corresponding answer provides the missing information and in so doing, the redundant information that appeared in the question is elided, e.g.: Q: Who has been hiding the truth? A: Billy has been hiding the truth. Q: What have you been trying to accomplish? A: I have been trying to accomplish This damn crossword. The fragment answers in these two sentences are verb arguments (subject and object NPs). The fragment can also correspond to an adjunct, e.g.: Q: When does the circus start? A: The circus starts Tomorrow. Q: Why has the campaign been so crazy? A: The campaign has been so crazy Due to the personalities. Answer ellipsis occurs in most if not all languages. It is a very frequent type of ellipsis that is omnipresent in everyday communication between speakers. Sluicing Sluicing usually elides everything from a direct or indirect question except the question word. It is a frequent type of ellipsis that appears to occur in most if not all languages. It can operate both forwards and backwards like VP-ellipsis, but unlike gapping, stripping, answer fragments, and pseudogapping, e.g.: John can play something, but I don’t know what he can play. When he will call I don't know, but John will definitely call. The sluicing illustrated with these two sentences has occurred in indirect questions. Sluicing in direct questions is illustrated with the following two examples: A: Something unusual happened. B: What happened? A: He has been working on the problem. B: How long has he been working on the problem? Sluicing has been studied intensely in the past decade and can be viewed as a relatively well understood ellipsis mechanism, although the theoretical analysis of certain aspects of sluicing remains controversial. Nominal ellipsis Noun ellipsis (also N-ellipsis, N'-ellipsis, NP-ellipsis, NPE, ellipsis in the DP) occurs when the noun and potentially accompanying modifiers are omitted from a noun phrase. Nominal ellipsis occurs with a limited set of determinatives in English (cardinal and ordinal numbers and possessive determiners), whereas it is much freer in other languages. The following examples illustrate nominal ellipsis with cardinal and ordinal numbers: Fred did three onerous tasks because Susan had done two onerous tasks. The first train and the second train have arrived. The following two sentences illustrate nominal ellipsis with possessive determiners: I heard Mary's dog, and you heard Bill's dog. If Doris tries my chili, I will try hers (her chili). Comparative