commonly, they occur at junctions between two or more building elements. Common locations include: Floor-to-wall or balcony-to-wall junctions, including slab-on-grade and concrete balconies or outdoor patios that extend the floor slab through the building envelope Roof/Ceiling-to-wall junctions, especially where full ceiling insulation depths may not be achieved Window-to-wall junctions Door-to-wall junctions Wall-to-wall junctions Wood, steel or concrete members, such as studs and joists, incorporated in exterior wall, ceiling, or roof construction Recessed luminaries that penetrate insulated ceilings Windows and doors, especially frames components Areas with gaps in or poorly installed insulation Metal ties in masonry cavity walls Structural elements remain a weak point in construction, commonly leading to thermal bridges that result in high heat loss and low surface temperatures in a room. Masonry Buildings While thermal bridges exist in various types of building enclosures, masonry walls experience significantly increased U-factors caused by thermal bridges. Comparing thermal conductivities between different building materials allows for assessment of performance relative to other design options. Brick materials, which are usually used for facade enclosures, typically have higher thermal conductivities than timber, depending on the brick density and wood type. Concrete, which may be used for floors and edge beams in masonry buildings are common thermal bridges, especially at the corners. Depending on the physical makeup of the concrete, the thermal conductivity can be greater than that of brick materials. In addition to heat transfer, if the indoor environment is not adequately vented, thermal bridging may cause the brick material to absorb rainwater and humidity into the wall, which can result in mold growth and deterioration of building envelope material. Curtain Wall Similar to masonry walls, curtain walls can experience significantly increases U-factors due to thermal bridging. Curtain wall frames are often constructed with highly conductive aluminum, which has a typical thermal conductivity above 200 W/m·K. In comparison, wood framing members are typically between 0.68 and 1.25 W/m·K. The aluminum frame for most curtain wall constructions extends from the exterior of the building through to the interior, creating thermal bridges. Impacts of Thermal Bridging Thermal bridging can result in increased energy required to heat or cool a conditioned space due to winter heat loss and summer heat gain. At interior locations near thermal bridges, occupants may experience thermal discomfort due to the difference in temperature. Additionally, when the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor space is large and there is warm and humid air