and the absence of a PFD in the form of a jacket, deprived them of another layer of insulation. The paddlers had no waterproof tops. Canoe/Kayak cags provide a waterproof and windproof layer, which prevents the loss of heat due to the wind chill and also protects the loss of water by evaporation from the wetsuit. This enables to wetsuit to best do its job of providing a layer of warm, wet water next to the skin. The two 'instructors' had spray decks (Spray deck#:~:text=A spraydeck is made of,the torso of each passenger.). Within 20 minutes of the trip starting all but one of the kayaks had got into difficulties. The kayaks which became swamped did so due to a wave hitting them and the water getting in via the cockpit. As these were closed deck kayaks, the water was now trapped inside the boat, making it unstable. As the instructors were not trained in deep water rescues nor in putting students back into boats, once the first capsize happened they were at a loss over what to do. The remaining boats were rafted up. the student with the swamped boat was put back in but the boat was not emptied, other than by trying to scoop the water out. Rafting is when the kayakers line up side to side, this enables them to achieve a more stable condition, with each kayaker helping the boats on either side to remain upright, even if being knocked off balance by small waves. It is wise to note that; this is not recommended in a big swell nor in surf. It is also not recommended in windy conditions as the line of bodies forms a sail. The Charmouth Funnel wind began to push the raft out to sea as the line of bodies acted like a sail. As the group got further out the waves increased in height and caused further boats to become swamped. Early boats, such as these, did not come fitted with air bags to maintain their buoyancy and to stop them filling with water. Some of them did not even benefit from closed cell foam blocks. Closed cell foam is foam which holds air, with the plastic being blown in such a way that the bubbles are complete and cannot fill with water when submerged. Once the boats filled with water they began to sink. The students were left