In graph theory, an adjacent vertex of a vertex in a graph is a vertex that is connected to by an edge. The neighbourhood of a vertex in a graph is the subgraph of induced by all vertices adjacent to , i.e., the graph composed of the vertices adjacent to and all edges connecting vertices adjacent to . The neighbourhood is often denoted or (when the graph is unambiguous) . The same neighbourhood notation may also be used to refer to sets of adjacent vertices rather than the corresponding induced subgraphs. The neighbourhood described above does not include itself, and is more specifically the open neighbourhood of ; it is also possible to define a neighbourhood in which itself is included, called the closed neighbourhood and denoted by . When stated without any qualification, a neighbourhood is assumed to be open. Neighbourhoods may be used to represent graphs in computer algorithms, via the adjacency list and adjacency matrix representations. Neighbourhoods are also used in the clustering coefficient of a graph, which is a measure of the average density of its neighbourhoods. In addition, many important classes of graphs may be defined by properties of their neighbourhoods, or by symmetries that relate neighbourhoods to each other. An isolated vertex has no adjacent vertices. The degree of a vertex is equal to the number of adjacent vertices. A special case is a loop that connects a vertex to itself; if such an edge exists, the vertex belongs to its own neighbourhood. Local properties in graphs If all vertices in G have neighbourhoods that are isomorphic to the same graph H, G is said to be locally H, and if all vertices in G have neighbourhoods that belong to some graph family F, G is said to be locally F (, ). For instance, in the octahedron graph, shown in the figure, each vertex has a neighbourhood isomorphic to a cycle of four vertices, so the octahedron is locally C4. For example: Any complete graph Kn is locally Kn-1. The only graphs that are locally complete are disjoint unions of complete graphs. A Turán graph T(rs,r) is locally T((r-1)s,r-1). More generally any Turán graph is locally Turán. Every planar graph is locally outerplanar. However, not every locally outerplanar graph is planar. A graph is triangle-free if and only if it is locally independent. Every k-chromatic graph is locally (k-1)-chromatic. Every locally k-chromatic graph