Affected individuals also exhibit flat foot strike. Sudden falls Freezing and festination episodes Postural instability Intensified dyskinesia Autonomic system disorders – orthostatic hypotension, neurocardiogenic syncope, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome Neurological and sensory disturbances – muscle weakness of lower limbs, deep sensibility impairment, epileptic seizure, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, balance impairment Cardiovascular disease Drugs Multiple sclerosis There is a high prevalence of falls among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), with approximately 50% reporting a fall within the past six months. About 30% of those individuals report falling multiple times. Gait deviations – Gait variability is elevated in individuals with MS. Stride length, cadence, and velocity decrease, while stance duration and cycle duration increase. Foot drop Ataxia – vestibular ataxia results in loss of balance. Symptoms are exacerbated when the eyes are closed and the base of support is reduced. Reduced proprioception Improper or reduced use of assistive devices Vision – blurred vision, double vision, loss of peripheral vision Cognitive changes – Approximately 50% of affected individuals experience difficulty with their cognition over the course of the disease, which affects planning, organizing, problem-solving, and the ability to accurately perceive the environment. When these problems interfere with walking, it may result in a fall. Neurological medications – causes fatigue, weakness, dizziness Dementia Studies suggest that men are twice as likely to fall as women. Common causes of falls in dementia include: Gait deviations – Slower walking speed, reduced cadence, and step length, increased postural flexion, increased double support time Postural instability – Gait changes and impaired balance. People with balance deficits are at more risk of falling than those with a normal gait and intact balance. Lack of physical exercise Visual impairment - Blurry vision, low vision, and loss of peripheral vision. Eyesight cannot be fixed or corrected by glasses. Fatigue Medications – psychotropic drugs have effects on balance, reaction time and other sensorimotor functions, orthostatic hypotension, and extrapyramidal symptoms. Fear of falling (basophobia) Basophobia is a term used in many circumstances to describe the fear of falling in either normal or special situations. It refers to uncomfortable sensations that may be experienced by older people. These sensations can include lower-body weakness or loss of balance, which can induce a frightening sensation of falling that can lead to serious and potentially fatal injuries. Healthy young individuals Accidents are the most common cause of falls involving healthy adults, which may be the result of