class in post-medieval Spanish, it exists throughout contemporary Latin America but it was never used in the capitals of the viceroyalties, such as Lima or Mexico City. Prescriptive Limeño Spanish has adjusted considerably to more closely resemble the standard Spanish linguistic model, because of the city's disdain of the contact with the Andean world and autochthonous languages for centuries. However, until the beginning of the 20th century, speech on the Northern Peruvian coast was similar in many ways with how individuals spoke on the Ecuadorian-Colombian coast. The most remarkable variation from the Castilian norm was the presence of 'vos', which was used to refer to one's family and is completely missing today. This part of Northern Peru also had a strong influence on the extinct Muchik or Mochica language. Inland immigrants variation The other main variety of Spanish from the coast of Peru is that which appeared after the linguistic influence from the Sierra and of the rural environment into the coastal cities and the former 'Garden City' by the Great Andean Migration (1940–1980). Its main characteristics are: The strong use of diminutives, double possessives and the routine use of 'pues' or 'pe' and 'nomás' in postverbal position. The redundant use of verbal clitics, particularly 'lo' (the so-called loismo) The bilabialization of Closed timbre Andean tone Recent changes This popular variety of Coastal Peruvian dialect is the result of not only Andean but also foreign influences: Anglicisms and Argentinisms are all very present in the lexicon. Pitucos, young people from Lima's higher socioeconomic strata, have also developed a peculiar and mannered form of speaking, noticeable particularly in the way that they alter their tone of speaking. Some common expressions Agarrar y + to do something (Agarré y le dije...) Parar (en) = to frequently be somewhere or to frequently do something (Paras en la cabina) Pasar la voz = to inform (e.g. "spread the word") De repente = perhaps, suddenly (depending on context) Ni a palos = no way (literally "not even clubbed") Some common words Anticucho = typical food consisting almost always of grilled chicken or cow heart. Disforzarse = to be anxious. Tombo = police officer or soldier. Calato = nude. Chicotazo = whiplash. Fresco/a (or conchudo/a) = shameless person. Fregar (or joder) = to bother, to ruin. Gallinazo = a turkey buzzard or black-headed vulture-scavenger bird of Peru. Garúa = tenuous rain. Guachimán = adaptation of the