kasaoto talk with (someone) | makasaoto be able to talk with (someone) to happen to talk with (someone) | saospeech |- |Directional| suratanto write to (someone) |masuratanto be able to write to (someone) to happen to write to (someone) | suratwriting, letter |- |Thematic| ibagato say(something) | maibagato be able to say (something) to happen to say (something) | bagatell, say |- |Benefactive|igatanganto buy for (someone) |maigatangan'''to be able to buy for (someone)to happen to buy for (someone)|gatangpurchase |- |Instrumental| pagdalusto used (something) to clean with | mapagdalusto be able to used (something) to clean with to happen to used (something) to clean with | dalusclean space |} Examples: Saanko nakasao ni maestra idi kalman. I was not able to talk to teacher yesterday. Nasuratam ida? Were you able to write to them? Maigatanganak ti libro? Can you buy me a book? Napagdalusko ti daan a kamisetam. I happened to use your old shirt for cleaning. (It was an accident. I promise!) The inflectional forms for ma- potentives follow the same pattern detailed above in the Aspect section. In other words, the first syllable of the root reduplicates, not a part of the word before ma- is prefixed, for example, maibagbaga, is/are able to say (something), not *maib-ibaga. In the initiated forms, the Continuous Progressive form is prefixed with na-, for example, ibagbaga says (something), maibagbaga is/are able to say (something) and naibagbaga' was/were being able to say (something), not *maimbagbaga or *naimbagbaga. Causative: Pa- Causatives are the verb forms where the agent causes or forces the patient to perform a given action or to become a given state. As a result, all causative verbs forms are transitive, requiring both agent and patient. The common pattern of formation is: [FOCUS] + pa'' + [ROOT]. Agpa-, Mangpa- Ipa-, Ipai-, Pa><an Pagpa><an Panagpa- Ipa><an Makapa- Makipa- Notes References See also Ilocano language Ilocano grammar Languages of the Philippines Grammatical mood Grammatical aspect Grammatical tense Verb Verb Verbs by language