Normans in southern Italy. Even more than his father's reign, Landulf's saw the decline of the principality. Forced to make submission to both Byzantium and then Henry II, Benevento could hardly claim even de facto independence any longer. Furthermore, the lengthy period (47 years) of his rule saw the beginnings of a Byzantine resurgence in Apulia and the Lombard response. Benevento did its best to be on the winning side, but only offered the anti-Greek rebels clandestine support. By his death, the once-great principality had dwindled territorially to little more than the city and its surrounding countryside. Sources Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: LXIII Labroca – Laterza. Rome, 2004. 1033 deaths Lombard warriors Landulf 5 Year of birth unknown 11th-century Lombard people