The Proletarian Unity Party (Italian: Partito di Unità Proletaria, PdUP) was a far-left political party in Italy. Origins The PdUP was founded in November 1972 by the minority factions of two parties: the New PSIUP, led by Vittorio Foa and Silvano Miniati, which gathered those militants from the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (PSIUP) who had not agreed on the decision to join the Italian Communist Party (PCI); and Socialist Alternative, led by Giovanni Russo Spena and philosopher Domenico Jervolino, which was composed of several renegades from the left wing of the Workers' Political Movement (MPL) who had opposed that party's earlier merger with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). The new party's symbol was the hammer and sickle over the world, which it had inherited from the PSIUP. In 1974 these members were joined by Il Manifesto, a group which had been expelled from the PCI some years earlier, and by the Autonomist Student Movement led by Mario Capanna. Together, they merged to form the Proletarian Unity Party for Communism (Italian: Partito di Unità Proletaria per il Comunismo). The now expanded party's founding congress was held on January 29, 1976. The leaders of the party's three main currents were: Miniati, Foa and Capanna (predominantly ex-PSIUP and far left-oriented, with a grounding in operaismo or "workerism"); Rossana Rossanda and Lucio Magri (who both hailed from Il Manifesto, and leant towards collaborating with the PCI and the communist-backed CGIL trade union); and Luigi Pintor (who headed a minor 'third force' that frequently maintained the balance of power). Magri was elected as the party's first national secretary. During the 1976 general elections, the PdUP ran as part of an electoral coalition under the Proletarian Democracy (Democrazia proletaria; DP) banner. The party gained three seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies (won by Magri, Eliseo Milani and Luciana Castellina) out of the coalition's total of six. Splits and alliances By 1977, tension had begun to develop within the party between its ex-PSIUP/MPL founders and Magri's Il Manifesto faction. The latter was deeply disappointed by the failure of the Italian left to establish a national government, but its focus on capturing power at the very top had always gone against the grain of the party's operaista (workerist) roots, which were typified by Foa's public insistence that "the real issue [for the party] was workers' control: left-wing power must be rooted in the struggles of