to 2010s. Such biodiversity losses impact not just species themselves, but humans as well, and can contribute to climate change across the globe. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) states that managing and protecting marine ecosystems is crucial in attempting to conserve biodiversity in the face of Earth’s rapidly changing climate. Pollution Invasive species Global aquarium trade Ballast water transport Aquaculture Climate change Warming temperatures (see ocean heat content, sea surface temperature, and marine heat wave) Increased frequency/intensity of storms Ocean acidification Sea level rise Society and culture Global goals International attention to address the threats of coasts has been captured in Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving coastal ecosystems and supporting more sustainable economic practices for coastal communities. Furthermore, the United Nations has declared 2021-2030 the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention. See also Aquatic toxicology Blue carbon Fishing down the food web Hydrobiology IMBER Large marine ecosystem Marine biology Marine habitats Marine life Marine biomass Marine trophic cascades Tropical marine climate References Further reading Barange M, Field JG, Harris RP, Eileen E, Hofmann EE, Perry RI and Werner F (2010) Marine Ecosystems and Global Change Oxford University Press. Davenport J (2008) Challenges to Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the 41st European Marine Biology Symposium Volume 202 of Developments in hydrobiology. Levner E, Linkov I and Proth J (2005) Strategic management of marine ecosystems Springer. Volume 50 of NATO Science Series IV. Mann KH and Lazier JRN (2006) Dynamics of marine ecosystems: biological-physical interactions in the oceans Wiley-Blackwell. External links U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—EPA: Marine Ecosystems Smithsonian Institution: Ocean Portal Marine Ecosystems Research Programme (UK) Aquatic ecology Ecosystems Biological oceanography Fisheries science Systems ecology Water Oceanographical terminology