nouns) is realised , often written yae in dialect writing. e (vowel 16) is usually realised , for example bed, het (heated), yett (gate), etc. ea, ei (vowel 3), has generally merged with (vowel 2) or (vowel 4 or 8) depending on dialect. With prevailing in the south east and west and prevailing in the north east of the dialect area. Before , may occur. For example deid (dead), heid (head), meat (food), clear etc. ee (vowels 2 and 11), e (Consonant)e (vowel 2). Occasionally ei and ie with ei generally before ch (), but also in a few other words, and ie generally occurring before l and v. The realisation is generally e.g. dree (endure), ee (eye), een (eyes), flee (fly), here, lee (lie, fib), see, speir (enquire), steek (shut), thee (thigh) and tree etc. The digraph ea also occurs in a few words such as lea and sea. eu (vowel 7 before and see ui) is usually realised in the west and Fife, and in the south west and south of the Forth, for example beuk (book), eneuch (enough), ceuk (cook), leuk (look) and teuk (took). o (vowel 18): has merged with vowel 5 () throughout much of the dialect area, often spelled phonetically oa in dialect spellings such as (box), (corn), Goad (God) (job) and (on) etc. oa (vowel 5) is usually . ou the general literary spelling of vowel 6, also u (consonant)e in some words, is realised , often represented by oo, a 19th-century borrowing from Standard English. e.g. cou (cow), broun (brown), hoose (house), moose (mouse) etc. ow, owe (root final), (vowel 13) is usually in bowe (bow), howe (hollow), knowe (knoll), cowp (overturn), yowe (ewe), etc. Vocalisation to often occurs before , for example bowk (retch), howk (dig) often written boak and hoak in dialect writing. ui, the usual literary spelling of vowel 7 (except before and see eu). The older realisation may still occur in Perthshire and in Parts of Fife otherwise, as is the norm elsewhere, vowel 7 merges with vowel 15 () in SVLR short environments and vowel 8 () in long environments, e.g. buird (board), buit (boot), cuit (ankle), fluir (floor), guid (good), schuil (school), etc. Note that v. and n. (use) are and . The realisation is often written ai in dialect writing, e.g. flair for fluir (floor), shair for shuir (sure), for (use v.) and yiss'' for