it as "the Word was divine". The question of how to translate Logos is also treated in Goethe's Faust, with lead character Heinrich Faust finally opting for die Tat, ("deed/action"). This interpretation owes itself to the Hebrew דָּבָר (dabhar), which not only means "word", but can also be understood as a deed or thing accomplished: that is, "the word is the highest and noblest function of man and is, for that reason, identical with his action. 'Word' and 'Deed' are thus not two different meanings of dabhar, but the 'deed' is the consequence of the basic meaning inherent in dabhar." The concept of Logos also appears in the Targums (Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible dating to the first centuries AD), where the term memra (Aramaic for "word") is often used instead of 'the Lord', especially when referring to a manifestation of God that could be construed as anthropomorphic. See also In the beginning (phrase) Knowledge of Christ Last Adam Monophysitism Perfection of Christ Pre-existence of Christ Pseudo-Dionysius Shabda Notes References Further reading Borgen, Peder. Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism. Edinburgh: T & T Clark Publishing. 1996. Brown, Raymond. An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Doubleday. 1997. Butler, Clark. G.W.F. Hegel. Boston: Twayne Publishing. 1977. Dillion, J. M. “Plato/Platonism." in The Dictionary of the New Testament Background. ed. by Craig A. Evans and Stanley E. Porter. (CD-ROM) Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 2000. Essays in Greco-Roman and Related Talmudic Literature. ed. by Henry A. Fischel. New York: KTAV Publishing House. 1977. Ferguson, Everett. Backgrounds in Early Christianity. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 1993. Freund, Richard A. Secrets of the Cave of Letters. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. 2004. Greene, Colin J. D. Christology in Cultural Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons. Grand Rapids: InterVarsity Press. Eerdmans Publishing. 2003. Hillar, Marian. Philo of Alexandria (20BCE – 50CE). in The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. 2006. Available at iep.edu Hillar, Marian. From Logos to Trinity. The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Holt, Bradley P. Thirsty for God: A Brief History of Christian Spirituality. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 2005. Josephus, Flavius. Complete Works. trans. and ed. by William Whiston. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publishing. 1960. Lebreton, J. (1910). The Logos. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved August 29, 2011 from New Advent. Letham, Robert. The Work of Christ.