the manufacture of golf balls. Many of the nation's golf courses were also converted to more practical use. For example, Augusta National Golf Club was used to raise cows for beef for Camp Gordon and Congressional Country Club was used as a special ops training ground while several others were converted to farmland. Attacks on U.S. soil Although the Axis powers never launched a full-scale invasion of the United States, there were attacks and acts of sabotage on U.S. soil. December 7, 1941 – Attack on Pearl Harbor, a surprise attack that killed almost 2,500 people in the then incorporated territory of Hawaii which caused the U.S. to enter the war the next day. January–August 1942 – Second Happy Time, German U-Boats engaged American ships off the U.S. East Coast. February 23, 1942 – Bombardment of Ellwood, a Japanese submarine attack on California. Attacks on California ships by Japanese submarines March 4, 1942 – Operation K, a Japanese reconnaissance over Pearl Harbor following the attack on December 7, 1941. June 3, 1942 – August 15, 1943 – Aleutian Islands Campaign, the battle for the then incorporated territory of Alaska. June 21–22, 1942 – Bombardment of Fort Stevens, the second attack on a U.S. military base in the continental U.S. in World War II. September 9, 1942, and September 29, 1942 – Lookout Air Raids, the only attack by enemy aircraft on the contiguous U.S. and the second enemy aircraft attack on the U.S. continent in World War II. November 1944–April 1945 – Fu-Go balloon bombs, over 9,300 of them were launched by Japan across the Pacific Ocean towards the U.S. to start forest fires. On May 5, 1945, six U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon when they stumbled upon a bomb and it exploded, the only deaths to occur in the U.S. as a result of an enemy balloon attack during World War II. See also Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II American music during World War II G.I. Generation Home front during World War II, for rest of world Japanese occupation of the Philippines Military history of the United States during World War II United States home front during World War I Woman's Land Army of America California during World War II US Government films: Why We Fight Black Marketing Campus on the March Henry Browne, Farmer Manpower Negro Colleges in War Time The