In mathematics, the goal of lattice basis reduction is to find a basis with short, nearly orthogonal vectors when given an integer lattice basis as input. This is realized using different algorithms, whose running time is usually at least exponential in the dimension of the lattice. Nearly orthogonal One measure of nearly orthogonal is the orthogonality defect. This compares the product of the lengths of the basis vectors with the volume of the parallelepiped they define. For perfectly orthogonal basis vectors, these quantities would be the same. Any particular basis of vectors may be represented by a matrix , whose columns are the basis vectors . In the fully dimensional case where the number of basis vectors is equal to the dimension of the space they occupy, this matrix is square, and the volume of the fundamental parallelepiped is simply the absolute value of the determinant of this matrix . If the number of vectors is less than the dimension of the underlying space, then volume is . For a given lattice , this volume is the same (up to sign) for any basis, and hence is referred to as the determinant of the lattice or lattice constant . The orthogonality defect is the product of the basis vector lengths divided by the parallelepiped volume; From the geometric definition it may be appreciated that with equality if and only if the basis is orthogonal. If the lattice reduction problem is defined as finding the basis with the smallest possible defect, then the problem is NP-hard . However, there exist polynomial time algorithms to find a basis with defect where c is some constant depending only on the number of basis vectors and the dimension of the underlying space (if different). This is a good enough solution in many practical applications. In two dimensions For a basis consisting of just two vectors, there is a simple and efficient method of reduction closely analogous to the Euclidean algorithm for the greatest common divisor of two integers. As with the Euclidean algorithm, the method is iterative; at each step the larger of the two vectors is reduced by adding or subtracting an integer multiple of the smaller vector. The pseudocode of the algorithm, often known as Lagrange's algorithm or the Lagrange-Gauss algorithm, is as follows: Input: a basis for the lattice . Assume that , otherwise swap them. Output: A basis with .