of the Torah. In order to show that the religion which is practiced by the Jews is not the pure religion that was practiced by Abraham, the Quran mentions the incident in which the Israelites worshipped the Golden calf, in order to argue that Jews do not believe in a part of the revelation that was given to them, and their practice of usury shows their worldliness and disobedience of God. Furthermore, the Quran claim they attribute to God what he has not revealed. In his polemic against Judaism, Ibn Hazm provided a polemical list of what he considered "chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; theological impossibilities (anthropomorphic expressions, stories of fornication and whoredom, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as lack of reliable transmission (tawatur) of the text".Hava Lazarus-Yafeh, Tahrif, Encyclopedia of Islam Between the 9th and 13th centuries Throughout the Islamic Golden Age, the relatively tolerant societies of the various caliphates were still, on occasion, driven to enforce discriminatory laws against members of the Jewish faith. Examples of these and more extreme persecutions occurred under the authority of multiple, radical Muslim Movements such as that of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in the 11th century, the Almohad Caliphate in the 12th century, and in the 1160s CE Shiite Abd al-Nabi ibn Mahdi who was an Imam of Yemen. Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period Differentiation laws were enforced much more regularly following the decline of secular influence within Islamic society and external threats posed by non-Muslims. Modernist and Enlightenment Antijudaism Karl Marx, 1843, On The Jewish Question, argued that Judaism is not only a religion, but an attitude of alienation from the world resulting from money and private property, and that this alienation is not exclusive to the Jews. Rather than forcibly converting Jews to Christianity, he proposed a program of anti-Capitalism, in order to liberate the world from Judaism, thus defined. By framing his revolutionary economic and political project as a liberation of the world from Judaism, Marx expressed a "messianic desire" that was itself "quite Christian," according to David Nirenberg. See also Anti-Semitism Anti-Zionism Antireligion and antitheism Criticism of Christianity Anti-Catholicism Anti-Mormonism Anti-Protestantism Persecution of Christians Persecution of Christians by Christians Persecution of Oriental Orthodox Christians Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses Sectarian violence among Christians Criticism of Judaism Criticism of religion Islam and Judaism Islamophobia Anti-Shi'ism