aspects allowed for new modes of theological language and imagery. Like his teacher Heymeric de Campo who had studied Llull's works in Paris before teaching at Cologne, Nicholas of Cusa possessed many of Llull's books. Nicholas of Cusa appropriated diagrammatic aspects of Llull's thought for his own mystical theology. Whereas Llull's use of figures and combinatorics had been literal and systematic, Nicholas of Cusa deployed geometrical figures as metaphors for seeing and not seeing, knowing and not knowing, oneness and otherness, etc., with respect to understanding God. Alchemy and Hermeticism Early modern hermeticism and alchemical-magical literature drew on the Lullian and pseudo-Lullian corpus in various ways. Giordano Bruno commented on the Lullian Art as early as 1582 in the work De compendiosa architectura et complemento Artis Lullii. He then included Lullian aspects in his work on mnemonics the De umbris idearum that begins with a group of thirty intentiones (the will seeking the light of divinity through its shadows), illustrated by a wheel with thirty lettered divisions. He went on to publish a lecture commentary on the Lullian system, De lampade combinatoria lulliana in 1587. At the end of the sixteenth century the teaching of Paracelsus and Cornelius Agrippa also fostered the production of manuals and commentaries on pseudo-Lullian alchemical and medical works in collaboration with the Strasbourg printer Lazarus Zetzner. Evangelism and the New World Llull originally formulated his Art to prove the truth of the Christian faith to all the people of the world starting from general principles. In this vein many early Spanish missionaries to the New World were Lullists or familiar with Llull's thought. The Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros who had spearheaded a reform in Spain had also mobilized an effort to edit many of Llull's works. He also was responsible for sending a group of Franciscan missionaries on Columbus's second expedition to the Americas. Some years later the missionary Diego de Valadés wrote one of the manuals most influenced by Lullism, the Rhetorica Christiana. In this work he explains how a preacher might ascend and descend through levels of causation based on a Lullian system of divine principles and subjects of being. He also included many images, both trees and other figures. Humanist Encyclopaedism and Rationalism Llull's works appeared increasingly in print in the course of the sixteenth century. Lefèvre in France and Cardinal Cisneros in Spain embarked on projects to publish Llull's works.