Hungarian nationality law is based on the principles of jus sanguinis. Hungarian citizenship can be acquired by descent from a Hungarian parent, or by naturalisation. A person born in Hungary to foreign parents does not generally acquire Hungarian citizenship. A Hungarian citizen is also a citizen of the European Union. The current Hungarian nationality law came into force in 1993. By changes made in January 2011, every person who was a Hungarian citizen or a descendant of a person who was a Hungarian citizen before 1920 (only the Kingdom of Hungary, part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is eligible) or between 1941 and 1945 and speaks Hungarian may apply to become a Hungarian citizen, even if they do not live in Hungary. Dual citizenship is permitted under Hungarian law. Citizenship by birth and adoption A person acquires Hungarian citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a Hungarian citizen. The place of birth is irrelevant. Children born in Hungary to foreign parents do not acquire Hungarian citizenship at birth unless they would otherwise be stateless. Minor children adopted by Hungarian citizens may apply and would normally be granted Hungarian citizenship. Naturalization as a Hungarian citizen Persons may apply to be naturalized as a Hungarian citizen after 8 years continuous residence in Hungary if they: have no criminal past at all, have a stable livelihood, are of good character, and pass a test in basic constitutional studies. Persons may apply to be naturalized after 5 years residence in Hungary if they were: born in Hungary, or established residence in Hungary before age 18, or are stateless. Persons may apply to be naturalized after 3 years residence in Hungary if they are: spouses of Hungarian citizens who have been married for three years (or who are widows or widowers), parents of Hungarian citizen minor children, persons adopted by Hungarian citizens, or recognised refugees. Persons may apply to be naturalized if they are: spouses of Hungarian citizens who have been married for at least ten years, or spouses of Hungarian citizens who have been married for at least five years and they have a child together, and able to provide proof of proficiency in the Hungarian language. Applicants aged 60 or over, those of diminished capacity, and persons holding a Hungarian language diploma (from a Hungarian institution) may be exempted the constitutional studies requirement. Citizenship by ancestry The Hungarian citizenship law of 2011