The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) is the name for each of a series of United States federal laws specifying the annual budget and expenditures of the U.S. Department of Defense. The first NDAA was passed in 1961. The U.S. Congress oversees the defense budget primarily through two yearly bills: the National Defense Authorization Act and defense appropriations bills. The authorization bill is the jurisdiction of the Senate Armed Services Committee and House Armed Services Committee and determines the agencies responsible for defense, establishes recommended funding levels, and sets the policies under which money will be spent. The appropriations bill provides funds. The passage of a Defense Authorization Act is often used by Congress to honour a senior congress member or other individual. For example, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 is known as the "Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001" in honour of Representative Floyd D. Spence of South Carolina. Legislation from 2007 onwards John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, , this NDAA is formally named after John Warner, a U.S. war veteran, long-term Senator, Senate Armed Services Committee chairman, and Secretary of the Navy from Virginia. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009: "expresses the sense of Congress that the Honorable Duncan Hunter, Representative from California, has discharged his official duties with integrity and distinction, has served the House of Representatives and the American people selflessly, and deserves the sincere gratitude of Congress and the Nation". Title 8, Subtitle G: Governmentwide Acquisition Improvements, is known as the "Clean Contracting Act", and focused on improvements to government procurement such as limiting the term of non-competitive contracts to one year (section 862) and prohibiting excessive use by contractors of sub-contractors or "tiers of sub-contractors" (section 866). National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, , this NDAA contains important hate crimes legislation. Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, , this NDAA is formally named after Ike Skelton, a long-term Congressman and Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee from Missouri. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, , this NDAA contains several controversial sections, the chief being §§ 1021–1022, which affirm provisions authorizing the indefinite military detention of civilians, including U.S. citizens, without habeas corpus or due process, contained in the Authorization