begin this practice. Distribution of seeds and other required inputs has been made possible through partnerships with seed companies and local farmer groups. In order to combat the former shortage and high cost of desmodium seeds that were limiting the spread of push-pull technology, intensive seed production initiatives have been launched and farmer groups have been encouraged to propagate the seeds themselves. As a result of these measures, the market for desmodium seeds has been stimulated and the seeds have become more accessible to smallholder farmers looking to implement push-pull methods in their fields. In Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda alone, push-pull technology has been adopted by 68,800 smallholder farmers; however, these numbers may be higher in reality because of gaps in reporting. Because these areas in Sub-Saharan Africa often suffer from unreliable crop production as a result of stemborers and striga, soil infertility, and unsustainable supplies of fodder, the push-pull solution to these problems is expected to be adopted by more smallholder farmers in the future at an annual adoption rate of 30% and a potential annual adoption rate of 50% because of intensive education campaigns that have been launched. See also Biological pest control Cultural methods Sustainable agriculture List of sustainable agriculture topics Ecotechnology List of companion plants List of beneficial weeds List of pest-repelling plants References External links www.push-pull.net Agroecology Biological pest control Chemical ecology Sustainable agriculture