statement and neither of these 2. That gives rise to 3 equivalent classes, from the code review itself. we note that there is a fixed size of integer hence:- We note that the input parameter a and b both are integers, hence total order exists on them. When we compute the equalities:- we get back the values which are on the boundary, inclusive, that is these pairs of are valid combinations, and no underflow or overflow would happen for them. On the other hand:- gives pairs of which are invalid combinations, Overflow would occur for them. In the same way:- gives pairs of which are invalid combinations, Underflow would occur for them. Boundary values (drawn only for the overflow case) are being shown as the orange line in the right hand side figure. For another example, if the input values were months of the year, expressed as integers, the input parameter 'month' might have the following partitions: ... -2 -1 0 1 .............. 12 13 14 15 ..... --------------|-------------------|------------------- invalid partition 1 valid partition invalid partition 2 The boundary between two partitions is the place where the behavior of the application changes and is not a real number itself. The boundary value is the minimum (or maximum) value that is at the boundary. The number 0 is the maximum number in the first partition, the number 1 is the minimum value in the second partition, both are boundary values. Test cases should be created to generate inputs or outputs that will fall on and to either side of each boundary, which results in two cases per boundary. The test cases on each side of a boundary should be in the smallest increment possible for the component under test, for an integer this is 1, but if the input was a decimal with 2 places then it would be .01. In the example above there are boundary values at 0,1 and 12,13 and each should be tested. Boundary value analysis does not require invalid partitions. Take an example where a heater is turned on if the temperature is 10 degrees or colder. There are two partitions (temperature≤10, temperature>10) and two boundary values to be tested (temperature=10, temperature=11). Where a boundary value falls within the invalid partition the test case is designed to ensure the software component handles the value in a controlled manner. Boundary value analysis can be used throughout the