accommodate all English dialects, combined with a blossoming generative phonology, prompted American dialectologists to attempt the construction of an "overall system" of English phonology by analyzing dialectal distinctions as differences in the ordering of phonological rules as well as in the presence or absence of such rules. even went so far as to claim that principled description of interdialectal code-switching would be impossible without such rules. An example of this concept is presented in with a phonological difference between Castilian and Uruguayan Spanish: Without the use of ordered rules, Uruguayan Spanish could be interpreted as having two additional phonemes and morphophonemic vowel alternation with its plural marker. Attempting to construct a diasystem that encodes such a variety would thus represent all Spanish varieties as having seven vowel phonemes (with contrasts only in final position). Due to both varieties having closed allophones of mid vowels in open syllables and open allophones in closed syllables, using ordered rules minimizes the differences so that the underlying form for both varieties is the same and Uruguayan Spanish simply has a subsequent rule that deletes at the end of a syllable; constructing a diaphonemic system thus becomes a relatively straightforward process. suggests that the rules needed to account for dialectal differences, even if not psychologically real, may be historically accurate. The nature of an overall system for English was controversial: the analysis in was popular amongst American linguists for a time (in the face of criticism, particularly from Hans Kurath); James Sledd put forth his own diaphonemic system that accommodated Southern American English; both and modified the scheme of The Sound Pattern of English by focusing on the diaphoneme, believing that it could address neutralizations better than structuralist approaches; and The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States (PEAS) by Kurath and McDavid combined several dialects into one system transcribed in the IPA. More recently, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language makes use of a diaphonemic transcription of Standard English so that examples can be expressed concisely without favoring any particular accent. argued that fell short in accurately representing dialects because their methodology involved attempting to create a diasystem before establishing the relevant component phonemic systems. argues a similar problem occurs in the study of Hopi where transfer of training leads phoneticians to fit features of a dialect under study into the system of dialects already studied. Beginning with linguists attempting to account for