No movement of was detected. Boberg (2005) considers the primary movement of and to be retraction, at least in Montreal. He studied a diverse range of English-speaking Montrealers and found that younger speakers had a significantly retracted and compared with older speakers but did not find that the vowels were significantly lower. A small group of young people from Ontario were also studied, and there too retraction was most evident. Under this scenario, a similar group of vowels (short front) are retracting in a parallel manner, with and approaching each other. Therefore, with Boberg's results, bet approaches but remains different from but, and bit sounds different but remains distinct. Hagiwara (2006), through acoustic analysis, noted that and do not seem to be lowered in Winnipeg, although the lowering and retraction of has caused a redistribution of backness values for the front lax vowels. Sadlier-Brown and Tamminga (2008) studied a few speakers from Vancouver and Halifax and found the shift to be active in Halifax as well, although not as advanced as in Vancouver. For these speakers, the movement of and in apparent time was diagonal, and Halifax had diagonal movement too; in Vancouver, however, the retraction of was not accompanied by lowering. Due to the Canadian Shift, the short-a and the short-o are shifted in opposite directions to that of the Northern Cities Shift, found across the border in the Inland Northern U.S. and Western New England, which is causing these two dialects to diverge: the Canadian short-a is very similar in quality to the Inland Northern short-o. For example, the production would be recognized as map in Canada but mop in the Inland North. U.S. Third Dialect Shifts Most U.S. speakers with the cot–caught merger appear not to undergo the Canadian shift, in part because, typically in the U.S., the merged vowel is less rounded and/or less back and slightly lower than the Canadian vowel. Therefore, less room would be left for the retraction of . In the Western U.S., one in four Western speakers in the Atlas of North American English exhibits the Canadian Shift, as defined quantitatively by Labov et al. based on the formant values for , , and . The California Shift in progress in California English contains the features of the Canadian Shift; the two phenomena may, however, be different, since in California the retraction of has occurred even though Californian is more centralized