had plans to create a pilot-scale model for an upcoming international bio-energy conference. Definition A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy by the action of microorganisms. These electrochemical cells are constructed using either a bioanode and/or a biocathode. Most MFCs contain a membrane to separate the compartments of the anode (where oxidation takes place) and the cathode (where reduction takes place). The electrons produced during oxidation are transferred directly to an electrode or to a redox mediator species. The electron flux is moved to the cathode. The charge balance of the system is maintained by ionic movement inside the cell, usually across an ionic membrane. Most MFCs use an organic electron donor that is oxidized to produce CO2, protons, and electrons. Other electron donors have been reported, such as sulfur compounds or hydrogen. The cathode reaction uses a variety of electron acceptors, most often oxygen (O2). Other electron acceptors studied include metal recovery by reduction, water to hydrogen, nitrate reduction, and sulfate reduction. Applications Power generation MFCs are attractive for power generation applications that require only low power, but where replacing batteries may be impractical, such as wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensors powered by microbial fuel cells can then for example be used for remote monitoring (conservation). Virtually any organic material could be used to feed the fuel cell, including coupling cells to wastewater treatment plants. Chemical process wastewater and synthetic wastewater have been used to produce bioelectricity in dual- and single-chamber mediator less MFCs (uncoated graphite electrodes). Higher power production was observed with a biofilm-covered graphite anode. Fuel cell emissions are well under regulatory limits. MFCs convert energy more efficiently than standard internal combustion engines, which are limited by the Carnot efficiency. In theory, an MFC is capable of energy efficiency far beyond 50%. Rozendal produced hydrogen with 8 times less energy input than conventional hydrogen production technologies. Moreover, MFCs can also work at a smaller scale. Electrodes in some cases need only be 7 μm thick by 2 cm long, such that an MFC can replace a battery. It provides a renewable form of energy and does not need to be recharged. MFCs operate well in mild conditions, 20 °C to 40 °C and at pH of around 7 but lack the stability required for long-term medical applications such as in pacemakers. Power stations can be based on aquatic plants