Macro-Jê (also spelled Macro-Gê) is a medium-sized language stock in South America, mostly in Brazil but also in the Chiquitanía region in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, as well as (formerly) in small parts of Argentina and Paraguay. It is centered on the Jê language family, with most other branches currently being single languages due to recent extinctions. Families The Macro-Jê family was first proposed in 1926, and has undergone moderate modifications since then. Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal "probable". Jê Jeikó † Krenák (Botocudo) Krenak (10 speakers) Borôroan Bororo Bororo (1,400 speakers) Umotína † Otuke † Kamakã † Karajá (2,700 speakers) Karirí † Maxakalían Ofayé (2 speakers) Purían † Rikbaktsá Yabutian [moribund] Eduardo Ribeiro of the University of Chicago finds no evidence to classify Fulniô (Yatê) and Guató as Macro-Jê, pace Kaufman, nor Otí, pace Greenberg. Ribeiro does include Chiquitano, pace Rodrigues. These languages share irregular morphology with the Tupi and Carib families, and Rodrigues (2000) and Ribeiro connect them all as a Je–Tupi–Carib family. Pache (2018) suggests a distant genetic relationship between Macro-Jê and Chibchan. Glottolog accepts Jean, Krenak (Aimore), Karaja, Maxakalian, Ofaie, Rikbaktsa, and Yabutian (Jabuti). Lexical parallels with Kamakanan and Purian have yet to be corroborated with reconstructions; the similarities with Purian disappear once Coropo is reclassified as Maxakalian. It notes suggestive grammatical similarities with Bororoan, Kariri, and Chiquitano, of the kind also shared with Tupian and Cariban, but little lexical evidence. Jolkesky (2016) Jolkesky (2016) proposes the following internal classification of Macro-Jê: Macro-Jê Borum † Ofaye Rikbaktsa Yate Bororo Bororo Otuke † Umutina † Maxakali Malali † Maxakali-Pataxo Maxakali Pataxo † Kamakã † Masakara † Kamakã-Menien † Kamakã † Menien † Kariri † Dzubukua † Kipea † Xoko † Macro-Jê, Nuclear Besiro (Chiquitano) Jeoromitxi-Arikapu (Yabutian): Arikapu; Jeoromitxi Karaja: Javae; Karaja; Xambioa Jê Jê, Central Akroa † Xakriaba † Xavante Xerente Jeiko † Jê, Southern Ingain: Ingain †; Kimda † Kaingang-Xokleng Kaingang: Kaingang; Kaingang Paulista Xokleng Jê, Northern Apinaje Kayapo: Mẽbengokre; Xikrin Panara Suya-Tapayuna: Suya; Tapayuna Timbira: Apãniekra; Kraho; Krẽje †; Krĩkati; Parkateje; Pykobje; Ramkokamekra Nikulin (2020) Nikulin (2020) proposes the following internal classification of Macro-Jê: Macro-Jê Karajá Western Mato Grosso Ofayé Rikbáktsa Jabutí Arikapú Djeoromitxí Eastern ? Jaikó Jê (see) Akuwẽ; Northern Jê, Panará Ingain; Southern Jê Trans–São Francisco Borum Krenák Maxakalí Malalí Nuclear Maxakalí Maxakalí Ritual Maxakalí; Makoní Pataxó; Pataxó-Hãhãhãe Koropó ? Kamakã (possibly part of Trans-São Francisco) Masakará Southern Kamakã Menien Kamakã; Kotoxó/Mongoyó Nikulin (2020)