neighborhoods. Born in 1878 on St. Croix, Danish West Indies, to a father who was a mulatto landowner the son of Danish military officer father and African descent mother, Holstein moved to New York City in 1894. After service in the U.S. Navy, the veteran Holstein eventually became involved in gambling and found a niche in the African-American neighborhoods of Harlem, where he devised a dime-based numbers betting enterprise. By the early 1920s, Holstein's system achieved huge popularity and he became known as the "Bolita King," earning him an estimated $5000 a day. Holstein used his illegal revenue for many philanthropic causes both within Harlem and back in the renamed U.S. Virgin Islands. Eventually, Holstein was muscled out of his operations by competing (white) organized crime. In 1935 Holstein was arrested and convicted of illegal gambling and served a one-year sentence. Upon release Holstein invested in real estate and offered mortgages to minorities in the Harlem community until his death in 1944, when a reported 2,000 people attended his funeral at Harlem's Memorial Baptist Church. See also Scandinavian American Norwegian American Swedish American List of Danish Americans Faroese Americans Greenlandic Americans Icelandic Americans Denmark–United States relations References Bibliography Anderson, Iain. "‘We’re coming!’ Danish American identity, fraternity, and political remittances in the era of World War II." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46.6 (2020): 1094-1111. Beasley, Norman. Knudsen: a Biography, New York: Whittlesey House, 1947. Balogh, Laura Petersen. Karl Dane: A Biography and Filmography, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2009. Brøndal, Jørn. "Danish Americans as portrayed by Danish travel writers in the second half of the nineteenth century." in Nordic Whiteness and Migration to the USA: A Historical Exploration of Identity (2020). Croy, Homer Trigger Marshal. The Story of Chris Madsen, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1958. Davis, John L. The Danish Texans, San Antonio, TX: Institute of Texan Cultures, University of Texas, 1984. DeLong, Lea Rosson. Christian Petersen: Sculptor, Ames, IA: Brunnier Art Museum, Iowa State University Press, 2000. Evjen, John Oluf. Scandinavian Immigrants in New York 1630-1674, Minneapolis: K.C. Holter Pub., 1916. Howard, Leland G. Johann Berthelsen: An American Master Painter, Terre Haute, IN: Sheldon Swope Art Museum, 1988. Jensen, Carl Christian. An American Saga, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1927. Jorgensen, Christine. Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography, New York: Paul S. Eriksson, Inc., 1967. Marzolf, Marion. The Danish-language press in America (Ayer, 1979) Mortensen, Enok. Danish-American