occurs predominantly below in elevation. Cultivated examples are found as far north as Haida Gwaii. It has high flood tolerance, and is common along streams with moist but well-drained soils, often on gentle slopes. Soil composition can range from clay to sandy loam, and it prefers a high humus content, moderate to high nutrient levels, and acidic soils with a pH from 5.5 to 6. It has low frost tolerance, and is usually found in low-elevation temperate or mesothermal climates. It is hardy to USDA zone 7. Ecology Value to animals New sprouts are good browse for both wild and domesticated ungulates, especially after a recent fire, but the mature foliage is usually ignored by all species except slugs. The fruit are eaten by deer mice, pileated woodpeckers, the band-tailed pigeon, and bears. It provides habitat and cover to small birds such as Wilson's warbler, and small mammals including the red tree vole. Diseases Like the related Cornus florida, it is very susceptible to dogwood anthracnose, a disease caused by the fungus Discula destructiva. Fungal activity is greatest from May to July, although it can be active any time conditions are moist and the plant is growing. Infected leaves become blotched and drop, and defoliation can be extreme. Twigs and leaf buds are also impacted. This has killed many of the larger plants in the wild and has also restricted its use as an ornamental tree, to the point where it is considered threatening to the species in its native range. Successional status It is present in all stages of both primary and secondary successionfrom new colonization on glacial outwash or areas destroyed by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, to late seral and even climax communities. It is shade tolerant but prefers sunlight in sufficiently humid conditions. It is adapted to a wide variety of fire regimes, with intervals ranging from just one year on dry sites, to 500 years or more in moist, riparian zones. The tree can survive low severity wildfires which are not hot enough to kill buds protected by bark. After being severely burned, Cornus nuttali typically resprouts from the root crownhowever, the resulting shoots are so palatable to mule deer that they are at risk of being killed by over-browsing. Uses Some Plateau Indian tribes such as the Nlaka'pamux used the bark as a brown dye. Those groups also used the bark for