in Luxembourg (). Admission to a bar association has character, language, citizenship requirements. Applicants must also complete an apprenticeship or aptitude test, depending on the list to which one wants to register. Malta Malta's legal practice is fused and legal practice is regulated by the Chamber of Advocates (). Licence to practice law is granted by way of a warrant issued on completion of the Master of Advocacy (M.Adv) programme from Malta University (or a comparable international programme) and an admission exam in Maltese. Lawyers holding rights to practice in other jurisdictions can apply for an exemption from local practice prohibitions allowing them to offer services under their foreign title though permission is issued by discretion and requires three years' local legal practice and a comparable licence elsewhere. Moldova Moldova requires an undergraduate law degree and passage of the state examination. The Bar Association of Moldova () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Moldova. Monaco In Monaco, advocates should be members of the local bar association (). Montenegro Montenegro Bar Association () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Montenegro. Netherlands In the Netherlands, to be a licensed lawyer (Advocaat), one must complete an undergraduate law degree (Bacheloropleiding or LL.B., which is three years of study), the master of law degree (doctorandus in law before implementation of the Bologna Process and conferring the meester title, which is a one-year LL.M. program), and a three-year apprenticeship. Only holders of a law degree with civiel effect (i.e. a qualifying law degree) are admitted to regulated legal professions (juridische togaberoepen). Qualifying law degrees in the Netherlands must cover the four foundations of legal knowledge: Dutch private law, Dutch criminal law, Dutch constitutional law and international/European law. Dutch advocates should be members of the Netherlands bar association (). North Macedonia In North Macedonia, advocates should be members of the local bar association (). Norway Lawyers (advokat) have to be licensed in Norway. To become licensed by the authorities, one must provided an LL.M (master of law)(before 2008- cand. jur.-- candidatus juris) and two years' practice as assisting lawyer (advokatfullmektig), two years' practice as a police prosecutor (politiadvokat or politifullmektig) or deputy judge (dommerfullmektig) and some minor formalities. In addition, one must pass the permanent lawyer's bar exam in order to obtain full access to the profession. Whilst the earlier cand. juris was normally a 6-year degree, the LL.M. is a 5-year degree. Membership