the converse. The Bundesrat The Bundesrat (Articles 6 and 7) was made up of representatives of the various states. In German constitutional law, it was not considered a parliament chamber, but foreign commentators tended to reckon it as an upper house. It can be translated into English as Federal Council. Each state was allocated a specified number of votes; although a state could appoint as many delegates to the Bundesrat as it had votes, the delegates from each state voted as a bloc. Each state had a different number of representatives, with the larger and more powerful states having more. Voting had to be in person, and representatives in some cases had to be bound by the instructions of their state governments. In the case of legislation affecting only certain states, only those states were allowed to vote. The Bundesrat's presiding officer could break ties. A representative could not be a member of both chambers at the same time (Article 9) and was given Imperial protection (Article 10). The apportionment of the Bundesrat in 1871–1919 was: Permanent committees of the Bundesrat The constitution established permanent committees (Article 8): The army, including fortifications Naval matters Duties and taxation Commerce and trade The railways, post, and telegraphs Justice Finance At least four states had to be represented on each committee, excluding the chairman. Each state was allowed one vote. On the committee for the army and fortifications, Bavaria had a permanent seat. All of that committee's members were appointed by the Emperor; members of all the other committees were elected by the Bundesrat. Additionally, there was created a Committee on Foreign Affairs, chaired by Bavaria, with individual members representing Bavaria, Saxony, and Württemberg, and two other members representing the other states. The Reichstag Membership of the parliament, the Reichstag or Imperial Diet, was by universal suffrage (this was interpreted to mean suffrage for all male citizens over 25). A secret ballot was guaranteed (Article 20). Transitional arrangements set the total number of deputies at 382, with 48 for Bavaria, 17 for Württemberg, 14 for Baden, and 6 for Hesse south of the river Main (Article 20). Bills would be laid before the Reichstag in the name of the emperor, in accordance with a resolution of the Bundesrat, and would be advocated by members of the Bundesrat (or by special commissioners appointed by it)(Article 16). Imperial legislative powers Article 4 detailed the areas