bourrelet was reduced, and the patte undecorated. St Joseph could, by this stage, often be seen with the evolved form. By 1500 the evolved chaperon was definitely outmoded in Northern Europe, but the original hood form still remained a useful headgear for shepherds and peasants. By this time the evolved chaperon had become fixed in some forms of civilian uniforms for lawyers, academics and the members of some knightly orders, such as the Order of the Garter. In these uses it gradually shrank in size and often became permanently attached to the clothing underneath, effectively just as an ornament, in its present form, as a part of academic dress, called an epitoge. In Italy it remained more current, more as a dignified form of headgear for older men, until about the 1520s. Funerary ornaments on horses In a later related use of the term, the name passed to certain little shields, or escutcheons, and other funeral devices, placed on the foreheads of horses that drew the hearses to processional funerals. These were called or shafferoons, as they were originally fastened to the chaperonnes, or hoods, worn by those horses with their other coverings of state. (See also Frentera.) Gallery References SD Reed, From Chaperones to Chaplets:Aspects of Men's Headdress 1400–1519, M.S. Thesis, 1992, University of Maryland -NB Headgear Reed categorises as Hoods, Chaperones, & (some) Sack Hats are all covered by this article. J.O. Hand & M. Wolff, Early Netherlandish Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington (catalogue) /Cambridge UP,1986, National Gallery Catalogues: The Fifteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume 1, by Dillian Gordon, London, 2003, Gabriel Bise, The Hunting Book by Gaston Phoebus, Heritage Books, London, Edmond Pognon, Les Trés Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, Liber M. Vibbert, Headdresses of the 14th and 15th Centuries, The Compleat Anachronist, No. 133, SCA monograph series (August 2006) Notes External links History of the chaperon, with simple diagrams Chaperon section of 1929 book by Adrien Harmond - in French, with many pictures and reconstructed cutting patterns CORSAIR database from the Morgan Library - search for chaperon gives 25 results from 2 French manuscripts, 1420–35 Le Livre de Chasse of Gaston Phoebus, c 1400, from Ms Fr 616 from the Biblitheque Nationale, Paris. Feature with many illustrations, texts in French. Another stylish chaperon by Pisanello, from a medal in the NGA, Washington The NGA bust of Lorenzo de Medici, after restoration 15th and early