including the Imperial Guard of 5,000 Varangians. Notes Bibliography Primary sources Choniates, Niketas (1984) O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates, trans. by H. Magoulias, Wayne State University Press, Detroit Kinammos, Ioannes (John Cinnamus) (1976), Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, trans. Charles M. Brand. Columbia University Press, New York Komnene (Comnena) Anna (1969) The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, trans. by Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter. Penguin Classics, London Secondary sources Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. . Brand, Charles M. (1989) The Turkish Element in Byzantium, Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Cambridge MA, Vol. 43, pp. 1–25. D'Amato, Raffaele (2010) The Varangian Guard 988-1453, Osprey, Oxford Grotowski, Piotr (2010) Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints: Tradition and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843–1261), Brill, Leiden Mitchell, Russell (2008) Light Cavalry, Heavy Cavalry, Horse Archers, Oh My! What Abstract Definitions Don’t Tell Us About 1205 Adrianople, in: Journal of Medieval Military History, Volume VI: Rogers, Clifford J., DeVries, Kelly and France, John (ed.s), Boydell & Brewer, Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISSN 1477-545X Nishimura, David (1988) Crossbows, Arrow–guides, and the "Solenarion", Byzantion, Vol. 58, No. 2 (1988), pp. 422–435, Peeters Publishers, Leuven Ostrogorsky, G. (1971) Observations on the Aristocracy in Byzantium, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 25 (1971), pp. 1–32, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Cambridge MA Ostrogorsky, G. (1980) History of the Byzantine State'', Basil Blackwell, Oxford, External links Reconstructions of Byzantine armour and weapons Byzantine army Warfare of the Middle Ages Komnenos dynasty Second Crusade Byzantine–Seljuk wars Military reforms Fourth Crusade