the ancient sources which survive to today are Epictetus, who describes some of the harsh conditions the gladiators of a ludus often faced. Roman poet Juvenal also enlightens about the separate quarters present in a ludus. Roman orator Quintilian further describes the exchange of blows of gladiators in practice. Archaeological The archaeological remains of the Ludus Magnus represent roughly less than half of the practice arena and barracks, while the rest of the structure remains hidden under street level and other buildings. What remains is largely the product of a rebuilding endeavor taken on by the emperor Trajan in the early second century C.E. According to Claridge, under Trajan the seating area and ground level were elevated while the arena level remained intact. We also know of half of the plan from a fragment that has survived from the Severan Marble Plan (early third century C.E.), although breakage and erosion have decreased its informative value. There were also great doubts about where it was located in the general topography of ancient Rome, so that it can now be related to a building in Piazza Iside, still visible. See also Ludus Dacicus Amphitheatre Circus Maximus Colosseum Forma Urbis Romae List of Roman amphitheatres Notes References Page at Rome official website External links High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of Ludus Magus | Art Atlas Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome Rome R. I Monti