In a later demonstration, a periodic array of copper split-ring resonators could produce an effective negative μ. In 2000 Smith et al. were the first to successfully combine the two arrays and produce a so-called left-handed material, which has negative values of ε and μ for a band of frequencies in the GHz range. SRRs were first used to fabricate left-handed metamaterials for the microwave range, and several years later for the terahertz range. By 2007, experimental demonstration of this structure at microwave frequencies has been achieved by many groups. In addition, SRRs have been used for research in acoustic metamaterials. The arrayed SRRs and wires of the first left-handed metamaterial were melded into alternating layers. This concept and methodology was then applied to (dielectric) materials with optical resonances producing negative effective permittivity for certain frequency intervals resulting in "photonic bandgap frequencies". Another analysis showed left-handed materials to be fabricated from inhomogeneous constituents, which yet results in a macroscopically homogeneous material. SRRs had been used to focus a signal from a point source, increasing the transmission distance for near field waves. Furthermore, another analysis showed SRRs with a negative index of refraction capable of high-frequency magnetic response, which created an artificial magnetic device composed of non-magnetic materials (dielectric circuit board). The resonance phenomena that occurs in this system is essential to achieving the desired effects. SRRs also exhibit resonant electric response in addition to their resonant magnetic response. The response, when combined with an array of identical wires, is averaged over the whole composite structure which results in effective values, including the refractive index. The original logic behind SRRs specifically, and metamaterials generally was to create a structure, which imitates an arrayed atomic structure only on a much larger scale. Several types of SRR In research based in metamaterials, and specifically negative refractive index, there are different types of split-ring resonators. Of the examples mentioned below, most all of them have a gap in each ring. In other words, with a double ring structure, each ring has a gap. There is the 1-D Split-Ring Structure with two square rings, one inside the other. One set of cited "unit cell" dimensions would be an outer square of 2.62 mm and an inner square of 0.25 mm. 1-D structures such as this are easier to fabricate compared with constructing a rigid 2-D structure. The Symmetrical-Ring Structure is another classic example. Described by