waters of the rivers in which it dwelled. Species †G. mirabilis Heintz, 1932 †G. antarctica Ritchie, 1975 †G. riniensis Gess and Hiller, 1995 †G. disjectus Woodward, 1891(originally Coccosteus disjectus) †G. pennsylvanica Daeschler et al., 2003 †G. potyi Olive et al., 2015 †G. seni Janvier and Ritchie, 1977 †G. thorezi Heintz, 1932 Groenlandaspis riniensis is one of two arthrodire placoderms described in 1999 from the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte in South Africa, with a third species having been subsequently described. The species name ‘riniensis’ derived from Rini or Rhini, the traditional isiXhosa name for Makhanda/Grahamstown, making it the first ever vertebrate fossil to have an isiXhosa derived scientific name. G. riniensis appears to have spent its entire life cycle within the Waterloo Farm estuary as it is represented by a full ontogenetic series. Evidence from other Late Devonian localities with similar placoderm taxa which suggest that while many larvae or small juveniles stayed in the littoral zone close to adult habitats, others may have moved upriver to avoid predation. G. riniensis represents the most frequently preserved fish taxon from the Waterloo Farm site, and may have been the most common vertebrate within the palaeoenvironment, though its frequent preservation may be influenced by preservational bias. References Arthrodire genera Placoderms of Antarctica Placoderms of Asia Placoderms of Africa Placoderms of Australia Placoderms of Europe Placoderms of North America Late Devonian animals