spent more than $123,000 in 1937 to promote a voter referendum which would outlaw the strike and picket line. Their opportunity came when a Republican Party group began digging up dirt on Republican Mayor Frank L. Shaw. Voters were outraged when a private detective employed by the reform group was nearly killed by a car bomb planted by Shaw's organization. Another Republican, Superior Court Judge Fletcher Bowron, began a recall effort against Shaw. M&M and Southern Californians used the recall election to push through their ordinance. The new law explicitly outlawed picketing entirely unless a majority of a firm's employees were on strike, made it illegal for anyone except a striking employee to picket a firm, limited pickets to one person per entrance or pickets at least 25 feet apart, prohibited coercion and intimidation by unions, forbade unions to talk to workers at home, and even outlawed unions' use of abusive or foul language. A compromise referendum pushed by the AFL prohibited public disorder and intimidation, but not picketing. The voters approved the M&M referendum, turned out Mayor Shaw, and elected Judge Bowron (who had flatly condemned the M&M referendum as blatantly unconstitutional). M&M's activities were later exposed before the La Follette Committee in 1937 and 1938. Notes See also Lloyd G. Davies, Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–51, M&MA public relations representative References America's New Year Celebration: The Rose Parade & Rose Bowl Game. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Albion Publishing Group, 1999. Cross, Ira B. History of the Labor Movement in California. Reprint ed. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1974. Deverell, William. Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2004. Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910-1915. New York: International Publishers, 1980. Cloth ; Paperback Kazin, Michael. Barons of Labor: The San Francisco Building Trades and Union Power in the Progressive Era. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1987. The Merchants and Manufacturers Association – Celebrating 90 Years of Service. Los Angeles, Calif.: Merchants and Manufacturers Association, 1986. Milkman, Ruth L.A Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the U.S. Labor Movement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006. Pesotta, Rose. Bread Upon the Waters. Paperback ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987. Robinson, W.W. Bombs and Bribery: The Story of the McNamara