York City, US, That massive blackout was viewed by some as one symptom of the city's decline. 1979 Southall Riot (Blair Peach) 23 April 1979, London, England 1980s 1980 St. Pauls riot 2 April 1980, Bristol, England Arthur McDuffie 8 May 1980, Miami, Florida, US, black outrage at "a double standard of justice" 1981 Brixton riot 11 April 1981, London, England 1981 Toxteth riots 5 July 1981, Liverpool, England 1981 University of Puerto Rico/Rio Piedras Riots 1981, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 1981 Chapeltown race riot 1981, Leeds, England 1980s Handsworth race riots 10 July 1981, Birmingham, England 1985 Brixton riot 28 September 1985, Brixton, London, England 1985 Broadwater Farm Riot 6 October 1985, Tottenham, London, England 1985 Toxteth riots 1 October 1985, Liverpool, England 1985 Peckham riots 1 October 1985, London, England, A report by Lord Scarman acknowledged much of the widespread unrest had its roots in social and economic deprivation and in racial discrimination. 1990s 1991 Washington, D.C. riot 5–7 May 1991, Washington, DC Crown Heights Riot 19 August 1991, New York City, US Meadow Well Riots 9 September 1991, Newcastle upon Tyne, England 1992 Los Angeles riots 29 April 1992, Los Angeles, California, US Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen 22–24 August 1992, Rostock, Germany Brixton riot (1995) 13 December 1995, London, England, Alex Owolade, chairman of the anti-racist group Movement for Justice, said the violence was a rebellion against years of "racist injustice" by police in an impoverished area plagued by racial tension. Jakarta riots of May 1998 May 1998, Indonesia, triggered by economic decline; problems were both urban and rural 2000s 2001 Cincinnati riots 10 April 2001, Cincinnati, Ohio, US, An Enquirer reporter, Kristina Goetz, reported that the lack of progress on perennial inner-city problems such as inadequate child and health care, failing schools, and low rates of minority home ownership was a contributing factor. Oldham Riots 26 May 2001, Greater Manchester, England, which were sparked by racial tension between the white and Asian communities. Benton Harbor riots 16 June 2003, Benton Harbor, Michigan 2004 Redfern riots 14 February 2004, Sydney, Australia 2005 Macquarie Fields riots 25 February 2005, Sydney, Australia, There is an open debate about the cause of this riot. One side cites economic factors and racism. 2005 Toledo Riot 15 October 2005, Toledo, Ohio, US, Residents at forum named poverty, above other causes, as the kindling for the riot. 2005 Birmingham riots 22 October 2005, Birmingham,