been compared to the tribulations in the United States regarding their prohibition of alcohol. The Corazon Aquino administration was closely tied to jueteng networks, with her antigambling enforcer later confessing to collecting finances from jueteng operators. Former Puerto Princesa Mayor Edward Hagedorn has admitted to being a former jueteng operator, and used connections and funds developed from the industry to win the mayoral election in 1992. He claimed to have halted operations upon becoming mayor, while hiring former jueteng workers through the city government. In an impeachment trial running from December 2000 to January 2001, President Joseph Estrada was charged with "bribery", "graft and corruption", "betrayal of public trust", and "culpable violation of the Constitution". The accusations against him included accepting over in the three years from 1998 to 2000 from jueteng lords. After the trial collapsed following his impeachment, protests broke out and he was ousted from power after the army withdrew support for him in 2001. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who had previously resigned from his cabinet in protest. He was later taken to trial and charged with four counts of corruption. On September 12, 2007, he was found guilty of plunder on two counts, including receiving payoffs from illegal gambling. President Arroyo had close ties with a jueteng family from Pampanga. She became enmeshed in her own political scandal in June 2005, after allegations emerged that some of her relatives, including her husband, son, and brother-in-law, were involved in jueteng operations. This was viewed by some as an exacerbating overall corruption within the country. Arroyo announced her husband would leave the country in an effort to reduce pressure on her to resign. Arroyo faced multiple impeachment attempts on similar grounds to Estrada. Six weeks after Estrada was convicted, Arroyo pardoned him. Hagedorn briefly served under Arroyo as an anti-gambling czar. Participation A 2005 Social Weather Stations survey found that over half of all adult Filipinos had engaged in some form of gambling over the previous year. Jueteng was the second most popular form of gambling overall, being second for women and fourth for men. The survey estimated this meant 6.9 million had played Jueteng, including 3.7 million (15% of) men and 3.2 million (13% of) women. Despite its popularity, most people reported it as extensively damaging public morality, with a majority feeling this even among non-jueteng playing gamblers. There was also an