solar spectrum and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified chemical element which he later names helium. 12 November – Archibald Tait is offered the post of Archbishop of Canterbury. 15–24 November – general election, the first under the extended franchise of the Reform Act 1867: Liberal Party victorious. 24 November – the Smithfield Meat Market opens in London. 3 December – William Ewart Gladstone becomes Prime Minister. 10 December Whitaker's Almanack first published. The world's first traffic lights are installed in Parliament Square in London. Undated Church rate ceases to be compulsory. Pharmacy Act 1868 regulates the profession of pharmacist and restricts sale of poisons and dangerous drugs. The Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust is founded by Philip Rose as The Foreign & Colonial Government Trust, the world's first collective investment scheme. Thomas Henry Huxley discovers what he thinks is a primordial matter and names it bathybius haecklii (he admits his mistake in 1871). Publications Wilkie Collins' novel The Moonstone. Queen Victoria's diary Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, from 1848 to 1861. Births 5 January – Edward Garnett, writer, critic and literary editor (died 1937) 4 February – Constance Markievicz, née Gore-Booth, Anglo-Irish parliamentarian (died 1927 in Ireland) 7 February – Aleen Cust, Irish veterinary surgeon (died 1937) 12 February – William Faversham, actor (died 1940) 22 February – David Devant, stage magician (died 1941) 15 March – Grace Chisholm Young, mathematician (died 1944) 22 March – Alfred Fowler, astronomer (died 1940) 25 March – William Lockwood, cricketer (died 1932) 4 April – Philippa Fawcett, mathematician (died 1948) 5 April – Percy Furnivall, racing cyclist and surgeon (died 1938) 10 April – George Arliss, film actor (died 1946) 14 April – Annie S. D. Maunder, née Russell, Irish-born astronomer (died 1947) 25 April – Willie Maley, Irish-born Scotland footballer and manager (died 1958) 28 April – Lucy Booth, Salvationist, fifth daughter of William and Catherine Booth (died 1953) 30 April – J. B. Christopherson, physician (died 1955) 5 June – James Connolly, Scottish-born Irish nationalist leader (executed 1916 in Ireland) 6 June – Robert Falcon Scott, Antarctic explorer (died 1912) 7 June – Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect (died 1928) 6 July – Princess Victoria (died 1935) 14 July – Gertrude Bell, archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator (died 1926) 7 August – Granville Bantock, classical composer and conductor (died 1946) 21 October