concentrations may be determined from Rtot, Ltot and the independent concentration. This system is one of the few systems whose kinetics can be determined analytically. Choosing [R] as the independent concentration and representing the concentrations by italic variables for brevity (e.g., ), the kinetic rate equation can be written Dividing both sides by k1 and introducing the constant 2E = Rtot - Ltot - Kd, the rate equation becomes where the two equilibrium concentrations are given by the quadratic formula and D is defined However, only the equilibrium has a positive concentration, corresponding to the equilibrium observed experimentally. Separation of variables and a partial-fraction expansion yield the integrable ordinary differential equation whose solution is or, equivalently, for association, and for dissociation, respectively; where the integration constant φ0 is defined From this solution, the corresponding solutions for the other concentrations and can be obtained. See also Binding potential Patlak plot Scatchard plot References Further reading D.A. Lauffenburger and J.J. Linderman (1993) Receptors: Models for Binding, Trafficking, and Signaling, Oxford University Press. (hardcover) and 0-19-510663-6 (paperback) Receptors Chemical kinetics