(irrealis patient-focus marker) -an (locative-focus marker, nominalizer) -i (imperative, patient focus) pa- (causative) qa- (future) Unlike many other Formosan languages, there is no *-en suffix. Syntax Kavalan, like most other Formosan and Philippine languages, has many case markers. Nominative: a/ya Oblique: ta, tu Genitive: na, ni Locative: sa, ta- -an Types of focus in Kavalan include: Agent Patient Locative Instrumental Beneficiary The Kavalan case markers below are from . Pronouns The Kavalan Personal pronouns below are from . Affixes The Kavalan affixes below are from . Prefixes i-: stative, having to do with location kar-: rapid motion; defective, not perfect ki-, qi-: pluck, pick kin-: number of humans lu-: flat luq(e)-: bumpy, rough (used with stative verbs) m-, -m-, mu-, -u-, -um-: agent-focus ma-, m-: stative maq-: where from mar-: sine kind of shape mi-: discharge something from the body mri-: settle down; to shrink, huddle up mrim-: a division of (a numeral) nan-: two people (kinship); distributive numeral ni-, n-, -in-, -n-: past, perfective pa-: causative (used with active verbs) pa- -an: agentive pa-ti: personal marker for the dead paq-, paqa-: causative (used with stative verbs) paq-: get on (a boat) pa-qi-: cause to become pat-: make a change pi-: put into, put away; do something to protect a body part; every (time) qa-: immediate future; ride, take (means of transportation) qa- -an: place of/for qaRu-: become, transform into; transformable into qi-: pick, gather, get qna-: nominaizer (used with stative verbs; -an is used with active verbs) Ra-: to transform into Ra-CV-: light color of Ri-: catch, get Ru-: just now; for the first time sa-: have the event (natural phenomena); do, make, produce, have; secrete (body fluid); tool sam-CV-: pretend saqa-: ordinal (numeral) si-: wear, own, possess sia-: go towards (place/direction); go to the side (often euphemistic for urinating/defecating) sim-: reciprocal siqa-: (number of) times smu-: finger sna-: model of, copy of su-: remove; move downwards, upside down, slanting su-CV-: stink or smell of tan-: speak the language taRi-: position, people in such a position ti-: instrumental-focus; to take each other (?) ti- (-an): beneficiary-focus tRi-CV(C)- (-an): discharge (body discharge) with control u-: agent-focus; non-human numeral Suffixes -a: irrealis patient-focus marker -an: locative-focus marker, nominalizer -i: irrealis non-agent-focus imperative Infixes -m-, -um-: agent-focus -n-, -in-, ni-: perfective References Notes General references External links Taiwan government publications: Kavalan dictionary The Academy in Taipei press release: Kavalan dictionary published Yuánzhùmínzú