Reproduction Vincetoxicum rossicum reproduces by spreading its seeds through wind dispersal and through vegetative production. Since it is multiembryonic, it allows the seeds to cover more ground and allows the pale swallowwort to have a high reproductive rate. Intermediate light is the best light source for the pale swallowwort to reproduce and grow. Though that light is not necessarily required, it does produce the best outcome. Typically this invasive species is found in dense vegetation, which allows it to rapidly grow with its multiembryonic seeds. Since this invasive species is a vine, it grows best when it attaches to other plants and uses it as a support beam. Survival These seeds are polyembryonic and typically contain two embryos but there have been observations of up to eight embryos. When there are multiple embryos released into an environment, they have a greater chance of surviving when damage is done to the environment. This makes the survival rate of the pale swallowwort to be very high and in there lies the problem as to why this invasive species is problematic. Distribution Vincetoxicum rossicum is found in Ukraine and southeast Russia. It is an invasive plant in North America, and of particular concern in the Great Lakes Basin where it is disturbing native birds and plants in the area. It is a possible threat to the butterflies as well because it interferes with the native hosts present in the area. If the native species is taken over by the pale swallowwort, it may affect the butterflies that use those plants for habitats. There are not any control methods that stop the Vincetoxicum rossicum from spreading. In Canada, the release of a moth, (Hypena opulenta), which feeds on the plant, has been authorized in 2013. It keeps growing at an extremely fast rate and invading environments in North America. It is found in Michigan, Pennsylvania, southern Ontario, Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, and in New York. Invasive species Vincetoxicum rossicum is a highly invasive plant growing in all of the Eastern United States, and commonly found in the mid west. It is also found in Southern Ontario and Quebec. It is commonly found along with poison ivy plants. It has also been reported from the Canadian province of British Columbia but this historic record might have been of a possible garden planting as it is not currently known to be present in the province. References rossicum