prevent the church being dissolved, unlike that in France. Due to its temporary siting in Venice, the papal coronation was hurried. Having no papal treasures on hand the noblewomen of the city manufactured the famous papier-mâché papal tiara. It was adorned with their own jewels. Chiaramonti was declared Pope Pius VII and crowned on 21 March at the monastery church of S. Giorgio. A new pope By the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 the French regained Northern Italy from the forces of Austria. Following this promotion, Bonaparte decided to recognise the new pope and restored the Papal States to those borders set out at Tolentino. The new pope headed for Rome, which he entered to the pleasure of the population on 3 July. Fearing further invasion he decreed the Papal States should remain neutral between Napoleonic Italy in the north and the Kingdom of Naples in the south. At the time the latter was ruled by Ferdinand IV, a member of the House of Bourbon. Ercole Consalvi, the secretary of the conclave, was created a cardinal on 11 August and became the secretary of state of His Holiness. On 15 July France officially re-recognised Catholicism as its majority (not state) religion in the Concordat of 1801, and the Church was granted a measure of freedom with a Gallician constitution of the clergy. The Concordat further recognised the Papal States and that which it had confiscated and sold during the occupation of the area. In 1803 the reinstatement of the Papal States was made official by the Treaty of Lunéville. Napoleon pursued secularisation of smaller, independent lands and, through diplomatic pressure, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806). The relations between the Church and the First French Empire declined following the pope's refusal to divorce Jérôme Bonaparte and Elizabeth Patterson in 1805. The newly crowned emperor of the French restarted his expansionist policies and assumed control over Ancona, Naples (following the Battle of Austerlitz, installing his brother Joseph Bonaparte as its new king), Pontecorvo and Benevento. The changes angered the pope, and following his refusal to accept them, Napoleon, in February 1808, demanded he subsidise France's military conflict with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The pope again refused, leading to further confiscations of territory such as Urbino, Ancona and Macerata. Finally in 1809, on 17 May, the Papal states were formally annexed to the First