Crotalaria juncea that is found in soil high in copper levels. Phosphate has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the level of toxicity in Crotalaria juncea, resulting in promotion of plant growth. When the application of phosphate is coupled with the inoculation of Rhizophagus clarus, the result is a synergistic effect that allows copper toxicity levels to be reduced through various mechanisms. This ultimately allows for the increased growth of Crotalaria juncea in spite of having been cultivated in high levels of copper. There have been other effective approaches in decreasing the levels of copper in Crotalaria juncea with the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Phosphate uptake is significantly improved in the presence of AMF, which functions to effectively reduce the amount of available heavy metals. The symbioses with AMF and soil supplementation of phosphate allows for the promotion growth of Crotalaria juncea. Despite the high levels of copper in the soil of Crotalaria juncea, mechanisms have been determined which can reverse the toxic effects of copper and allow for growth of the plant. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163337/http://assamagribusiness.nic.in/Sunnhemp.pdf http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/data/pf000475.htm Flora of China Flora of Pakistan Crotalaria Juncea - Sunn Hemp - Grass Seed (PDF papers) Crotalaria Juncea - Sunn Hemp - Basic Information Paper juncea Flora naturalised in Australia Nitrogen-fixing crops Fiber plants Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus