massacred. It is likely that various local magnates who were debtors of the Jews helped instigate this massacre or, at least, did nothing to prevent it. It came during a time of widespread attacks against Jews in Britain. The Jewish community in York did recover after the massacre and a Jewish presence remained in York until the expulsion of Jews from England in 1290. As a northern city, York soon became vulnerable to attacks and raids from Scotland after England's loss in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Its worst fear came to be in 1319 when a hastily assembled citizen army of 3000 men, made up of an odd mixture, including monks, marched out of the city to protect the Vale of York, but were totally annihilated by the much stronger Scottish forces. York's mayor, Nicholas Flemyng who lead it was among them, the only city mayor ever killed in action. Three years later, the suburbs of the city were heavily raided during The Great Raid of 1322, and went on until a truce was agreed with Robert the Bruce at a great council held at Bishopthorpe in 1323. York prospered during much of the later medieval era. Twenty-one medieval parish churches survive in whole or in part, though only eight of these are regularly used for worship. Many medieval era timber-framed buildings survive in the city. While Slum clearances in the 19th century removed some of the more decrepit ancient examples of medieval architecture in the city, such as the medieval Water Lanes, streets such as The Shambles still survive to this day. The Shambles mostly date from the later medieval era with many examples of timber-framed shops with overhanging upper floors. The street was originally occupied by butchers but is now a popular tourist attraction consisting of mostly souvenir shops. Some retain the outdoor shelves and the hooks on which meat was displayed. The medieval city walls, with their entrance gates, known as bars, encompassed virtually the entire city and survive to this day. The city was also designated as a county corporate, giving it effective county status. The later years of the 14th and the earlier years of the 15th centuries were characterised by particular prosperity. It is in this period that the York Mystery Plays, a regular cycle of religious pageants (or plays) associated with the Corpus Christi cycle and performed by the various craft