under copyright again, because the 50-year term was calculated from 1966 on. The old Soviet law was thus rendered largely obsolete in Russia; it remained applicable only to copyright violations that had occurred before August 3, 1993. Notes References Main sources Other sources UNESCO: Universal Copyright Convention, Geneva Text from September 6, 1952. URL last accessed 2007-01-17. UNESCO: Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971. URL last accessed 2007-01-17. External links English translation of Chapter IV of the 1961 Fundamentals, taken from Levitsky's book. Chapter IV of the 1964 Civil Code of the RSFSR, in a post-1973 edition (with the 25 years p.m.a. term); in Russian. Chapter IV of the 1991 Fundamentals, in Russian. English translation of the 1993 copyright law of Russia, with amendments up to 2004, including the executive decree by which the law entered in force. History of the VAAP, in Russian. Soviet Union Russian intellectual property law Soviet law Foreign trade of the Soviet Union