the mystical side of Kabbalah as with its philosophy. His earliest work, the Ḥazut Ḳashah, presenting in a certain sense an enunciation of Arama's religious philosophy, includes also much that is interesting pertaining to the history of the Jews in Spain prior to their expulsion. The aim of the work was to furnish a rejoinder to the missionary sermons of the Church, to which, under the laws then prevalent, the Jews were compelled to listen. Hence his polemic against the Christian dogma of Grace is the résumé of an oral disputation between Arama and a Christian scholar. In support of his attack upon this Christian dogma, Arama adduces the doctrine of the freedom of the will as formulated by Aristotle, and the consideration of God's transcendent justice, which would make Grace to consist of nothing but the exercise of the will of a despot. Besides this instance of his polemics, his treatment of the Deluge contains several attacks upon Christianity. The greater portion of the work, however, is devoted to the confutation of that philosophy which refuses to recognize Jewish revelation, or recognizes it only as identical with philosophy. References Its bibliography: Ḥayyim Jos. Pollak, in his edition of the Aḳedat Yiẓḥaḳ, Presburg, 1849, i.2-7; Literaturblatt des Orients, iv.688; Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. s.v.; Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, under the respective titles; Van Straalen, Cat. Brit. Mus. (Suppl.), pp. 114, 125, 137; Winter and Wünsche, Jüd. Lit. ii.618-631; S. I. Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, 647, 648; Zunz, S.P., p. 528; M. L. Kohn, Biographien Hervorragender Rabbinischer Authoritäten, pp. 7–20, 137-141; Kaufmann, Die Sinne, Index, s.v. 1420s births 1494 deaths 15th-century Aragonese rabbis 15th-century philosophers Jewish philosophers People from Calatayud 15th-century Castilian rabbis Jews expelled from Spain in 1492