iš-r-an ("will let him eat"). Particles Tsez has a rich set of particles, most of them occurring as clitics. The particle -tow shows general emphasis while -kin shows general emphasis and focusing. A contrastively topicalized constituent is marked by the particle -gon. Being clitics, they can be attached to any part of speech. There is also a quotation particle that is used in direct reported speech and appears as the suffix -ƛin that always appears at the end of the quoted phrase or sentence. Example: Di žekʼu yołƛin eƛix kʼetʼā ("'I am a man', says the cat"). There are also other free particles like hudu ("yes, so") or āy ("no"). Word formation Derivation Noun-forming suffixes The following list is a selection of suffixes used to form nouns from other parts of speech as well as other nouns. -bi / -zi (added to place names): residentse.g. Newo-bi / Newo-zi ("resident of Mokok", from Newo "Mokok") -łi (added to singular absolutive nouns denoting persons or to adjectives in the class IV form): abstract nouns and occupationse.g. laɣ-łi ("slavery", from laɣ "slave"), učitel-łi ("teaching", from the Russian loan učitel "teacher"), r-igu-łi ("grace, kindness", from -igu "good") -kʼu (added to verbs in the iterative stem forms): instruments or personal descriptionse.g. ˤuƛʼno-kʼu ("coward", from ˤuƛʼ-, "to be afraid"), ˤiya-kʼu ("cryer", from ˤiyad-, "to cry") -ni (added to verb stems and onomatopoeic nouns): abstract nounse.g. rečʼ-ni ("sharpness", from rečʼ- "to cut"), ˤoy-ni ("mooing", from ˤoy "moo") -qu (added to nouns in their oblique stem) or the lesser used Awar suffix -qan: container or occupatione.g. magala-qu ("baker"), bocʼ-a-qu ("wolf-trap"), qido-qan ("mason") -qʼoy / -qoy / -ħoy (added to singular oblique noun stems): enveloping objectse.g. reƛʼi-qoy ("glove", from reƛʼa "hand") -yo (added to the lative singular of a noun): possessore.g. kotʼu-r-yo ("bearded man", from kotʼu "beard") Adjective-forming suffixes The following suffixes can be used to derive adjectives from other words: -mu (added to singular absolutive noun, adjectives or verbs): simple adjectivee.g. boryo-mu ("sickly", from boryo "sore, wound"), atʼi-mu ("unripe", from atʼiy "wet"), šakarya-mu ("jealous", from šakaryad- "to be jealous") -šay (added to oblique noun stems): inseparable possessinge.g. čakaryo-šay čay ("sweet tea", literally "sugar-containing tea") -tay (added to oblique noun stems): absence, lackinge.g. ciyo-tay ("unsalted") -xu (added to oblique noun stems): separable possessinge.g. ciyo-xu raƛʼ ("soil with salt crystals") Verb-forming suffixes Some verb-forming suffixes, like the causative and potential derivatives, have already been mentioned in the section about the