-ikʼi-n zow-si ("had gone") perfect = resultative participle + "to be"; e.g. -ikʼ-āsi zow-si ("had gone") intentive = present participle + "to be"; e.g. -ikʼi-xo-si zow-si ("intended to go") resultative = imperfective/perfective gerund + resultative participle of -iči- ("be located") + "to be"; e.g. -ikʼi-n -ič-ā-si zow-si ("was gone") or -ikʼi-x -ič-ā-si zow-si ("was in the state of being on his way hence") Negation The basic negation suffix in the indicative is -čʼV with V being a vowel that can be different, depending on the tense/aspect/mood of the verb; it is inserted after the verb stem. With the example verb -ikʼi- ("to go"), the following forms are possible: The prohibitive (i.e. the negative imperative) is expressed by adding the suffix -no to the future indefinite form of the verb, e.g. -āš-no! ("don't eat!"). The negative optative form simply adds a -ƛ to that: āš-no-ƛ ("let him not eat!"). Non-finite forms Participles behave like adjectives and only vary according to the class agreement, which gets attached to them as prefixes. There are several different kinds of participles in the Tsez language: The stem vowel here is the vowel before the last consonant. Note that stems, different from roots, include causatives; thus -ikʼi- ("to go") becomes -ākʼi-, but its causative form -ikʼir- ("to let go") becomes -ikʼār-! Sometimes also unarticulated epenthetic vowels can be lengthened to ā, as in: tʼetʼr- ("to learn"), which becomes tʼetʼār-. Converbs, like gerunds and verbal adverbs, are very numerous in Tsez. The following list gives only an incomplete account. The table illustrates the relationship between the temporal converb (C) and the main verb (V): Other non-temporal converbs are: perfective (completive) and imperfective (durative) converbs are identical to the past unwitnessed and present forms respectively: -n(o) and -x(o) locative converb: -z-ā, stem vowel changes to ā causal converb: -xoy, -za-ƛʼ or -za-q; e.g. -iš-xoy ("because of eating") conditional converb: -nāy or -łi; e.g. iš-nāy ("if he eats") concessive converb: -łin infinitive: -a; e.g. -iš-a ("to eat") verbal noun: -(a)ni; e.g. -iš-ani ("the eating") and -rečʼ-ni ("the cutting") Potential and causative The potential mood receives the suffix -(e)ł, while the causative mood suffix is -(e)r. Again, the epenthetic vowel is dropped when the stem ends in a vowel or if another suffix starting with a vowel is attached. Together with the definite future suffixes -an, for instance, the epenthetic vowel has to be dropped: iš-er ("let him eat"), but