own group as better than other groups. Under social identity theory, superordinate goals are only useful insofar as they make salient the superordinate identity. It is the superordinate identity that is important for reducing intergroup conflict, and not the goals themselves. If the superordinate identity can be made salient without the use of goals, then the goals themselves are not instrumental to reducing conflict. Applications Superordinate goals have been applied to multiple types of situations in order to reduce conflict between groups. Jigsaw Classroom Elliot Aronson applied the idea of superordinate goals in Austin, Texas during the integration of the Austin public schools. Aronson used group projects in elementary school classrooms as a way to get white and black children to work together and reduce discrimination. Aronson had teachers assign projects that could only be completed if everyone in the group participated, and had the teachers give group grades. Having children work together and rely on each other for grades fostered positive interdependence and increased liking among the black and white children as well as decreased bullying and discrimination. Additionally, it increased the performance of all the children. Business Organizations and Negotiations Blake and Mouton applied superordinate goals to conflicts in business organizations. They specify that in a business context, the superordinate goals must be attractive to both parties in the organization or negotiation setting. If both parties are not interested in pursuing the goal or believe that they are better off without it, then the superordinate goal will not help to reduce conflict between the groups. Blake and Mouton also suggest that superordinate goals will often be a consequence of their intergroup problem-solving model. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Herbert Kelman applied superordinate goals to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to improve relations between members of the two groups. He created problem-solving workshops where Israelis and Palestinians were encouraged to solve together the problems given to them as well as to interact in a positive atmosphere. These workshops often focused on specific problems, such as tourism, economic development, or trade, which allowed both groups to find practical, positive solutions to these problems and improve relations between the groups. Interracial Basketball Teams McClendon and Eitzen studied interracial basketball teams in the 1970s and found that interracial basketball teams where the interdependence of black and white team members was high and the team had a high winning percentage had lower instances of anti-black attitudes among white