of acts of terrorism have performed in courts". He served on the executive board of the International Scientific and Professional Advisory Council (ISPAC) of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network. Schmid is a member of the World Society of Victimology and a Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) since 2003 or 2004. He is a Member of the European Commission's Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation, and has been an advisor to Europol's TE-SAT (annual Terrorism Situation and Trend Report) since 2010. , he is research fellow at the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) in The Hague. He is also one of three directors of the Terrorism Research Initiative, a non-profit organisation based in North Carolina. Journals Schmid was previously co-editor of the Taylor & Francis journal Terrorism and Political Violence, and remains on the editorial board. In 2009 he began editing the journal Perspectives on Terrorism, a publication of the Terrorism Research Initiative, he is editor-in-chief of the journal. Definitions of terrorism Schmid's academic consensus definition of terrorism was first published in 1988 in the revised edition of Political Terrorism (Schmid and Jongman): "Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby – in contrast to assassination – the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperilled) victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target (audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought". He proposed a definition to the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) in 1992, based on the already internationally accepted definition of war crimes, with the crucial words "peacetime equivalents of war crimes", but his proposal was not accepted. The Supreme Court of India referenced Schmid's this definition in a 2003 ruling (Madan Singh v. State of Bihar), "defin[ing] acts of terrorism veritably as 'peacetime equivalents of war crimes'". The 1988 definition was updated in 2011 after "three rounds of consultations among academics and other professionals" and published in