consonants: the first was rr (as in Italian) and the second was r (as in English). However, in revitalized Ngarrindjeri, both rhotics "are pronounced unlike English". Zuckermann analyses this phenomenon as over-applied, hypercorrect "emblematicity" due to Othering: the Ngarrindjeri revivalists are trying to define themselves vis-à-vis the "Other", distancing themselves from "the colonizers' mother tongue, Australian English" (even at the expense of losing one of their own original rhotics). Other names include Jarildekald, Jaralde, Yarilde, Yarrildie, Jaraldi, Lakalinyeri, Warawalde, Yalawarre, Yarildewallin (although as mentioned above, Yaraldi is regarded as a dialect). Berndt, Berndt & Stanton (1993) wrote: "The appropriate traditional categorisation of the whole group was Kukabrak: this term, as we mention again below, was used by these people to differentiate themselves from neighbours whom they regarded as being socio-culturally and linguistically dissimilar. However, the term Narrinyeri has been used consistently in the literature and by Aborigines today who recognise a common descent from original inhabitants of this region-- even though their traditional identifying labels have been lost.". Sign language The Yaralde had the southernmost attested Australian Aboriginal sign language. Some words The following words are from the Ngarrindjeri language: – 'whale' / – 'man' , – 'white man' / – 'travelling spirit of sorcerers and strangers' – 'speak, talk' These are words for animals extinct since European colonisation: – Eastern hare-wallaby – Toolache wallaby – Pig-footed bandicoot Phonology Consonants /r/ can be heard as a tap and approximant, as allophones [ɾ, ɹ]. Vowels /i/ when preceding retroflex consonant, can be heard as central [ɨ] /u/ when occurring after a trill consonant in closed syllables can be heard as central [ʉ] A mid sound /ə/ can also be heard in various syllabic positions. References Berndt, R.M. (1940). "Notes on the sign-language of the Jaralde tribe of the Lower River Murray, South Australia", (pp. 397–402; reprinted (1978) in Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia. New York: Plenum Press, vol. 2) McDonald, Maryalyce (1977). A study of the phonetics and phonology of Yaraldi and associated dialects''. Australian National University. http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/15074/1/Meyer_voc.pdf Yallop, Colin & Grimwade, George (1975). "Narinjari: an outline of the language studied by George Taplin, with Taplin's notes and comparative table Part 2. George Taplin and his work on Aboriginal languages". University of Sydney. Further reading Lower Murray languages Ngarrindjeri Extinct sign languages Language revival