The case presents both state grounds and federal constitutional grounds for relief; The proper resolution of the state ground for the decision is unclear; and The disposition of the state ground could obviate adjudication of the federal constitutional ground. The mechanics of employing the doctrine were refined in Government and Civil Employees Organizing Committee, CIO v. Windsor, and England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners. The first case held that when the issue is brought before the state court, the parties must inform the state court that a federal constitutional claim is involved—otherwise, the state court might not take that into account when interpreting the law of the state. The second case held that the parties could nonetheless reserve the right to have the federal constitutional claim adjudicated in the federal court. See also Abstention doctrine Pullman Palace Car Co. v. Speck References External links United States Constitution Article Three case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court United States abstention case law United States equal protection case law 1941 in United States case law Pullman Company Passenger rail transportation in Texas Legal history of Texas Railroad Commission of Texas Railway litigation in 1941 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters United States racial discrimination case law