Associations International Cooperative Alliance United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives Canadian Worker Coop Federation Cooperatives UK Co-Op Federation (Australia) National Cooperative Business Association National Association of Housing Cooperatives National Cooperative Grocers Association Cooperative Organizations Democracy at Work Cooperation Jackson Grassroots Economic Organizing Jobs With Justice Platform Cooperativism Consortium Purpose The Institute for Christian Socialism The Southeast Center for Cooperative Development The Working World The New Economy Coalition Zebras Unite Cooperative Funding and Finance Community Wealth National Consumer Cooperative Bank Association of Corporate Credit Unions Cooperative Finance Corporation Federal Home Loan Bank System Community Purchasing Alliance Capital Impact Cooperative Development Foundation Seed Commons Shared Capital Cooperative Transform Finance Major Figures Notable theoreticians and activists who have contributed to the field include Robert Owen, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Charles Gide, Beatrice and Sydney Webb, J.T.W. Mitchell, Peter Kropotkin, Paul Lambert, Race Mathews, David Griffiths, and G.D.H. Cole. Additional theorists include John Stuart Mill, Laurence Gronlund, Leland Stanford, and modern theoretical work by Elinor Ostrom, Benjamin Ward, Jaroslav Vanek, David Ellerman, and Anna Milford and Roger McCain. Additional modern thinkers include Nathan Schneider, John Restakis, Joyce Rothschild, Joerg Rieger, Rosemarie Henkel-Rieger, Jessica Gordon Nembhard, Corey Rosen et al., William Foote Whyte, Gar Alperovitz, Seymour Melman, Mario Bunge, Richard D. Wolff and David Schweickart. In Europe, important contributions came from England and Italy, especially from Will Bartlett, Virginie Perotin, Bruno Jossa, Stefano Zamagni, Carlo Borzaga, Jacques Defourny and Tom Winters. Co-operative federalism versus co-operative individualism A major historical debate in co-operative economics has been between co-operative federalism and co-operative individualism. In an Owenite village of cooperation or a commune, the residents would be both the producers and consumers of its products. However, for co-operative enterprise other than communes, the producers and consumers of its products are two different groups of people, and usually only one of these groups is given the status of members (or co-owners). The differences in goals, purpose, and power between worker and consumer cooperatives has led to a debate between those who support consumer co-operatives (known as the Co-operative Federalists) and those who favor worker co-operatives (pejoratively labelled ‘Individualist' co-operativists by the Federalists ). Co-operative federalism Co-operative Federalism is the school of thought favouring consumer co-operative societies. Historically, its proponents have included JTW Mitchell and Charles Gide, as well as Paul Lambert and Beatrice Webb. The co-operative federalists argue that consumers should form co-operative wholesale societies (Co-operative Federations in which all members