royal employ in 1644. The major writer in her reign was Abdurrauf of Singkil, who wrote on Shafi'i jurisprudence as well as mysticism. A proliferation of Islamic literature and learning took place under the reign of Taj ul-Alam and the three queens who succeeded her. This cultural renaissance was, among other things, conditioned by an effective collaboration between the queens and the ulamas. Acehnese Muslims are known to have appeared in Siam in 1668 with the intention to spread the faith. Taj ul-Alam died on 23 October 1675. She did not leave any children. With her death, the House of Meukuta Alam died out and was replaced by the other dynasty. Her successor was yet a queen, Sultan Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah, whose relationship with Taj ul-Alam is uncertain. References https://historynusantara.com/mengenal-sosok-ratu-aceh-tajul-alam-safiatuddin/ Literature Andaya, Leonard Y. (2004) 'A Very Good-Natured but Awe-Inspiring Government: The Reign of a Successful Queen in Seventeenth-Century Aceh' in Elsbeth Locher-Scholten and Peter Rietbergen (ed.), Hof en handel. Leiden: KITLV Press, pp 59–84. Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein (1911) 'Critisch overzicht van de in Maleische werken vervatte gegevens over de geschiedenis van het soeltanaat van Atjeh', Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 65, pp. 135–265. Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië (1917), Vol. 1. 's Grabenhage & Leiden: M. Nijhoff & Brill. Khan, Sher Banu (2010) 'The sultanahs of Aceh, 1641-99', in Arndt Graaf et al. (eds), Aceh: History, Politics and Culture. Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 3–25. Lombard, Denys (1667) Le sultanat d'Atjéh sous les temps d'Iskandar Muda, 1607-1636. Paris: École francais d'Extrême-Orient. Ricklefs, Merle C. (1994) A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 35–36, 51. Sultans of Aceh 1612 births 1675 deaths 17th-century women rulers Year of birth unknown 17th-century Indonesian women 17th-century monarchs in Asia