banks Somali National Democratic Union (SNDU) Leaders: Ali Ismael Abdi and Abdullahi Azari Area of Operations: Galgadud, Mudug, Burtinle-Nugaal Tribal Affiliation: Awrtable and Lelkase Darood sub-clans Founded: 1991 Founding member of Puntland state, alongside the SSDF. Museum : Museum is available at Mudug. Somali National Union (SNU) Leaders: Dr. Mohamed Ragis Mohamed Area of Operations: Tribal Affiliation: Reer Hamar; an Arabic, not ethnic Somali clan Founded: 1960s Ideology: Anti-Siad BarreReer Hamar interests A political party that was active in the 1960s but was forced into dissolution during the Barre regime. It revived after his downfall. United Somali Party (USP) Leaders: Mohamed Abdi Hashi Area of Operations: Erigavo and Las Anod, Somaliland Tribal Affiliation: Dhulbahante, Warsangeli, Samaroon. Founded: 1957 - 1969 (original group); 1991 The "new" USP had no affiliation to the original group founded in the 1950s. The new group that bore their name were generally pro-Siad, but key participants in the Reconciliation Conference of the Elders at Borama in early 1993. Those present at the 1993 Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia The 1993 Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation and the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia saw the presence of no less than 15 separate factions, including the offshoot SNA branches of USC and SPM. It was a plethora of acronyms: SAMO, SDA, SDM, SNA, SNDU, SNF, SNU, SPM, SPM-(SNA), SSDF, SSNM-(SNA), USC-(SNA), USC, USF, USP. Aidid's four SNA-aligned factions comprised a powerful bloc. The progressive tone of the proceedings was undercut by the actual lack of progress in the regions and on the streets of Mogadishu. In time, new factions emerged as the Somali Civil War entered a new phase: disintegration into independent and autonomous states. Created after the departure of the UN Missions (1995–Present) See also References Major Gideon S. Hall, Warlords of the Somali Civil War (1988-1995), Master's degree research report, Air Command and Staff College, United States Air Force, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 2015. Introductory overview.