stabilize metastable or highly distorted structures, or in the case of the Bi-based multiferroics due to the high volatility of bismuth. List of materials Most multiferroic materials identified to date are transition-metal oxides, which are compounds made of (usually 3d) transition metals with oxygen and often an additional main-group cation. Transition-metal oxides are a favorable class of materials for identifying multiferroics for a few reasons: The localised 3d electrons on the transition metal are usually magnetic if they are partially filled with electrons. Oxygen is at a "sweet spot" in the periodic table in that the bonds it makes with transition metals are neither too ionic (like its neighbor fluorine, F) or too covalent (like its neighbor nitrogen, N). As a result, its bonds with transition metals are rather polarizable, which is favorable for ferroelectricity. Transition metals and oxygen tend to be earth abundant, non-toxic, stable and environmentally benign. Many multiferroics have the perovskite structure. This is in part historical most of the well-studied ferroelectrics are perovskites and in part because of the high chemical versatility of the structure. Below is a list of some the most well-studied multiferroics with their ferroelectric and magnetic ordering temperatures. When a material shows more than one ferroelectric or magnetic phase transition, the most relevant for the multiferroic behavior is given. See also Ferrotoroidicity Reviews on Multiferroics Talks and documentaries on multiferroics France 24 documentary "Nicola Spaldin: The pioneer behind multiferroics" (12 minutes) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfVKtIcl2Nk&t=10s Seminar "Electric field control of magnetism" by R. Ramesh at U Michigan (1 hour) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTpr9CEYP6M Max Roessler prize for multiferroics at ETH Zürich (5 minutes): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nq0j6xrNcLk ICTP Colloquium "From materials to cosmology; Studying the early universe under the microscope" by Nicola Spaldin (1 hour) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYHB0BZQU-U Tsuyoshi Kimura's research on "Toward highly functional devices using mulitferroics" (4 minutes): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KfySbeVO4M "Strong correlation between electricity and magnetism in materials" by Yoshi Tokura (45 minutes): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6tcSXbEELE "Breaking the wall to the next material age", Falling Walls, Berlin (15 minutes): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pirXBfwni-w References Condensed matter physics Materials science Magnetism Phases of matter Hysteresis