Lothian to Kenneth II of Scotland, King of Scots, in 973. In English sources, the Battle of Carham is not given any special significance. Still others, such as G.W.S. Barrow hold, that "What English annalists recorded as the 'cession' of Lothian was... the recognition by a powerful but extremely remote south-country king of a long-standing fait accompli." The Scots' possession of what now constitutes the south-east of Scotland seems to have been recognized by kings of England, even when kings such as Cnut and William the Conqueror invaded, as they did not seek permanent control of the area. Aftermath After the battle of Carham, much of present-day Scotland was under the control of the King of Scots, although Norsemen still held sway in Ross, Caithness, Sutherland, and The Isles. The Lords of Galloway remained semi-independent. Scotland or Scotia referred to what constitutes present-day Scotland north of the Forth and Clyde; it was not until the time of King David I of Scotland, citizens in the south-east of the kingdom began to think of themselves as Scots. In his own charters (e.g. to St Cuthbert's in Edinburgh), he continued to refer to the men of Lothian as English. Woolf asserts that "the likelihood is that these are under representative glimpses of a much longer conflict which escaped the detailed gaze of our chroniclers because far more interesting things were happening in Southumbria and Ireland at the time." Carham 1018 Society The society's mission statement is "to investigate, raise awareness, and commemorate the Battle of Carham." The society's website provides dates for "public meetings, commemorative events, and future plans" as well as excerpts from articles and archaeological findings pertaining to the battle. References References Anderson, M.O. (1980). Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. Scottish Academic Press. Carham Society of 1018 (2015) De obsessione Dunelmi et de probitate Uhtredi comitis, et de comitibus qui ei successerunt ("On the siege of Durham, and the character of Earl Uhtred, and the earls who succeeded him"), C. J. Morris. (1992) in Marriage and Murder in 11th Century Northumbria: A Study of De Obsessione Dunelmi. University of York. Duncan, A.A.M., "The Battle of Carham, 1018" The Scottish Historical Review, Vol. 55, No. 159, 1976 Mack, Logan, (1924) "The Border Line - Solway Firth to the North Sea", Oliver & Boyd. Plummer, C. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, Oxford, 1892. Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed.