withstand the torsion twist, and subsequent wear reduces vehicle's lifespan. The half-axles have better contact with the ground when operated off-road. This has little importance on roads. The vulnerable parts of the drive shaft are covered by a thick tube. The whole system is extremely reliable. However, if a problem occurs, repairs are more complicated. The modular system enables configurations of 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 8-axle vehicles with various wheel bases. Disadvantages Manufacturing the backbone chassis is more complicated and more costly. However, the more axles with all-wheel drive are needed, the more cost benefit turns in favor of backbone chassis. The backbone chassis is heavier for a given torsional stiffness than a uni-body. The chassis gives no protection against side impacts. See also Tatra concept Frame (vehicle) Body-on-frame Chassis Coachwork Monocoque Spaceframe Subframe Superleggera Swing axle References External links Comparison of standard ladder chassis and backbone chassis with half axles on off-road testing track with emphasis on the twist of superstructure (video): Ladder chassis (Renault fire engine) Backbone chassis (Tatra T815 fire engine) Automotive chassis types