are usually held to be non-existent in Australian languages. Some phonologists have found that semi-vowels can be replaced with glottal stops in some varieties of Yugambeh-Bundjalung. Stress Yugambeh-Bundjalung is a stress-timed language and is quantity-sensitive, with stress being assigned to syllables with long vowels. Short unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to the neutral vowel schwa. Syllable structure Like many Australian languages, Yugambeh-Bundjalung is thought to have a constraint that states that all syllables must have a consonant onset. Only vowels are permitted as the syllable nucleus, and these may be long or short. Syllable codas are also permitted, with long or short vowels in the nucleus. However, long vowels are not permitted to occur in adjacent syllables. Phonotactics Consonant clusters Yugambeh-Bundjalung does not permit clusters of the same consonant, or clusters that begin with an obstruent phoneme or end with an approximant, except the labio-velar glide. All homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters occur in the language. Clusters usually only involve two segments, but clusters of three may occur if an intervening vowel is deleted by some process. Vocabulary Cognate comparison between the most southern and northern dialects, Bandjalang (Proper) and Yugambeh (Proper), shows 52% similarity. Cognate similarity is highest between dialects within branches, typically being ~80%, these percentages are even higher amongst the Tweed-Albert dialects at ~90%. Between branches of the family this rate falls to ~60–70% between neighbouring clusters. Isogloss Some vocabulary differences in common vocabulary are present: 'What/something' – in southern varieties contrasts with in northern varieties. (Both were used in the centrally located Lismore dialect). The northern Tweed-Albert language have for 'man' and for 'woman', compared to the use of and by other varieties respectively. The difference in words for men is significant as groups often use it for identification as well as a language name (Mibinah = language lit. 'of man', Baygalnah = language lit. 'of man'). Another vocabulary isogloss is ('boy') and ('eye') used in all branches, except the Middle-Clarence language which uses and respectively. Vowel shifts A north to south shift of /a/ to /e/ (with an intermittent /i/ present in some varieties) in some common vocabulary. 'Who': // 'You': // A north to south shift of /i/ to /a/ (with an intermittent/e/ present in some varieties) occurring on the demonstrative set. 'This': // 'That': // A shift of /a/ to /u/ in the Tweed-Albert dialects. 'No': / 'Vegetable': / Grammar Crowley's research found a