IEEE 1394/IEC 61883 (FireWire) over Ethernet frames, using IEEE 802.1AS for timing) Proprietary CobraNet RAVE by QSC Audio, an implementation of CobraNet EtherSound by Digigram NetCIRA, a rebranded EtherSound by Fostex REAC and RSS digital snake technology by Roland SoundGrid by Waves Audio dSNAKE by Allen & Heath Layer-3 protocols Layer-3 protocols encapsulate audio data in OSI model layer 3 (network layer) packets. By definition it does not limit the choice of protocol to be the most popular layer-3 protocol, the Internet Protocol (IP). In some implementations, the layer-3 audio data packets are further packaged inside OSI model layer-4 (transport layer) packets, most commonly User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). Use of UDP or RTP to carry audio data enables them to be distributed through standard computer routers, thus a large distribution audio network can be built economically using commercial off-the-shelf equipment. Although IP packets can traverse the Internet, most layer-3 protocols cannot provide reliable transmission over the Internet due to the limited bandwidth, significant End-to-end delay and packet loss that can be encountered by data flow over the Internet. For similar reasons, transmission of layer-3 audio over wireless LAN are also not supported by most implementations. Open standards AES67 Audio Contribution over IP standardized by the European Broadcasting Union Audio Video Bridging (AVB), when used with IEEE 1733 or AES67 (which uses standard RTP over UDP/IP, with extensions for linking IEEE 802.1AS Precision Time Protocol timing information to payload data) NetJack, a network backend for the JACK Audio Connection Kit Zita-njbridge, a set of clients for the JACK Audio Connection Kit RAVENNA by ALC NetworX (uses PTPv2 timing) Proprietary Livewire by Axia Audio, a division of Telos Systems Dante by Audinate (PTP version 1 timing) Q-LAN by QSC Audio Products (PTP version 2 timing) WheatNet-IP by Wheatstone Corporation Similar concepts High quality digital audio distribution was patented in 1988 by Tareq Hoque at the MIT Media Lab. The technology was licensed to several leading OEM audio and chip manufacturers that were further developed into commercial products. RockNet by Riedel Communications, uses Cat-5 cabling. Hydra2 by Calrec uses Cat-5e cabling or fiber through SFP transceivers. MADI uses 75-ohm coaxial cable with BNC connectors or optical fibre to carry up to 64 channels of digital audio in a point-to-point connection. It is most similar in design to AES3, which can carry only two channels. AES47 provides audio networking