John 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this Gospel. This chapter records the events on the day of the crucifixion of Jesus, until his burial. Text The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 42 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are: Papyrus 90 (AD 150–175; extant verses 1–7) Papyrus 66 (c. 200; complete) Papyrus 121 (3rd century; extant verses 17–18,25-26) Codex Vaticanus (325-350) Codex Sinaiticus (330-360) Codex Bezae (c. 400) Codex Alexandrinus (400-440) Papyrus 60 (c. 700; extant verses 1-26) Old Testament references : Psalm : Psalm : ; ; Psalm : Zechariah 12:10 New Testament references : ,; ; , : ; : ; ; , : ; ; : ; ; Places The events recorded in this chapter took place in Jerusalem. Structure Swedish-based commentator René Kieffer divides this chapter into two sections: Verses 1-16a deal with Jesus' trial before Pilate, and are continuous with the events reported in the latter part of chapter 18 Verses 16b-42 deal with his crucifixion, death and burial. He further divides the first section into four parts: verses 1-3 (humiliation before Pilate), verses 4-7 (Pilate come out of his headquarters with the mocked royal Jesus), verses 8-11 (Jesus' dialogue with Pilate) and verses 12-16a (the "decisive scene" determining Jesus' fate). Kieffer goes on to divide the second section into three parts: a narrative in verses 16b-30 leading to the death of Jesus, a theological commentary in verses 31-37, and a narrative concerning Jesus' burial in verses 38-42. Verses 1-3: Humiliation before Pilate Verse 1 So then Pilate took Jesus and scourged [Him]. Heinrich Meyer notes that Pilate "caused the scourging to be carried out", but this would have been done by his soldiers. The action was "inflicted without sentence [or] legality". According to Scottish Free Church minister William Nicoll, the scourging was meant as a compromise by Pilate, undertaken "in the ill-judged hope that this minor punishment might satisfy the Jews". Pilate went on to declare that he found no fault in Jesus (verses 4 and 6). Verse 2 And the soldiers twisted a crown of thorns and put it on His head, and they put on Him a purple robe. Again,