research and development conducted by universities, industry, and other research institutions. In 1983, however, operation of the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center transferred to IIT Research Institute, based in Chicago, and the Bartlesville Project Office was established to oversee petroleum research activities. Then, in 1996, the Morgantown and Pittsburgh Energy Technology Centers, a mere 65 miles (105 km) apart, were consolidated under the same administration to form the Federal Energy Technology Center (FETC). The National Petroleum Technology Office (NPTO) in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was established in 1998, and the Bartlesville Project Office was closed. FETC became a national laboratory, NETL, in 1999 and was joined by NPTO in 2000. NETL opened the Arctic Energy Office in Fairbanks, Alaska, in 2001 to promote research, development, and deployment of (1) oil recovery, gas-to-liquids, and natural gas production and transportation and (2) electric power in Arctic climates, including fossil, wind, geothermal, fuel cells, and small hydroelectric facilities. In 2005, the Albany Research Center (ARC) in Albany, Oregon, merged with NETL as a third laboratory location, providing expertise in life-cycle research and advanced materials for energy system challenges. Founded on the site of the former Albany College in 1942, ARC made its mark processing zirconium. In 1985, the center was named an historical landmark by the American Society for Metals. Today, researchers here address fundamental mechanisms and processes; melt, cast, and fabricate up to one ton of materials; completely characterize the chemical and physical properties of materials; and deal with the waste and by-products of materials processes. The Tulsa, Oklahoma, office moved to Sugar Land, Texas, in 2009. Partnership NETL collaborates with industry, academia, other government agencies, and international research organizations. Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative The Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative (CCSI) partners national laboratories, industry and academic institutions to develop and deploy computational modeling and simulation tools that accelerate carbon capture technologies from discovery to widespread future deployment on hundreds of power plants. NETL is partnering with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory on this Initiative. National Risk Assessment Partnership Led by NETL, the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) studies the behavior of engineered-natural systems to develop the risk assessment tools necessary for safe, permanent geologic storage. To assist in effective site characterization, selection, operation, and management, NRAP is considering potential risks associated with key operational concerns, as well as those associated with long-term liabilities, such