Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun (10 May 1805 – 29 March 1877) was a German botanist from Regensburg, Bavaria. His research centered on the morphology of plants. Biography He studied botany in Heidelberg, Paris and Munich. In 1833 he began teaching botany at the Polytechnic School of Karlsruhe, staying there until 1846. Afterwards he was a professor of botany in Freiburg (from 1846), Giessen (from 1850) and at the University of Berlin (1851), where he remained until 1877. While in Berlin, he was also director of the botanical garden. In 1852, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Braun is largely known for his research involving plant morphology. He accepted evolution but was a critic of Darwinism. He was a proponent of vitalism, a popular 19th-century speculative theory that claimed that a regulative force existed within living matter in order to maintain functionality. Braun made important contributions in the field of cell theory. From his 1830s analysis of the arrangement of scales on a pine cone he was a pioneer of phyllotaxis. In 1877 Wilhelm Philippe Schimper and Philipp Bruch named the plant genus Braunia in his honor. Also, a decorative plant known as "Braun's holly fern" (Polystichum braunii) commemorates his name. Written works 1831: Untersuchung über die Ordnung der Schuppen an den Tannenzapfen (Investigation on the order of shapes in pine cones). 1842: Nachträgliche Mitteilungen über die Gattungen Marsilia und Pilularia (Additional releases on the genera Marsilea and Pilularia). 1851: Betrachtungen über die Erscheinung der Verjüngung in der Natur, insbesondere in der Lebens- und Bildungsgeschichte der Pflanze (Leipzig, 198 pp.) (Reflections on the phenomenon of rejuvenation in nature, particularly in the life and developmental history of the plant). 1852: Über die Richtungsverhältnisse der Saftströme in den Zellen der Characeen. (on directional conditions involving juice flow in the cell of Characeae). 1853: Das Individuum der Pflanze in seinem Verhältnis zur Spezies etc. (The individual plant in its relation to species, etc.). 1854: Über den schiefen Verlauf der Holzfaser und die dadurch bedingte Drehung der Stämme 1854: Über einige neue und weniger bekannte Krankheiten der Pflanzen, welche durch Pilze erzeugt werden (On new and lesser-known diseases of plants produced by fungi). 1854: Das Individuum der Species in seinem Verhältnis zur Pflanze (The individual of the species in its relationship to the plant). 1855: "Algarum unicellularium genera nova et minus cognita". 1856: Über Chytridium, eine Gattung einzelliger