was reinfected by a trip to Panama. Even in the 1860s, malaria was easily distinguishable from yellow fever. Yellow fever is not a chronic disease. The victim has a single acute episode, with liver complications (hence the yellow skin color). If you survive the attack, you are immune to later episodes. Decompression sickness is acute, very painful, but would not show the fever or liver symptoms associated with malaria or yellow fever. The doctors at the time may not have known the precise causes of the three conditions, but it is inconceivable to me that they might confuse them." And a follow-up email from the same day: "Decompression sickness, or caisson disease, or "the bends" was first documented in the 1840s. A competent doctor could not mistake this condition for malaria or some other tropical fever. I notice the article doesn't actually say malaria - - -it says "fever." There are dozens. Don't sell the doctors of the 1860s and 70s short. They knew the difference between malaria, decompression sickness, heart attack, stroke, etc. They didn't always know causality, but they were good diagnosticians. I also note that there is no description of Kroehl's last dive. Was he found dead when the sub surfaced? Was there a coroner's inquest? How long did it take "all the other divers" to die? How big was the crew? If it was powered by human muscle (like the Hunley), one man could not have moved it very far. Did anyone else die the day that Kroehl died?" Hein, Otto L. 1925. Memories of Long Ago. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Röbel, Sven. 2006. “The Secret of the Pearl Islands: Early Submarine Discovery”. Der Spiegel (ON LINE), 21 April 2006. Theberge, Albert E. 1997. The Coast Survey 1807-1867. 623 pp. -Includes references to Kroehl while serving in the US Navy in 1863. Cornell University’s Making of America collection: a. Scientific American - articles relating to patent and Diamond Reef b. MacLeod, Xavier Donald, 1856. Biography of Hon. Fernando Wood, Mayor of the City of New-York. 350 pp. c. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington: Government Printing Office. - Assignment with the Army during the siege of Vicksburg. d. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies. Washington: Government Printing Office. - Service with the