by the politics of his student Sukarno's Indonesian National Party (PNI), Islamist Sarekat Islam, and Communist Party of Indonesia. During World War II, Dutch authorities, who considered him a dangerous activist, exiled him, along with many Indo-European of German descent, to Suriname. He would spend years in a forest prison camp called Jodensavanne internment camp. Dekker returned to Indonesia on 2 January 1947. Later years After he returned to Indonesia, he was appointed a member of the provisional parliament, or Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (Indonesian National Central Committee). In February 1947, he changed his name to Danudirja Setiabudi which means 'powerful substance, faithful spirit.' In 1947 he divorced his second wife and married the Indo European author Nelly Alberta Kruymel, who had changed her name to Harumi Wanasita, in an Islamic ceremony. In December 1948 he was lifted from his sickbed and arrested by Dutch troops, but released due to his poor health. He spent his last years in Bandung, writing his autobiography, 70 Jaar Konsekwent. On his seventieth birthday to his delight, he witnessed the formal Dutch transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949. He died eight months later in 1950. Legacy In Dutch literature, he is portrayed as a tragic and misunderstood historical figure. However, his legacy as a national hero is still appreciated in Indonesia. A district and a main street in Jakarta are named Setiabudi in his honour, as well as Setiabudi station of Transjakarta Corridor 1, Setiabudi Astra station of Jakarta MRT, and upcoming Setiabudi station of Greater Jakarta LRT serving the district. In Bandung, there is also a main street called Setiabudi, and another is named Ksatrian after his school. He was recognized as National Heroes of Indonesia by President Sukarno. His life is recorded in a biography, 'Het Leven van EFE Douwes Dekker, by Frans Glissenaar in 1999. See also Other Indonesian authors Louis Couperus (1863–1923) Victor Ido (1869–1948) Maria Dermoût (1888–1962) Edgar du Perron (1899–1940) Beb Vuyk (1905–1991) Rob Nieuwenhuys (1908–1999) Tjalie Robinson (1911–1974) Ernst Jansz (1948– ) Marion Bloem (1952– ) References Further reading Veur, Paul W. van der, The lion and the gadfly. Dutch colonialism and the spirit of E.F.E. Douwes Dekker, Leiden 2006, KITLV 1879 births 1950 deaths Dutch Muslims Indonesian Muslims Dutch people of Indonesian descent Dutch people of German descent Dutch people of Javanese descent Javanese people Indo people Indonesian politicians Converts to Islam from Christianity Indonesian