organic farming and animal husbandry (i.e.; agriculture as practiced by all American farmers prior to World War II). milling in the sense of operating hand-constructed equipment with the intent to either grind grain, or the reduction of timber to lumber as practiced in a saw-mill. fulling, felting, drop spindle spinning, hand knitting, crochet, & similar textile preparation. the production of charcoal by the collier, for use in home heating, foundry operations, smelting, the various smithing trades, and for brushing ones teeth as in Colonial America. glass-blowing. various subskills of food preservation: smoking salting pickling drying Note: home canning is a counter example of a low technology since some of the supplies needed to pursue this skill rely on a global trade network and an existing manufacturing infrastructure. the production of various alcoholic beverages: wine: poorly preserved fruit juice. beer: a way to preserve the calories of grain products from decay. whiskey: an improved (distilled) form of beer. flint-knapping masonry as used in castles, cathedrals, and root cellars. Domestic or consumer (Non exhaustive) list of low-techs in a westerner's everyday life: get around by bike, and repair it with second-hand materials use a cargo bike to carry loads (rather than a gasoline vehicle) drying clothes on a clothesline or on a drying rack wash clothes by hand, or in a human-powered washing machine cool your home with a fan, an air expander (rather than electrical appliances such as air conditioners) a bell as door bell a cellar or "desert fridge" (rather than a fridge or freezer) Long-distance travel by sailing boat (rather than by plane) A wicker bag or a Tote bag (rather than a plastic bag) to carry things Swedish lighter (rather than disposable lighter or matches) paper + pushpin (rather than a post-it) A hand drill, instead of an electric one Lighting up with sunlight or candles Hemp textiles To water plants with a drip irrigation paper sheet for note-taking To clean with a broom (rather than a vacuum cleaner) To find one's way with map & compass (rather than by GPS) Philosophy Among the thinkers opposed to modern technologies, Jacques Ellul (The Technological Society, 1954; The technological bluff, 1988), Lewis Mumford and E. F. Schumacher. In the second volume of his book The Myth of the Machine (1970), Lewis Mumford develops the notion of "biotechnology", to designate "bioviable" techniques that would be considered as ecologically responsible, i.e. which