at the cost of slower parsing and the possibility of endless loops. There have been experimental open-source FST-based reimplementations of CG-2 that for small grammars reach the speed of VISL CG-3, if not mdis. List of systems Free software VISL CG-3 CGrammar compiler/parser North and Lule Sami, Faroese, Komi and Greenlandic from the University of Tromsø (more information, Northern Sami documentation) Fred Karlsson's original Finnish FinCG is also available from the University of Tromsø as GPL, both in the original CG1 and in a converted CG3 version. Estonian Norwegian Nynorsk and Bokmål online, Oslo-Bergen tagger(source code) Breton, Welsh, Irish Gaelic and Norwegian (converted from the above) in Apertium (see CG in Apertium) Non-free software Basque Catalan CATCG Danish DanGram English ENGCG, ENGCG-2, VISL-ENGCG Esperanto EspGram French FrAG German GerGram Irish online Italian ItaGram Spanish HISPAL Swedish SWECG Swahili Portuguese PALAVRAS References Bick, Eckhard. 2000. The Parsing System "Palavras": Automatic Grammatical Analysis of Portuguese in a Constraint Grammar Framework. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. . Karlsson, Fred. 1990. Constraint Grammar as a Framework for Parsing Unrestricted Text. H. Karlgren, ed., Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of Computational Linguistics, Vol. 3. Helsinki 1990, 168-173. Karlsson, Fred, Atro Voutilainen, Juha Heikkilä, and Arto Anttila, editors. 1995. Constraint Grammar: A Language-Independent System for Parsing Unrestricted Text. Natural Language Processing, No 4. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin and New York. . Tapanainen, Pasi and Atro Voutilainen 1994: Tagging accurately: don't guess if you know. ANLC '94 Proceedings of the fourth conference on Applied natural language processing. External links CG Tutorial by Kevin Donnelly VISL CG-3, the grammar compiler/parser List of some Constraint Grammar publications (up to 2010 at least) Grammar frameworks