Wattasids recognize Saadian rule over southern Morocco through the Treaty of Tadla 1536: Saadians defeat Wattasid army at Wadi al-'Abid 1541: Saadians expel the Portuguese from Agadir 1543: Muhammad al-Shaykh exiles his brother Ahmad al-'Araj to the Tafilalt and becomes sole Saadian ruler 1549: Muhammad al-Shaykh conquers Fes and expels the Wattasids 1554 (January): 'Ali Abu Hassun, a Wattasid, retakes Fes with Ottoman help 1554 (September): Muhammay al-Shaykh conquers Fes again, putting a permanent end to Wattasid rule 1557: Muhammad al-Shaykh assassinated by Ottoman agent 1557–1574: Reign of Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib 1576: Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil, Al-Ghalib's successor, is overthrown by his uncle Abd al-Malik, with Ottoman help 1578: Battle of Alcácer Quibir (also known as Battle of the Three Kings), with Saadian victory over the Portuguese army; reign of Ahmad al-Mansur begins 1583: Saadian conquest of the Touat oases 1591: Saadian invasion of the western Sudan region; Battle of Tondibi and defeat of the Songhai Empire 1603: Death of Ahmad al-Mansur; civil war breaks out among his three sons, Moulay Zaydan, Abu Faris, and Al-Ma'mun; Saadian realm is split between different factions, with Marrakesh and Fes changing hands multiple times 1609–1627: Moulay Zaydan rules in Marrakesh while the sons of Al-Ma'mun rule a rival kingdom in Fes 1627: Saadian realm is reunified under Abd al-Malik II, Moulay Zaydan's son, but decline of Saadian authority in Morocco continues 1659: Last Saadian sultan, Ahmad al-Abbas, is killed, ending the Saadian dynasty Society Population The 16th century during which the Saadians rose to power also saw many social and demographic changes in Morocco. The existing population was joined by large waves of emigrants and refugees from the Iberian Peninsula after the fall of Granada in 1492, the last Muslim emirate of Al-Andalus, and the subsequent expulsion of the Jews from Spain and soon after from Portugal. At the beginning of the century around 100,000 Andalusi Muslims and Jews settled in the country as a result, and were followed by another 20,000 to 30,000 around a century later when Spain began expelling the Moriscos. The Andalusi arrivals revitalized many of the country's northern cities, with notable examples like Tétouan. The arrival of large numbers of Sephardic Jews from the Iberian Peninsula also had a profound impact on the Jewish community in Morocco and North Africa. It increased the Jewish population and revitalized Jewish cultural activity, while also splitting the community along ethnic lines for