer, author, and spiritualist Sanpitch, chief of the Sanpete