of academic research with which the nation's tax-exempt industries could more effectively defend themselves against outburst of regulatory enthusiasm. Three groups took the lead in endeavoring to develop serious research on philanthropy, voluntary organizations, and related entities and activities. One, the 501(c)3 group, was a loose network of members of the tax-exempt bar, government officials, and foundation executives who regularly circulated among themselves information on policy and legislation relating to nonprofits. A second was a cluster of consultants and experts attached to John D. Rockefeller 3rd, the Rockefeller brother who had embraced philanthropy and its future as his calling. A third was an association of scholars and practitioners, the Association of Voluntary Action Scholars, organized by sociologist David Horton Smith, which evolved into the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA). John D. Rockefeller 3rd and the Origins of Nonprofits Research Sources Andrews, F. Emerson. Brilliant, Eleanor. Hall, Peter Dobkin. 1992. "Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays on Philanthropy, Voluntarism, and Nonprofit Organizations." Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Mod/* References */ Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate Model Makes a Nonprofit Board More Effective & Efficient - Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books. External links Joseph and Matthew Payton Philanthropic Studies Library Philanthropy Archives at IUPUI University Library Philanthropy Resources Online (PRO) arnova.org Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action russellsage.org Russell Sage Foundation Social research