Design (IHCD) and Ronald Mace at North Carolina State University—developed the Principles of Universal Design in 1997. The IHCD has since shifted the language of the principles from 'universal' to 'inclusive.' Equitable Use: Any group of users can use the design. Flexibility in Use: A wide range of preferences and abilities is accommodated. Simple, Intuitive Use: Regardless of the user's prior experience or knowledge, the use of the design is easy to understand. Perceptible Information: Any necessary information is communicated to the user, regardless of environment or user abilities. Tolerance for Error: Any adverse or hazardous consequences of actions is minimized. Low Physical Effort: The design can be used efficiently and comfortably. Size and Space for Approach & Use: Regardless of the user's body size, posture, or mobility, there is appropriate size and space to approach and use the design. UK Commission for Architecture and Built Environment (2006) The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) is an arm of the UK Design Council, which advises the government on architecture, urban design and public space. In 2006, they created the following set of inclusive design principles: Inclusive: Everyone can use it safely, easily, and with dignity. Responsive: Takes account of what people say they need and want. Flexible: Different people can use it differently. Convenient: Usable without too much effort. Accommodating: For all people, regardless of age, gender, mobility, ethnicity, or circumstances. Welcoming: No disabling barriers that might exclude some people. Realistic: More than one solution to address differing needs. Understandable: Everyone can locate and access it. Inclusive Design Toolkit The University of Cambridge's Inclusive Design Toolkit advocates incorporating inclusive design elements throughout the design process in iterative cycles of: Exploring the needs Creating solutions Evaluating how well the needs are met Corporate inclusive design approaches Microsoft emphasizes the role of learning from people who represent different perspectives in their inclusive design approach. They advocate for the following steps: Recognize exclusion: Open up products and services to more people. Solve for one, extend to many: Designing for people with disabilities tends to result in designs that benefit other user groups as well. Learn from diversity: Center people from the start of the design process, and develop insight from their perspectives. For Adobe, the inclusive design process begins with identification of situations where people are excluded from using a product. They describe the following principles of inclusive design: Identify ability-based