The Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO (DPE) is a semi-autonomous "trade" department of the AFL–CIO, and serves as an advocate for professional workers within the federation, and before legislative bodies, the press and the public. Founding The 1960s saw a significant increase in the number of professional workers joining labor unions in the United States. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy granted collective bargaining rights to federal workers. Unions such as the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of Government Employees, American Postal Workers Union, National Association of Letter Carriers, American Federation of Teachers, Service Employees International Union, National Education Association and American Nurses Association added hundreds of thousands of new members in only a few years. The number of professionals also grew phenomenally: By 1977, there were 13.9 million professional workers in the U.S. The fast-growing professional and public employee unions of the AFL–CIO pushed for a more effective voice within the federation. In 1967, the Council for Scientific Professional and Cultural Employees (SPACE), affiliated with the AFL–CIO, was formed. In 1974, it was renamed the Council for Professional Employees (CPE). In 1977, the AFL–CIO constitution was amended to transform the council into the Department for Professional Employees. DPE's first president was Albert Shanker, president of the American Federation of Teachers. Structure As a semi-autonomous department of the AFL–CIO, the DPE has its own constitution, elects its own board of directors and officers, holds its own convention, makes policy, and sets dues. In many respects, it acts like a labor federation of its own. DPE is governed by its affiliate unions. Membership in DPE is open to affiliate unions of the AFL–CIO. Currently, 23 national unions representing over four million workers belong to DPE. The member unions meet in a quadrennial convention (the last was in 2017), at which members elect a board of directors and officers, set dues, and discuss and approve policies. DPE members are free to establish their own policies and procedures so long as they do not conflict with the constitution and policies of the AFL–CIO. DPE members elect three executive officers—a president, first vice president and treasurer, as well as nine individuals to a board of directors. One of the nine is elected as chair of the board. Between conventions, the board is the governing body of DPE. Day-to-day operations are overseen by the president. Under the AFL–CIO constitution, DPE