(typically labeled Glyptodontinae) is a group of younger, larger glyptodonts that evolved in the Middle Miocene (ca. 13 mya) with Boreostemma, but split into 2 genera, Glyptodon in the south and Glyptotherium in the north, though Glyptodon also lived in northern South America in Colombia. Glyptodontini is often recovered as more basal to most other glyptodonts like Doedicurus, Hoplophorus, and Panochthus. Glyptodontini is distinguishable from other groups for example in that it has large, conical tubercular osteoderms absent or only present on the caudal (tailward) notch on the posterior end of the carapace and different ornamentation of the armor on the carapace than the tail. The sister taxon, or closest relative(s) of another taxon, to Glyptotherium is the genus Glyptodon, which evolved in the Middle Pleistocene in Argentina. Glyptotherium is nearly identical to Glyptodon in many aspects, so much so that the first fossils of Glyptotherium to be described were misidentified as those of Glyptodon. When Glyptotherium was first described by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1903, he placed it at the family level Glyptodontidae and although similar to Glyptodon, Osborn stated that it was closer in appearance and classification to Panochthus and Neosclerocalyptus (then Sclerocalyptus). Barnum Brown believed that his genus Brachyostracon and its 2 species, B. cylindricum and B. mexicanum, were in their own family of glyptodonts based on the elongation of the skull of the latter species and the width of the carapace compared to its length. Brown did not coin any new name for this family however, and instead classified the genus within Sclerocalyptidae along with South American glyptodonts like Panochthus, Neosclerocalyptus, and Plohophorus. George Gaylord Simpson classified his genus Boreostracon as a close relative of Glyptodon, but still believed that there were multiple North American glyptodont genera. Xenoglyptodon was placed as a glyptodont close to the other North American genera by Meade (1953), but its relation to South American genera wasn't stated. Below is the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Cuadrelli et al., 2020 of Glyptodontinae, with Glyptodontidae as a family instead of subfamily, that focuses on advanced Glyptodonts: Description Like its living relative, the armadillo, Glyptotherium had a shell that covered its entire torso, with smaller armor also covering the skull roof of the head, similar to a turtle. However, unlike the carapace of a turtle, the Glyptotherium shell was made up of hundreds of small hexagonal scales, with Glyptotherium preserving up to 1800 osteoderms or