out of self-interest but out of true interest in the well-being of others. They addressed two hypotheses that counter the empathy-altruism hypothesis: Empathy Specific Reward: Empathy triggers the need for social reward which can be gained by helping. Empathy Specific Punishment: Empathy triggers the fear of social punishment which can be avoided by helping. See also Affective neuroscience C. Sue Carter Edward O. Wilson Frans de Waal Helping behavior Jean Decety Moral emotions Social neuroscience Stephen Porges Sympathy W. D. Hamilton References Further reading Batson, C. D., & Leonard, B. (1987). "Prosocial Motivation: Is it ever Truly Altruistic?" Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 65–122): Academic Press. Decety, J. & Batson, C.D. (2007). "Social neuroscience approaches to interpersonal sensitivity." Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 151–157. Decety, J. & Ickes, W. (Eds.). (2009). The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. Cambridge: MIT Press, Cambridge. Thompson, E. (2001). "Empathy and consciousness." Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8, 1–32. Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). "The origins of empathic concern." Motivation and Emotion, 14, 107–125. Interpersonal relationships Altruism Moral psychology Empathy