other overwintering forms. Predation and control Natural predators, such as ladybirds/ladybugs, hoverfly and lacewing larvae, spiders, and mites do reduce adelgid and aphid populations to some degree. Spraying against these adelgids with chemicals is possible, and can be done in either the fall or the early spring. Foliar treatments of carbaryl (Sevin) and permethrin have been most effective in Colorado State University trials. Horticultural oils, which have also been very effective, can cause temporary discoloration of spruce needles. See also Hemlock woolly adelgid: another disease caused by a woolly adelgid species Balsam woolly adelgid: another species of woolly adelgid References Ebata, Tim. March 12, 2002. Cooley Spruce Gall adelgid - Pest Guide BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, Canada. Part of: Cranshaw, W.S. June 23, 2005. Cooley Spruce Galls Colorado State University. UBC Faculty of Forestry, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Insects Studied in Forestry 308 Cooley spruce gall aphid. 1977. Wood, C. Government of Canada. Department of the Environment. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Forest Pest Leaflet 06. 4 p. PDF form Canadian Forestry Service,2002-12-23. Online publication about Aphids Childs, R. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003. Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid - Landscape Nursery and Urban Forestry - UMass Extension More on the invasive woolly aphid species: Forest Pests. (2005). Balsam woolly aphid Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg). (World Wide Web page). Available: http://www.forestpests.org/southern/balsamwoollyadelgid.html (Dec. 1, 2005) A University of Minnesota Pamphlet with image of mature woolly adelgid female: and related pests Adelgidae Insects described in 1907