In the Chinese common religion and philosophical schools the idea of the universal God has been expressed in a variety of names and representations, most notably as (, "Heaven") and (, "Highest Deity" or "Highest Emperor"). These two and other concepts have been variously combined, in diverse contexts, to form titles such as: (; , "Emperor" + ) or (; , "Deep" + ) (, "Highest Heaven") (, "Vault of Heaven"). The compounds ( + , meaning "heavenly god") and (, meaning "heavenly immortal") have been used for a deity, in a polytheistic sense. The word by itself has likewise been used for God. When Abrahamic religions penetrated China, they appropriated some of the traditional titles, or created new compound titles, to express their theology. General uses Outside of direct translations in religious books, the following are often-encountered translations of the Abrahamic God in general usage. Nestorian Christianity The earliest introduction of documented Christian religion appears to be (, literally, "bright teaching") around 635 AD, whose proponents were Nestorian Christians from Persia. Their term for God was (, literally "Veritable Majesty," "True Lord," or "Lord of Truth."). In a hymn supposed to be composed by Lü Dongbin, the Christian God is denominated by the term (, literally, "Lord of Heaven"), 800 years before Matteo Ricci and his companions. Islam Islam has enjoyed a long history in China. For Chinese Muslims, the principal term for God is also () but transliterations of the Arabic also exist as (), and as (; , "Peace" + , "Help"). The term (), from the Persian term for God, , is seen more often in north-western China. Catholicism The earliest documented Chinese Roman Catholic church was founded in China in about 1289. The Roman Catholic Church historically favored (, literally "Heavenly Lord" or "Lord of Heaven"), and so "Catholicism" is most commonly rendered (; + , "teach"), although among Chinese Catholics the literal translation of "catholic", (; , "universal" + ), is also used. Korean and Vietnamese Catholics also use cognates of the term for God. This appears to have been used by the Catholic Church to separate Confucian traditions, which were reported to worship spirits and therefore were incompatible with the exclusive biblical worship of God. Ironically, although versions of popular Confucianism became strongly associated with idol worship, traditionalists, notably the Kangxi Emperor, did not believe that such idolization accurately reflected Confucius's intent; Matteo