an electric field. The electric field controls how many electrons fill each supercell. The number of electrons per supercell effectively determines which "atom" the lattice simulates. One electron/cell behaves like hydrogen, two/cell like helium, etc. As of 2022, supercells with up to eight electrons (oxygen) could be simulated. One result of the simulation showed that the difference between metal and insulator is a continuous function of the electric field strength. A "backwards" stacking regime allows the creation of a Chern insulator via the anomalous quantum Hall effect (with the edges of the device acting as a conductor while the interior acted as an insulator.) The device functioned at a temperature of 5 Kelvins, far above the temperature at which the effect had first been observed. See also Anderson impurity model Bloch's theorem Electronic band structure Solid-state physics Bose–Hubbard model t-J model Heisenberg model (quantum) Dynamical mean-field theory Stoner criterion References Further reading Correlated electrons Condensed matter physics Quantum chemistry Lattice models Quantum lattice models