were central in the campaign to end child labour in the United States during the early 20th century. Catholic movements in the 20th century In the 20th century, Catholic political movements became very strong in Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Ireland, France and Latin America. What these movements had in common was a defense of the acquired rights of the Catholic Church (attacked by anticlerical politicians) and a defense of Christian faith and moral values (threatened by increasing secularization). Opponents called such efforts clericalism. These Catholic movements developed various forms of Christian democratic ideology, generally promoting socially and morally conservative ideas such as traditional family values and a culture of life while supporting alternatives such as distributism to both unrestrained capitalism and state socialism. Freemasons were seen mainly as enemies and vehement opponents of political Catholicism. In Mexico, the atheist President Plutarco Elías Calles repressed the Church and Catholics, leading to the Cristero War that lasted from 1926 to 1929. Some of the earliest important political parties were: Conservative Catholic Party of Switzerland – 1848 Catholic Party (Belgium) – 1869 Centre Party (Germany) – with origins in 1870 Christian Social Party (Austria) – 1893 Popular Liberal Action in France – 1901 General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (Netherlands) – 1904, reorganized as the Roman Catholic State Party in 1926 Slovak People's Party – 1918 Croatian Popular Party – 1919 Italian People's Party – 1919 Polish Christian Democratic Party – 1919 Bavarian People's Party – 1919 National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty in Mexico – 1924 Democratic Labour Party (Australia) - 1955 Most of these parties in Europe joined together in the White International (1922), in opposition to the Communist International. Franco's mixture of Catholicism and nationalism received its own brand of National Catholicism and it inspired similar movements throughout Europe. In addition to political parties, Catholic/Christian trade unions were created, which fought for worker's rights: the earliest include: Typographic Workers Trade Union in Spain (1897); Solidarity in South Africa (1902); Confederation of Christian Trade Unions in Belgium (1904); Catholic Workers Union in Mexico (1908); International Federation of Christian Trade Unions (IFCTO), in The Hague in 1920 (which was preceded by the International Secretariat of Christian Trade Unions founded in Zürich in 1908, led through the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) to today's International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)); French Confederation of Christian Workers (1919); Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions