France were created in 1954 by Robert Lepertel and his former cycling club, the Vélo-Club Courbevoie-Asnières (VCCA). The routes were set up by Gilbert Dauvergne. They became ACP events in 1963, when the two clubs merged. In 1988, each Flèche was given an alternative route on smaller, tourism-oriented roads. The alternative routes were called Flèches Touristiques. The old routes, named Flèches Classiques, were suppressed in 2012. For those who had ridden the 20 Flèches, a 21st Flèche connecting Viroflay to Autrans was proposed from 1986 to 2018. This special route had been created by Roger and Marie-Thérèse Martin. Flèches de France have been very popular since 1954 (today, 45,000 Flèches have been ridden, representing 18 millions km). Relais de France The Relais de France are permanent rides, connecting 20 different cities located on border of France. These cities are the same as the cities connected to Paris on the Flèches de France. The routes can be ridden in both ways. For information (as each participant can choose their own itinerary), the route distances range from 124 to 568 km. A minimum of 80 km per day must be ridden. A trophy is offered to the riders who have completed the 20 Relais de France. The Relais de France were created in 1978 by the cycling club Union Sportive de Créteil, with Roger Baumann as organizer. In 2012, the Union Sportive de Créteil abandoned this organization. Being perfectly complementary to the Flèches de France, the Relais de France were taken over in 2013 by the ACP. Jean-Pierre Pendu ensured the management by adapting the regulations and the routes. Super Randonnées The Super Randonnées were created in 2009 by the Audax Club Parisien, on a proposal from Sophie Matter, who has been in charge of this organization since the beginning. Super Randonnées are mountainous permanents of 600 km (373 miles) with over 10.000 m (32.800 ft) of elevation gain. Participants have the option of riding the Super Randonnée either as a Randonneur (60 hour time limit) or as a Tourist (average of 75 km minimum per day). Self-reliance is part of the challenge. Participants must do the ride without the support of a vehicle. They take a photo of their bicycle at the control places designated by the organizer. Super Randonnées use famous as well as unknown passes and summits, with amazing scenery. Nine routes are offered in France, and 112 in