in 1860. These roughly semi-circular squares were manufactured with the sides and interior portions of the wooden frame laminated from long, thick veneers bent and glued up into a single, continuous piece with the required shape and thickness, in order to make the pianos "lighter, smaller and circular at the back and sides." The firm advertised that the cycloid was "the most elegant in shape, the most exquisite in tone, the strongest and most enduring piano manufactured in the world" and made an unsupportable claim in the late 1860s that it was "driving the unsightly square piano out of the market." This patent was credited by piano historians Daniel Spillane and Alfred Dolge to Herman's younger brother Henry, who is not listed on the original or reissued United States patents, but is listed jointly with Herman in the 1865 English patent; both historians also identified Henry as the oldest brother. Lindeman & Sons In 1864 sons Henry (August 3, 1835-April 14, 1920) and Ferdinand joined the company, and it was reorganized as Lindeman & Sons. By 1866 they were listed at 173 Mercer, as well as 2 Leroy place and 112 Wooster The rapid growth of the American piano industry does not appear to have slowed following the financial crisis of in the mid-1850s, although the average sales prices of pianos lowered, but the industry went into decline during the Civil War when both the prices of pianos and value of piano sales compared to the number of workmen dropped. According to the 1860 United States Census fifty-five manufacturers in New York state had employed 2,064 hands—1,728 in New York City—and produced 12,800 pianos worth $2,849,007 ($1,381 per worker, or $223 per piano) compared to sixty-seven manufacturers reporting 7,686 pianos worth $2,592,662 in 1855; ($1,447 per workman. $338 per piano) whereas the 1865 New York state census listed 1,406 workers for forty-one piano manufacturers reporting—only 855 in New York City—and twenty-seven manufacturers declared $1,874,931 in sales. The 1875 article described that Lindeman's workforce was reduced by half during the war. Lindeman & Sons reported to the Revenue Department the sale of 233 pianos in 1866, far below the numbers reported by Steinway & Sons (1,944 pianos valued $1,001,164), Chickering & Sons (1,526, $651,285), but which ranked them as the thirteenth largest American piano manufacturer, following Albert Weber, Decker Brothers, George Steck & Co., and W. B. Bradbury, all of New