first reported the analgesic properties of epidural spinal cord stimulation. Since then this technique has undergone numerous technical and clinical developments. At this time neurostimulation for the treatment of pain is used with nerve stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and motor cortex stimulation. Research SCS has been studied in people with Parkinson's disease and angina pectoris. Research on improving the devices and software has included efforts to increasing the battery life, efforts to develop closed loop control, and combining stimulation with implanted drug delivery systems. SCS is being studied to treat spinal cord injury. In August 2018, The European Commission's Horizon 2020 Future and Emerging Technologies program announced a $3.5 million funding grant for the four-nation project team that is building a prototype of an implant designed to 'rewire' the spinal cord. In September 2018, Mayo Clinic and UCLA reported that spinal cord stimulation supported with physical therapy can help people with paralysis to regain their ability to stand and walk with assistance. In December 2019, the first double blinded, randomized controlled pivotal study in the history of spinal cord stimulation was published in Lancet Neurology. Long-term safety and efficacy of closed-loop spinal cord stimulation to treat chronic back and leg pain (Evoke):a double -blind, randomized, controlled trial. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30414-4 See also Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation References Implants (medicine) Neural engineering Neurosurgery Neurotechnology Pain management