more complete skeletons that proved their synonymy. After later review, the former species was synonymized with G. texanum and the latter two synonymized with G. cylindricum. From the 2000s to the 2020s, hundreds of additional fossils were referred to the genus from Central America and Brazil, including fossils formerly assigned to Glyptodon. In 2022, a host of fossils of Glyptotherium cylindricum including skulls, some preserving pathologies caused by humans, were described that had been collected from several sites in Falcon, northern Venezuela that dated to the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene. Taxonomy Glyptotherium is a genus in the subfamily Glyptodontinae, an extinct subfamily of large, heavily armored armadillos that first evolved in the Late Eocene (ca. 33.5 mya) and went extinct in the Early Holocene during the Quaternary extinction event (ca. 7,000 years ago). Glyptodontinae was classified in its own family or even superfamily until in 2016, when ancient DNA was extracted from the carapace of a 12,000 year old Doedicurus (a large, mace-clubbed glyptodont) specimen, and a nearly complete mitochondrial genome was reconstructed (76x coverage). Comparisons with the DNA of modern armadillos revealed that glyptodonts diverged from tolypeutine and chlamyphorine armadillos approximately 33.5 million years ago in the late Eocene. This prompted moving them from their own family, Glyptodontidae, within the extant Chlamyphoridae as a subfamily, renamed Glyptodontinae. Following this genetic data and the fossil record, glyptodonts rapidly evolved their characteristic anatomy and enormous sizes (also known as gigantism), possibly due to the cooling of temperatures, dryer climates, expansion of savannahs, and the size of carnivores like Arctodus and Smilodon. Chylamyphoridae is a group in the order Cingulata, which includes all extant armadillos in addition to other fossil groups like Pachyarmatheriidae and Pampatheridae. Cingulata is itself within the basal mammal group Xenarthra, which includes an array of American mammal groups like Vermilingua (anteaters) and Folivora (sloths and ground sloths) in the order Pilosa. The following phylogenetic analysis was conducted by Frédéric Delsuc and colleagues in 2016 and represents the phylogeny of Cingulata using ancient DNA from Doedicurus to determine the position of it and other Glyptodonts: The internal phylogeny of Glyptodontinae is convoluted and in a flux, with many species and families erected on the basis of fragmentary or undiagnostic material that lacks comprehensive review. It is usually considered its own family, but DNA analyses have reduced it to a subfamily with tribes instead of its own subfamilies. One tribe, Glyptodontini