of "throw away"), subtle differences in the usage of auxiliary verbs such as "should", simplification of vowel sounds (some Zambians may regard "taste" and "test" as homophones), and the incorporation of particles derived from Zambia's indigenous languages (such as chi "big/bad" and ka "little"). Zambian English also incorporates South African words such as braai for "barbecue". Percentage distribution of major language groups Source: 2010 Census List of languages The established languages of Zambia are: Afrikaans Aushi Bemba Bwile Chichewa Chokwe Congo Swahili English Fwe Gujarati Ila Kaonde Khwedam Kuhane Kunda Lala-Bisa Lamba Lambya Lenje Lozi Luchazi Lunda Luvale Luyana Mambwe-Lungu Mashi Mbowe Mbukushu Mbunda Nkoya Nsenga Nyamwanga Nyiha Nyika Pidgin Zulu Sala Settla Shona Simaa Soli Taabwa Tonga Totela Tumbuka Yao Yauma Zambian Sign Language References Bibliography Chimuka, S. S. (1977). Zambian languages: orthography approved by the Ministry of Education. Lusaka : National Educational Company of Zambia (NECZAM). Kashoki, Mubanga E. and Ohannessian, Sirarpa. (1978) Language in Zambia. London: International African Institute. Kashoki, Mubanga E. (1981). Harmonization of African languages: standardization of orthography in Zambia in In African Languages: Proceedings of the Meeting of Experts on the Transcription and Harmonization of African Languages, Niamey (Niger), 17–21 July 1978, (pp. 164–75). Paris: UNESCO. Kashoki, Mubanga E. (1990) The Factor of Language in Zambia. Lusaka: Kenneth Kaunda Foundation. Marten, Lutz; Kula, Nancy C. (2008) "One Zambia, One Nation, Many Languages" in Simpson, A. ed., 2008, Language and National Identity in Africa, Oxford: OUP, 291–313. Chanda, Vincent M. and Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. (2013). 'Speak Zambian Languages'. Lusaka: UNZAPRESS Mkandawire, S. B. (2017). "Familiar Language Based Instruction versus Unfamiliar Language for the Teaching of Reading and Writing Skills: A Focus on Zambian Languages and English at two Primary Schools in Lusaka". Zambian Journal of Language Studies, 1(1), 53–82. Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson (2017b). "Terminological Dilemma on Familiar language based instruction and English language: A reflection on Language of Initial Literacy Instruction in Zambia" Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, 1(1), 45–58. Tambulukani, Geoffrey Kazembe (2015). "First Language Teaching of Initial Reading: Blessing or Curse for the Zambian Children under Primary Reading Programme?" Ph.D. thesis, University of Zambia. Tordoff, William (ed.) (1974) Politics in Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Republic of Zambia. Constitution of Zambia 1991 (as amended by Act no. 18 of 1996). External links Census data from Zambia from Central Statistical Office, Zambia Ethnologue Listing of Zambian Languages Bibliography of books on languages spoken in