capabilities of the terrain and the position of the troops (as a result - “throwing suitable reserves from side to side”), weakness of technical training (creation of reserves, organization of supplies), biased attitude towards the enemy and his underestimation, distrust of the troops and individual commanders. All this resulted in the fact that “on the Russian side, there were, as it were, two independent organisms - the high command. .. and the troops with their commanders", and "the doctrine of a concentrated strike, preached in the Russian army throughout the nineteenth century, in practice resulted in separately operating tentacles. Aftermath Seeckt proposed that the Eleventh Army should advance north towards Brest-Litovsk, with their flanks shielded by the rivers Vistula and Bug. Mackensen and Falkenhayn supported this strategy of attacking the Russian salient in Poland, and forcing a decisive battle. Ober Ost, led by Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, would attack towards the southeast, while Mackensen turned north, and the Austro-Hungarian Second Army attacked east. The Grand Duke Nicholas issued orders that yielded to the pressure step by step, evacuating both Galicia and the Polish salient to straighten out their front line, hoping to buy the time to acquire the weapons they so desperately needed, for example 300,000 rifles. This enormous movement is known as the Great Retreat of 1915. Warsaw was evacuated and fell to the new Twelfth German Army on 5 August, and by the end of the month Poland was entirely in Austro-German hands (see Bug-Narew Offensive). Order of Battle Central Powers (arrayed north to south): Austro-Hungarian 4th Army (Austro-Hungarian units unless otherwise indicated): Combined Division “Stöger-Steiner”; XIV Corps (German 47th Reserve Division, Group Morgenstern, 8th & 3rd Infantry Divisions); IX corps (106th Landsturm & 10th Infantry Divisions); In reserve behind IX Corps: 31st Infantry Brigade (“Szende Brigade”), 11th Honved Cavalry Division. German 11th Army (German units unless otherwise indicated): Guards Corps (1st & 2nd Guards Divisions); Austro-Hungarian VI Corps (39th Honved Infantry & 12th Infantry Divisions); XXXXI Reserve Corps (81st & 82nd Reserve Divisions); Combined Corps “Kneussl” (119th and 11th Bavarian Infantry Divisions); In reserve: X Corps (19th & 20th Infantry Divisions). Austro-Hungarian 3rd Army, X Corps (21st Landsturm, 45th Landsturm, 2nd Infantry & 24th Infantry Divisions) Russian 3rd Army (north to south): IX Corps (3 militia brigades, 3 regiments of 5th Infantry Division, 2 militia brigades, 3 regiments of 42nd Infantry Division, 70th Reserve Division,