one is the study of fundamental interactions at a micro-scale in a deterministic model that attempts to be scientific in the broad sense, the other is a more macro-scale, non-deterministic, non-scientific model focussing on use of chemicals in everyday situations in the real world. What these critiques have in common is the claim that the analysis of I-language does not carry over to E-language. From a Chomskyan perspective, this is a truism because the two objects of study are fundamentally different. There is a tendency for inter-paradigm critiques to focus on a number of assumptions that are commonly associated with P&P, but which actually are common to Chomskyan generative linguistics as a whole. These include innateness, modularity, the poverty of the stimulus, language universals, binarity, etc. See for example, Connectionist, Functionalist and Cognitivist critiques. As another example, the linguist Larry Trask argues that the ergative case system of the Basque language is not a simple binary parameter, and that different languages can have different levels of ergativity. Also, some have argued using evidence from historical linguistics that grammar is an emergent property of language use. Language evolution theorist, Terrence Deacon notes that it is problematic to consider language structure as innate - that is, as having been subject to the forces of natural selection, because languages change much too quickly for natural selection to act upon them. There are many more critiques. There is debate about the validity of these arguments, but since these are not specific to P&P they will not be dealt with here. Examples Examples of theorized principles are: Structure preservation principle Trace erasure principle Projection principle Subjacency principle Empty category principle Examples of theorized parameters are: Ergative case parameter Head directionality parameter Nominal mapping parameter Null subject parameter Polysynthesis parameter Pro-drop parameter Serial verb parameter Subject placement parameter Subject side parameter Topic prominent parameter Verb attraction parameter See also Government and binding Projection Principle Extended Projection Principle Theta criterion Poverty of the stimulus Tabula rasa Notes References Baker, M. (2001). The Atoms of Language: The Mind's Hidden Rules of Grammar. Basic Bks. Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Mouton de Gruyter. Chomsky, N. and Lasnik, H. (1993) Principles and Parameters Theory, in Syntax: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, Berlin: de Gruyter. Chomsky, N. (1995) The Minimalist Program (Current Studies in Linguistics). MIT Press. Lightfoot, D. (1982). The Language Lottery: Towards a Biology of