separate the rest of the programme from the advertisements. In German-speaking countries, the word "Werbung" (Advertisement) is used; in Switzerland, this word is also used in different languages: French: Publicité or Pub in short; Italian: Pubblicità. The same goes for France and Italy, but only second and third ones are written, respectively. Bumpers on children's television Bumpers or external eyecatches on children's television networks, and sometimes other networks, are similar to the internal eyecatches used in Japanese anime, with the difference being that the bumpers are supplied by the network. These usually appear only at the end of commercial breaks, but sometimes leading into the start of the break as well. Their primary purpose is to alert children that the commercial break has ended. Depending on the network, the bumper may or may not feature a voice over. Often, these eyecatches have a secondary purpose: marketing. For example, cable network Nickelodeon uses them to help children learn to identify the network and thus increase brand awareness. Most children's television networks run these bumpers because of this reason. From the mid-1980s to the early 1990s periods, (in conjunction with branding firm Fred/Alan, Inc.), the network created 225 bumpers, some featuring catchy disco jingles recorded by a cappella group The Jive Five. See also Promo (media) References Television terminology Interstitial television shows Broadcasting Television presentation Anime and manga terminology