D.C. Circuit in DL, is adjusted based on the PPI-OL. The CPI is a broad index that includes price changes for over 100,000 commodities, most of which are not relevant to legal services. Both the LSI and the PPI-OL measure a national rate of change of prices for legal services. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has maintained the LSI since 1987 and the PPI-OL since 1997. For the years they have in common, these two indices report comparable rates of price change for legal services. This means that when the same hourly rate is adjusted with the LSI compared to the PPI-OL, the resulting LSI hourly rate is about the same as the PPI-OL hourly rate. Opposing economists' opinions Laura Malowane of Economists Incorporated is an economist with a Ph.D. from Princeton University. She believes that the LSI-Adjusted Laffey Matrix is inferior to the USAO Laffey Matrix for the following reasons: 1) The LSI measures prices changes in basic, personal, consumer-oriented legal services such as uncontested divorce and DUI and not complex federal litigation; 2) The LSI is a nationwide average index and not specific to the D.C. metropolitan region; 3) The LSI is primarily for flat-fee services rather than hourly rates; 4) The LSI does not take into account discounted rates, contingency fees, and other reasons actual collected rates may differ from hourly billing rates; and 5) Actual hourly billing rates of attorneys in the Washington, D.C. area are, according to published survey data, more accurately represented by rates outlined in the USAO Laffey Matrix than in the LSI-Adjusted Laffey Matrix. Dr. Michael Kavanaugh is the economist credited by the D.C. Circuit in the Salazar case. In his opinion, the LSI-Adjusted Laffey Matrix is a better reflection of the District of Columbia market for complex federal litigation for the following reasons: 1) it is based on more recent observations (1989 data compared to 1982 data), which is more likely to produce a better forecast of actual rates; 2) the LSI is specific to legal services whereas the CPI is based on a basket of general goods that is dominated by the cost of housing, food, etc.; 3) the LSI includes some services associated with litigation, such as preparing briefs and attending depositions; 4) the Washington, D.C. market for complex federal litigation is a national market where firms from across the country compete to provide such services; 5) market data