to four others in the adjacent level, in a zig-zag pattern. The copper ions are very strongly contained within the stable silicate structure. Chemical and physical properties Han purple and blue are similar in many of their physical properties, which allow them to be mixed, but they differ in their chemical properties. Exotic properties and applications to superconductivity and quantum computing research In 2006 scientists at Stanford, Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Institute for Solid State Physics (University of Tokyo), showed that Han purple "loses a dimension" under suitable conditions when it enters a new state, as a Bose-Einstein Condensate. The researchers noted that "We have shown, for the first time, that the collective behavior in a bulk three-dimensional material can actually occur in just two dimensions. Low dimensionality is a key ingredient in many exotic theories that purport to account for various poorly understood phenomena, including high-temperature superconductivity, but until now there were no clear examples of 'dimensional reduction' in real materials," said Ian Fisher Other research team members alluded to potential applications to quantum computing. In conventional computers, electron charges transport information, but electron spin might in the future play a similar role in "spintronic" devices: "Spin currents are capable of carrying far more information than a conventional charge current—which makes them the ideal vehicle for information transport in future applications such as quantum computing," stated first author Suchitra Sebastian. Noted Fisher: "Our research group focuses on new materials with unconventional magnetic and electronic properties. Han Purple was first synthesized over 2,500 years ago, but we have only recently discovered how exotic its magnetic behavior is. It makes you wonder what other materials are out there that we haven't yet even begun to explore." Han purple Han purple is chemically and thermally less stable than Han blue. It fades and decomposes in dilute acid. Han purple starts to decompose at temperatures more than 1050–1100 °C and forms a green-black glass at around 1200°C. It becomes more purplish when ground. Han blue Han blue is more chemically and thermally stable. It does not break down in dilute acids, and becomes more bluish when ground. Manufacture Manufacturing depends on the raw materials, their ratios, fluxes, temperature, atmosphere, and reaction time. Production seems to have been focused in northern China, around north of the city of Xi'an. This is the area with large deposits of raw materials. No written records