as a direct consequence of Charterhouse and Westminster Football. Between the Wars a substantial number of independent schools switched codes from soccer to rugby, but this trend did not continue, and at least one, City of London School, switched from rugby to soccer a few years ago. In addition, many independent schools now offer both codes, and in some schools, including Eton, Winchester, Charterhouse and Westminster, association football is a major sport. Other codes Three schools maintain their own association football games: the Field Game and the Wall Game at Eton; Harrow Football; and Winchester Football. School Football games also had an influence on the origins of Australian rules football. The earliest recorded association football matches in Australia were English school association football matches. The game played in 1858 between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College is officially acknowledged as the first game of Australian rules football, and the annual game between these schools, now known as the Cordner-Eggleston Cup, is the longest-running school fixture of any of the world's association football codes. Contributions to the rules Offside Each of the English public school games had its own offside rule. Many of these completely prevented forward passing. The 1847 rules of Eton College, however, were probably the first to resemble the modern game, stating: "A player is considered 'sneaking' when only three or less than three of the opposite side are before him and the ball behind him, and in such a case, he may not kick the ball." This is noteworthy as it allowed players to receive a forward pass if more than three opponents were between them and the opponents' goal line. Dribbling, passing, "scientific football" and the "combination game" Dribbling and passing of the ball (including forward passing) are all parts of public school games. In addition, the introduction of the FA rules that allowed both dribbling and forward passing of the ball were instigated by former public school boys. These key elements of modern Association football were taken from the various versions of public school association football. Dribbling was a key part of the Eton game and passing, in particular forward passing ("passing on") was argued for by representatives of Charterhouse during the establishment of the Football Association rules in the 1860s. These features of modern soccer had been integrated into the Football Association rules by 1867 and were the consequence of English public school games. In