strokes per character" (kspc). As a baseline the full English PC keyboard has a kspc of 1 as precisely one key stroke is required per typed character. Scott Mackenzie and other academics presented with Eatoni that they had evaluated LetterWise to have a kspc of 1.15 for English. This typically relates to one extra tap per 6 letters compared to standard keyboard. In contrast multi-tap, where a key is repeatedly pressed until the desired letter is found whereupon no further taps are made until the cursor moves to the next letter, has been evaluated to have a kspc of about 2.03. The pangram The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog is sometimes used for keyboard practice. The Eatoni website claims this 35 letter nine work phrase requires only 14 additional keystrokes with LetterWise compared to 42 additional keystrokes for MultiTap. Memory / storage requirements Eatoni engineers claim LetterWise has relatively low storage requirements compared to dictionary based solutions. The Eatoni website claims in the storage space typically required for a single dictionary database (30–100kb) it would be possible to fit LetterWise databases for 10–20 different languages. The website says device random-access memory requirements are similarly low, typically under 2kb, and there has been an implementation for 200 bytes of available memory. Experimental work LetterWise was also used in TongueWise, a tongue-computer interface for tetraplegics using the LetterWise engine. Clinical evaluations showed LetterWise could offer an almost 50% increase in throughput compared to Multi-tap for English language words. Chinese LetterWise The Chinese LetterWise is can be loosely described a two-level version of alphabetic LetterWise. A phonetic character (e.g. Pinyin or Bopomofo) is entered on the first level which is converted automatically to Hanzi ready for the second level (Next Hanzi) key. the Eatoni website showed three related cordless or answerphone physical devices from the same manufacture having adopted the technology. WordWise Eatoni Ergonomics also developed and patented the dictionary word based predictive text input system WordWise announcing it in September 2000 with claims it was even faster than LetterWise. Wigdor and Balakrishnan indicated WordWise performs similarly to earlier techniques but with subtle advantages, though as with all predictive techniques the efficiency relied essentially upon the use of natural language with techniques such as abbreviations tending to nullify any advantage. In addition to the standard version of WordWise Eatoni's website also notes they developed a more advanced version termed shift