together for a tribal council to decide the fate of the horse thieves. Most tribal chiefs believed the prisoners should be scarred and then released. William Marshall, a local American, entered the debate. He swayed the vote in favor of executing the prisoners. The tribal leaders decided the Californios should undergo ritual torture and execution for their crimes against the Pauma band. After the Californios witnessed the first execution, the men wept and begged for their lives. Santos Alipas, thirteen years old, stood up and reportedly said, "What's the use of crying? We can only die once; let us die like brave men." Impressed with Alipas' bravery, the Luiseños gave him a choice on how he wanted to die. The boy asked to be shot. He was immediately shot through the forehead. Killed in the Pauma Massacre 1. Manuel Serrano 2. Ramon Aguilar 3. Francisco Basualdo 4. José María Alvarado 5. Mariano Dominguez 6. Santiago Osuna 7. Jose Lopez 8. Estaquio Ruiz 9. Juan de la Cruz 10. Unnamed New Mexican 11. Santos Alipas Aftermath When word of the massacre reached Mexican forces in Los Angeles, General José María Flores designated José del Carmen Lugo of San Bernardino to lead a group of soldiers to avenge the lancers' deaths. The soldiers carried out their mission with the aid of allied Cahuilla Indians. They killed an estimated 33-40 Luiseño warriors, including the leaders who had authorized the earlier attack on the Californios. The action was called the Temecula Massacre. Notes According to Herbert Lockwood, Bill Marshall at one time was in love with Senorita Osuna. She told Marshall to leave her alone, as she planned to marry José María Alvarado. Marshall was heartbroken and angry. He moved to Warner's ranch where he was hired as a foreman. He married a Cupeno woman and was accepted as an unofficial member of her tribe. When he saw Alvarado among the Californio prisoners, he saw an opportunity to take his revenge. Some historians believe that Marshall had no part in the Pauma Massacre. See also List of massacres in California References Skeleton's Closet Revisited. A Light Look at San Diego History Vl. 2, by Herbert Lockwood The Indian Cemetery at Old Temecula, by Kevin Hallaran, Allene Archibald, Lowell J. Bean, and Sylvia B. Vane The Historic Valley of Temecula. The Temecula Massacre, by Horace Parker Luiseño Battles of the Conquest of California 1846 in