the Ottoman military archives have detailed information on the organization's personnel, and that Kuşçubası is not mentioned. In Libya, Nuri Killigil organized operations involving propaganda, subversion, terrorism and sabotage; he coordinated these operations with the Senussi. Members This list includes allegedly notable members, according to an interview with its purported former leader Eşref Kuşçubaşı by U.S. INR officer Philip H. Stoddard: Although the bulk of its 30,000 members were drawn from trained specialists such as doctors, engineers, and journalists, the organization also employed criminals denoted başıbozuk, who had been released from prison in 1913 by amnesty. Disbanding The organization was dismantled following a parliamentary debate and replaced by the Worldwide Islamic Revolt () after World War I. This organization held its first meeting in Berlin. However, it was forced underground by the British, who refused to let these German allies operate. In 1921, Atatürk founded another secret organization called the National Defense Society (), headed by the former chief of the Special Organization, Hüsamettin Ertürk. See also List of members of the Special Organization of the Ottoman Empire Sentinel Association Umur-u Hafiye Black Musa References Bibliography (unpublished MA thesis) (unpublished PhD dissertation; available in Turkish) Further reading Documents about the Special Organization in the Krikor Guerguerian archive World War I crimes by the Ottoman Empire Defunct organizations based in Turkey Defunct intelligence agencies Secret police Armenian genocide Greek genocide Paramilitary organizations based in Asia