the ground up, utilising a novel system to accurately model the old instruments and created a new machine offering higher repeatability and reproducibility than former methods. The Ravenfield apparatus, designated Model CS is markedly smaller than the Cannon apparatus, incorporating the cooler, the PC, the instrument and sample pumping in a 600 mm square footprint. The Society of Automotive Engineers adopted the CCS test as part of the J300 specification, and is the subject of ASTM test method D5293. References Engine tuning instruments Lubrication Viscosity