can be relativized, but non-subjects within the VP lead to ungrammaticality, is consistent with a VP-raising hypothesis. This sentence show the possibility of relativizing surface subjects: This sentence shows how extraction from within the VP is ungrammatical (*): The empty spaces (___) are the extraction sites and the square brackets indicate the VP phrase. Mandarin (special cases) Unlike English, which places head nouns before relative clauses, Mandarin places head nouns after relative clauses. As a result, subject-gapped relative clauses in Mandarin, just like in Cantonese, result in a VOS order. Example of subject-gapped relative clauses in Mandarin: It is considered extremely rare for a SVO language to adopt a prenominal RC structure. In a sample of 756 languages, only 5 languages have that VOS combination, less than 0.01%, one being Mandarin. Modern Greek (special cases) Greek has a relatively flexible word order. However, there is an ongoing discussion of how VOS is rendered. The table below shows an example of a VOS sentence in Modern Greek: Georgiafentis and Sfakianaki provide claims of four different researchers, who focus on how prosody affects the generated VOS in Greek: Alexiadou suggests that the prominent constituent in VOS is the DP-subject. The DP-object moves over the DP-subject into a specifier position of VoiceP to derive the VOS order. The object movement to the specifier position is a result of scrambled objects and manner adverbs wanting to both move to VoiceP. Thus, the main stress is given to the DP-subject. Philippakki-Warburton claims there are two intonation patterns that cause VOS in Greek: The prominent constituent is something other than the DP-subject, like the verb or the DP-object. Therefore, the DP-subject is unstressed. VOS is produced by p-movement (prosodic movement), from the DP-subject being emphatically stressed or from it being stressed because of Chomsky and Halle's Nuclear Stress Rule (NSR) Haidou proposes that VOS has two possible intonations: whether a pause or not precedes the DP-subject will change the focus of the sentence. If there is a preceding pause (indicated with a comma intonation), the DP-subject does not possess the main focus. The focus is then instead on the object, as demonstrated in the table below. Georgiafentis argues that subject focusing in VOS is derived from three intonational situations: The main stress is acquired by a constituent other than the DP-subject (same discussion as Philippaki-Warbuton) The DP-subject acquires main stress through NSR The DP-subject is contrastively