is said becomes the focused element and is thought of as being transferred from one person to another. Examples of roots that commonly take this form: Transference, conveyance, e.g., dulin safe place, idulin' to save, put away Change of non-permanent state, e.g., lukat exposed, ilukat to open; rikep shut, irikep to close, to shut Verbs that convey information or ideas - baga declaration, ibaga to declare, say; kuna mention, ikuna to mention Benefactive Focus: i><an The focused noun phrases of the benefactive verbs are usually persons. The verb is performed on their behalf or for their benefit. In English, this would correspond to the indirect object or prepositional phrases introduced with to, for or because of. As with non-actor verb forms, the core forms of the article and the deictives, and the ergative, or -ko, forms of the personal pronouns mark the actor. The focus, in this case the benefactor, is marked with the core forms and the absolutive, or -ak forms of the personal pronouns. If there is a direct object, it is marked with the oblique forms, for example, Igatanganto ni nanang ni ading iti sapatos Mother will buy shoes for (my) little sister. Morphologically, the benefactive focused form is a combination of the prefix 'i-' and the suffix '-an'. Meanings: Benefit of the noun phrase in the absolutive Representation Instrumental Focus: Pag- The basic sense of the instrumental focus is the use of something to accomplish the root's meaning; it is the tool or the means of achieving that end. That something is then cast in the absolutive case. For example, dalus, clean space, pagdalus, to use something to clean with. Again, the actor is marked with the core forms or ergative, with pronouns (i.e., -ko), and the instrument, with core forms, and absolutive with pronouns, for example, Pagdalusan ni tatang ti drapo Father uses the rag to clean with. Pag-, behaves more like a verbal noun than a verb and sometimes translates as the implement, the reason or the theme of the root instead. Because of this, formations with this affix are lexicalized, thus becoming a derivational affix in some instances. Meanings: Instrument Means Imperative Mood The imperative mood of the verb is used for giving commands or making requests. The difference between the infinitive use and the imperative use is the accompaniment of a personal pronoun. These are the second person pronouns (singular or plural)