of the Muslim Nationalities in the USSR and their Linguistic Problems, London, 1961. Islam in the Soviet Union, London, New York, 1967. Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: a revolutionary strategy for the colonial world, Chicago, 1970, (coauthored with S. Enders Wimbush). Mystics and Commissars, Sufism in the Soviet Union, London & Berkeley, 1985, (coauthored with S. Enders Wimbush). Muslims of the Soviet Empire. A Guide, London & Bloomington, Ind., 1986, (coedited with S. Enders Wimbush). The Islamic Threat to the Soviet State'', London, 1983. (With Marie Broxup). References Further reading Sources Brief Russian biography 1913 births 1988 deaths Central Asian studies scholars