thus have to present an additional underlying diaphoneme with generative rules that account for the dialectal distribution. Similarly, the diaphonemic system in goes beyond the common core, marking contrasts that only appear in some varieties; Geraghty argues that, because of Fijian marriage customs that prompt exposure to other dialects, speakers may possess a diasystem that represents multiple dialects as part of their communicative competence. Representation There are a number of ways diaphones are represented in literature. One way is through the IPA, this can be done with slashes, as if they are phonemes, or with other types of brackets: double slashes: exclamation points: vertical bars: curved brackets: } The concept does not necessitate the formation of a transcription system. Diaphones can instead be represented with double slashes. This is the case, for example in and where diaphonemes are represented with bracketing: In this scheme, Scottish Standard English and the accent of Kirkwall are shown to make a phonemic contrast between and while RP and GA are shown to possess only the former so that lock and loch are pronounced differently in the former group and identically in the latter. Diaphonemic systems don't necessarily even have to utilize the IPA. Diaphones are useful in constructing a writing system that accommodates multiple dialects with different phonologies. Even in dialectology, diaphonemic transcriptions may instead be based on the language's orthography, as is the case with Lee Pederson's Automated Book Code designed for information from the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States. and the diaphonemic transcription system used by Paul Geraghty for related Fijian languages uses a modified Roman script. See also Comparative method Diasystem Ernst Pulgram International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects Lexical set Morphophonology Phonological history of English vowels Robert A. Hall, Jr. Notes References Sources Further reading Dialectology Phonology Linguistics terminology