verbal morphology. Other examples include: -kʼ- (added to qualitative adjectives, adverbs and some intransitive verbs ending in -x): transitive verbse.g. atʼi-kʼ- ("to dampen, to soak", from atʼiy "wet"), bito-kʼ- ("to move sth.", from bittay "over there"), łicʼo-kʼ- ("to unite", from łicʼox- "to mix") -ł- (added to qualitative adjectives and adverbs): intransitive verbse.g. atʼi-ł- ("to become wet", from atʼiy "wet"), ade-x- ("to move forward", from adāy "in front") Compounding and reduplication In Tsez it is also possible to create new words from combining existing ones; usually nouns and verbs are derived, but there also exist compound adjectives and adverbs. Only the last component of the compound inflects, as it is the head of the phrase. However, it does not necessarily govern the noun class assignment for compound nouns—if one of the two components belongs to class I, then the whole compound is of this class, otherwise it is automatically assigned to noun class II. Sometimes, the last component is truncated (see fifth example). Suffixation may also occur (see first example). The following list is not exhaustive: debi-dey-łi "quarrel, dividing up" (lit. "your-my" + nominalizer -łi) eni-obiy or eni-obu "parents" (lit. "mother-father") ħotʼo-čʼel "stirrup" (lit. "foot-place") -ikʼi-nex- "to go back and forth" (lit. "go-come") ƛʼiri-ku "shawl" (lit. ƛʼiri "above" - kur "throw") niga-cʼuda "bruised" (lit. "red-green") rigu-žuka "anything" (lit. "good-bad") taqqo-naqqo "back and forth" (lit. "on that side - on this side") tʼitʼi-ečʼ- "hash" (lit. "tear-cut up") Another common way to derive new words is reduplication, which can derive nouns, as well as adjectives and verbs. In reduplicating nouns, the initial syllable can often undergo a change, as in xisi-basi "changes" or bix-mix (herbs). It is used to intensify adjectives (e.g. r-očʼi-r-očʼiy "very cold") and verbs (e.g. -okʼ-okʼ- "to stab repeatedly") but is also used for onomatopoeia (e.g. ħi-ħi "neigh"). Another highly productive way of forming verbs is the combination of a word (often a loan from Arabic or Avar) and the Tsez verbs -oq- ("to stay, to become") or -od- ("to do"), although some combinations can also be formed with other verbs. Note that only the second word is inflected, while the first one remains uninflected. Some examples are: bercin -oq- "to be decorated" (from Avar берцинав (bercinaw) "beautiful") paradat -od- "to sell" (from Russian продать (prodat’) "to sell") razwod b-od- "to divorce" (from Russian развод (razvod) "divorce") riƛu riƛʼ- "to plough" (lit. "ploughing-field plough") rokʼ-ƛʼo-r r-ay- "to remember" (lit. "heart-SUPER-LAT