the French Troupes de Marine or Troupes coloniales retained a reputation for toughness and professionalism. Whether French or indigenous they were, for the most part, long service regulars and as such comprised a genuine elite. Modern The Marine Infantry, Marine Parachute, Artillery and Engineer units remain as a distinct branch within the modern French Army. See also Colonial and Marine Parachute Battalions Colonial troops Troupes de marine French Resistance Concentration camps in France Army of the Levant Army of Africa Tonkinese Rifles French colonial flags French Colonial Empire List of French possessions and colonies References Bibliography Paul Jean Louis Azan, L'armée indigène nord-Africaine, Paris, Charles-Lavauzelle & cie., 1925. Charles John Balesi. From adversary to comrades-in-arms: West Africans and the French military, 1885-1919, Chicago, 1976. Louis Beausza, La formation de l'armee coloniale, Paris, L. Fournier et cie., 1939. Edward L Bimberg, Tricolor over the Sahara the desert battles of the Free French, 1940-1942, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002, or . Shelby Cullom Davis, Reservoirs of men: a history of the Black troops of French West Africa, Westport, Conn., Negro Universities Press, 1970, or . Richard Standish Fogarty, Race and war in France: colonial subjects in the French Army, 1914-1918, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, or . Nancy Ellen Lawler, Soldiers of misfortune: Ivoirien tirailleurs of World War II, Athens: Ohio University Press, 1992, or . Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa, Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. Marcel Vigneras, Rearming the French, Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1957 Annuaire officiel des troupes coloniales, Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle, (serial) Histoire et épopée des Troupes coloniales, Paris, Presses Modernes, 1956. CEHD (Centre d'Etudes d'Histoire de la Défense), Les troupes de Marine dans l’armée de Terre. Un siècle d’histoire (1900–2000), Paris, Lavauzelle, 2001, 444 p., Troupes coloniales. Organisation générale, Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle, 1907? Historique des troupes coloniales pendant la guerre 1914-1918 (fronts extérieurs), Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie., 1931. Historique des Troupes Coloniales pendant la Guerre 1914 - 1918 2, Paris Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie. 1931. United States. Dept. of State. Colored troops in the French Army: a report from the Department of State relating to the colored troops in the French Army and the number of French colonial troops in the occupied territory, Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1921. Ministère de la guerre.,Troupes coloniales. Organisation génerale, Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle & cie., 1937. Journals Kim Munholland, The emergence of the colonial military in France, 1880–1905,