The Thripidae are the most speciose family of thrips, with over 290 genera representing just over two thousand species. They can be distinguished from other thrips by a saw-like ovipositor curving downwards, narrow wings with two veins, and antennae of six to ten antennomeres with stiletto-like forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV. They are considered to be among the more derived of thrips, having evolved many traits key to specializing as cryptophilous phytovores, living in the narrow spaces at the bases of leaves and within flowers. Several species are economically significant pests, some of them invasive. Almost all of them are typical thrips which belong in the largest subfamily, the Thripinae. Systematics Many of the divisions within the Thripidae are not based on common ancestry, but are instead based on common environment and morphological homoplasy, and these distinctions tend to be irrelevant to true phylogenetic relationships. As a result, many species of the Thripidae have undergone recent drastic taxonomic revision, splitting and promoting two tribes, Dendrothripini and Sericothripini, to subfamily status, with the possibility of greater reorganizations to come as modern phylogenetic methods and a more comprehensive morphological analysis provide additional evidence defining evolutionary relationships. This revision is probably necessary, as more than half of the genera in family Thripidae are monobasic, with the majority of monotypic species concentrated in subfamily Thripinae. However, a 2012 molecular phylogeny found that the Thripinae was paraphyletic; further work will be needed to clarify the relationships within the group. Subfamilies The Thripidae are thus ordered into four subfamilies: Dendrothripinae Priesner, 1925 (16 genera) Panchaetothripinae Bagnall, 1912 (38 genera) Sericothripinae Karny, 1921 (11 genera) Thripinae (227 genera) References Further reading Hoddle, M.S. & Mound, L.A. (2003). The genus Scirtothrips in Australia (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa 268:1-40. PDF External links Thrips of the World Checklist: Family Thripidae Pictures of Taeniothrips inconsequens from Canada Chilli Thrips (castor thrips, Assam thrips, yellow tea thrips, strawberry thrips), Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Provisional Management Guidelines Thrips on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Frankliniella schultzei, common blossom thrips Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, greenhouse thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis, chilli thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus, redbanded thrips Thrips palmi, melon thrips Thrips simplex, gladiolus thrips Insect families Insect vectors of plant pathogens Taxa named by James Francis Stephens