for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire (excluding the religious classes) under Sultan Mahmud II. He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital, from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt. Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands. References External links Gökçek Papers Macedonia: Henry Noel Brailsford 1769 births 1855 deaths 19th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire 19th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt Abazins Pashas Civil servants from the Ottoman Empire Kapudan Pashas Ottoman military personnel of the Greek War of Independence Ottoman people of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) People from the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent People from the Ottoman Empire of Abkhazian descent Ottoman governors of Egypt Ottoman military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars