upper montane forests. Oaks make up 80% of the canopy trees at 2650 meters elevation in Cordillera de Talamanca. Sciodaphyllum pittieri is a common canopy tree, along with species of Magnolia and Podocarpus oleifolius. There is a diverse understory of trees, including Rhamnus oreodendron, Drimys granadensis, Miconia schnellii, Zanthoxylum scheryi, and Ilex pallida, and species of Weinmannia, Viburnum, Vaccinium, Styrax, Symplocos, Clusia, Araliaceae, Lauraceae, Melastomataceae, and Myrsinaceae. The dwarf bamboo Chusquea talamancensis is predominant in the shrub layer, growing densely to 6 meters high. Other plants in the shrub layer include the ericoid shrubs Disterigma humboldtii, Cavendishia bracteata, Macleania rupestris, and Sphyrospermum cordifolium, and the terrestrial bromeliad Werauhia williamsii. The shrub layer can include tree ferns (family Cyatheaceae), dwarf palms, Sphaeradenia, and shrubs from the plant families Acanthaceae, Ericaceae, Rubiaceae, and Solanaceae. The tree Comarostaphylis arbutoides grows densely near the upper forest limit (approximately 3,200 meters elevation) on the Pacific slope. Fauna The Costa Rican portion harbors 136 mammal species, the Panamanian 84. Characteristic mammals include jaguar, cougar, tapir, deer, anteater, and several species of monkey. The Talamancan oryzomys (Nephelomys devius) is endemic to the ecoregion. Birds are also well represented. The Costa Rican portion holds 450 species, the Panamanian 225. Notable locally threatened birds in the forest are the resplendent quetzal, black guan (Chamaepetes unicolor), sulphur-winged parakeet, three-wattled bellbird, and bare-necked umbrellabird, which is found in both the Costa Rican and Panamanian region, and the harpy eagle, which can be found in the Panamanian region. The ecoregion corresponds to the Costa Rica and Panama highlands endemic bird area. The Talamanca hummingbird (Eugenes spectabilis), glow-throated hummingbird (Selasphorus ardens), volcano hummingbird (Selasphorus flammula), scintillant hummingbird (Selasphorus scintilla), fiery-throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis), white-bellied mountaingem (Lampornis hemileucus), purple-throated mountaingem (Lampornis calolaemus), white-throated mountaingem (Lampornis castaneoventris), magenta-throated woodstar (Philodice bryantae), coppery-headed emerald (Microchera cupreiceps), white-tailed emerald (Microchera chionura), black-bellied hummingbird (Eupherusa nigriventris), yellow-green brushfinch (Atlapetes luteoviridis), black guan, buff-fronted quail-dove (Zentrygon costaricensis), Chiriqui quail-dove (Zentrygon chiriquensis), black-breasted wood quail (Odontophorus leucolaemus), Costa Rican pygmy owl (Glaucidium costaricanum), bare-shanked screech owl (Megascops clarkii), orange-bellied trogon (Trogon collaris aurantiiventris), prong-billed barbet (Semnornis frantzii), red-fronted parrotlet (Touit costaricensis), sulphur-winged parakeet (Pyrrhura hoffmanni), silvery-fronted tapaculo (Scytalopus argentifrons), streak-breasted treehunter (Thripadectes rufobrunneus), ruddy treerunner, (Margarornis rubiginosus), bare-necked umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis), black-capped flycatcher (Empidonax atriceps), dark pewee (Contopus lugubris), ochraceous pewee (Contopus ochraceus), golden-bellied flycatcher (Myiodynastes hemichrysus), yellow-winged vireo (Vireo carmioli), silvery-throated jay (Cyanolyca argentigula), ochraceous wren (Troglodytes ochraceus), timberline