may be safe to assume that terrorists are partially reassured by their religious views that their god is on their side and that it will reward them in Heaven for punishing unbelievers. These conflicts are among the most difficult to resolve, particularly when both sides believe that God is on their side and that He has endorsed the moral righteousness of their claims. One of the most infamous quotes which is associated with religious fanaticism was uttered in 1209 during the siege of Béziers, a Crusader asked the Papal Legate Arnaud Amalric how to tell Catholics from Cathars when the city was taken, to which Amalric replied: "Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius", or "Kill them all; God will recognize his." Ritual violence Ritual violence may be directed against victims (e.g., human and nonhuman animal sacrifice and ritual slaughter) or self-inflicted (religious self-flagellation). According to the hunting hypothesis, created by Walter Burkert in Homo Necans, carnivorous behavior is considered a form of violence. Burkett suggests that the anthropological phenomenon of religion grew out of rituals that were connected with hunting and the associated feelings of guilt over the violence that hunting required. See also Al-Qaeda Antireligion Blood atonement Blood libel Boko Haram Christian fascism Christian fundamentalism Christian Identity Christian Patriot movement Clerical fascism Criticism of religion Cult Fundamentalism Hundred Years' War International Day Commemorating the Victims of Acts of Violence Based on Religion or Belief Islamic fundamentalism Islamic State Islamism Islamofascism Jewish fundamentalism Kahanism Mormon fundamentalism Pacifism and religion Peace in Islamic philosophy Persecution of Christians Persecution of Christians by Christians Religion and peacebuilding Religions for Peace Religious discrimination Religious discrimination in Pakistan Religious fanaticism Religious intolerance Religious persecution Religious segregation Religious terrorism Religious violence in India Religious violence in Nigeria Religious war Sect Sectarian violence Sectarian violence among Christians Taiping Rebellion Taliban Witch-hunt References Further reading Academic Appleby, R. Scott (2000) The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Avalos, Hector (2005) Fighting Words: the Origins of Religious Violence. New York: Prometheus. Buc, Philippe (2015) Holy War, Martyrdom and Terror: Christianity, Violence and the West. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Burkert, Walter. (1983). Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth. Berkeley: University of California Press Crocket, Clayton (ed.) (2006) Religion and Violence in a Secular World: Toward a New Political Theology. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.