anthers dehisce, and the pollen naturally moves towards the stigma at the top of the keel. This gravitation is due to the pendulous nature of the flower. It has been found that C. puniceus is mainly bird-pollinated. Even though the flowers don't have much scent for attraction, they contain nectar which attracts many birds such as hummingbirds. Seed dispersal and dormancy The seeds of C. puniceus are kidney-shaped with a mean weight of 0.016 g. Their hard seed coats protect the seeds as they are initially dispersed by gravity, either falling from the pods or still strongly attached to the pods by a mat of dense white hairs. Both the seeds and the pods will float in water, where secondary dispersal can occur. Wind also may disperse the seed, helped in part due to the pod's fiat, sail-like shape when dry. Indirect evidence suggests that seeds can remain viable in soil for at least 29 years, but this evidence in inconclusive. In natural populations, seedlings mostly occurred on steep banks or cliffs, directly beneath the flora and fauna of already established plants. Due to the these steep locations, it is possible that dispersal by gravity could occur to place seedlings in unoccupied habitat; despite this, seedling mortality was high. C. puniceus has been in decline over the past century; however, this is not attributed to the absence of viable seed, as seed production in the wild can be quite high. Fruit Just like the fruits of all other members of the Fabaceae family, C. puniceus has fruits that are legumes, and formed from a single carpel. As well the three distinctive tissue layers of the fruit consist of the endocarp, mesocarp, and exocarp. Specifically, a distinctive feature of the C. puniceus fruit includes a very thick mesocarp that can have up to 36 layers of parenchyma cells. As well, long fibres that are aligned with the longitudinal axis of the fruit average to 0.86 mm which can also be distinctive. Pests and parasites C. puniceus plays host to the endemic leaf mining fly Liriomyza clianth. Secondly, C. puniceus is also a host to Epiphyas postvittana, which is also known as the light brown apple moth. It is native to Australia and was distributed to New Zealand in the 1800s. The moth has the ability to damage the host, and have a negative environmental impact outside of its native area. Conservation