operating near Berbera, the group attacked Mandera Prison to free political prisoners while simultaneously raiding Cadaadle armory. Between 1985 and 1987, the SNM conducted many attacks on government facilities and troops based out of camps in Ethiopia. By 1988, the SNM moved out of their camps in Ethiopia and began operating in northern Somali republic, the area now known as Somaliland. They even temporarily occupied the provincial capitals of Burao and Hargeysa. They captured government Toyota Land Cruisers turned them into technicals by mounting 12.7 mm and 14.5 mm machineguns, 106 mm recoilless rifles, and BM-21 rocket launchers. They also operated various antiaircraft guns, such as the ZU-23-2. By 1991, they had taken control of Hargeysa, Berbera, Burao, and Erigavo. On May 18, 1991, they declared the Republic of Somaliland. Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) Leaders: Colonel Shugri Weyrah Kariye Colonel Bashir Bililiqo, Colonel Ahmed Omar Jess, General Aden Abdullahi Nur ('Gabyow'), General Mohammed Said Hersi "Morgan" Area of Operations: southern Somalia Tribal Affiliation: Ogaden (SPM 'Ogadeni') and Wardey (known as SPM 'Harti') Founded: 1989 Begun by a group of disaffected Ogadeni officers. A key accomplishment was the seizure of Balli-Dogle air base in the days prior to Barre's flight from Mogadishu. Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA) Leaders: Mohamed Farah Abdullahi, Mohamed Rashiid Sheekh also called sheekh malee, Zak Fergason, and Jamac Rabile(SDA) Area of Operations: Awdal, Somaliland Tribal Affiliation: Gadabursi Founded: 1989 Pro-Barre faction. Fought against other liberation movements during Barre's reign. United Somali Congress (USC) Leaders: Dr. Omar M. Hassan, Hussein Ahmed Mohamed, Abdi Hilowle Hassan, Hassan Mohamud Moheddin, Hassan Omar Mohamed (Founders, 1989 Ali Mohamed Osoble (Ali Wardhiigley) And Dr. Ismael Jimaale) (Mogadishu section founder, 1989); General Mohamed Farrah Aidid, Ali Mahdi Mohamed, Mohamed Qanyare Afrah (November 1991) Area of Operations: South Central Somalia Tribal Affiliation: Hawiye (Habar Gidir, Xawaadle, Murusade and Abgaal clans) Founded: February 1, 1989 in Rome On January 26, 1991, the USC stormed the Presidential palace in Mogadishu, taking control of the capital and forcing Siad Barre into exile. In November 1991, factionalism between Gen. Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mahammad caused a split in the USC. Mohamed Qanyare Afrah was chosen to be the Chairman of USC . Somali Democratic Movement (SDM) Leaders:Maxamed Qanyare Afrah Area of Operations: Mogadishu Tribal Affiliation: Murusade Founded: April 1989 Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI) Leaders: Hassan Dahir Aweys, Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki Area of Operations: Southwest (Ras Kamboni, Luuq) Religious Affiliations:Sunni