complex process, because the structure depends on the motions of several guide bars and where these have yarns. Kyosev demonstrated that for the building of only one loop at one cycle there are 18 geometric configurations of the yarn ends – 3 different directions from which the guide is coming, multiplied by 2 loop types - open or closed, multiplied by 3 different directions in which the yarn/guide is after that going - left, up, or right). For two guide bars the configurations are combinations and the modern machines have 4 and more guide bars. Kyosev and Renkens created various versions of CAD software for 3D design of warp knitted fabrics and contributed with it in a book with the fundamentals of the patterning, where about 100 samples can be downloaded and viewed as 3D structure. Advantages Producing textiles through the warp knitting process has the following advantages: higher productivity rates than weaving variety of fabric constructions large working widths low stress rate on the yarn that allows for use of fibers such as glass, aramid and carbon the creation of three-dimensional structures that can be knitted on double needle bar raschels Applications Warp knitted fabrics have several industrial uses, including producing mosquito netting, tulle fabrics, sports wear, shoe fabric, fabrics for printing and advertising, coating substrates and laminating backgrounds. Research is also being conducted into the use of warp knitted fabrics for industrial applications (for example, to reinforce concrete), and for the production of biotextiles. Warp knitting and biotextiles The warp knitting process is also being used to create biotextiles. For example, a warp knitted polyester cardiac support device has been created to attempt to limit the growth of diseased hearts by being installed tightly around the diseased heart. Current research on animals "have confirmed that … the implantation of the device reverses the disease state, which makes this an alternative innovative therapy for patients who have side effects from traditional drug remedies". References Notes Bibliography Republished 1991 Cromford: Scarthin Books. External links Knitting Machine-made lace