the Viet Minh by Ho Chi Minh. 1941: Syria proclaims its independence from Vichy France, which is recognized in 1944. 1942: Quit India Movement called for by Gandhi on August 9. 1943: Independence of Lebanon. 1944: Nelson Mandela joins the African National Congress. 1945:Allies of World War II form the United Nations in San Francisco. 1945: Sétif massacre in Algeria on May 8. 1945: Proclamation of the independence of Indonesia by Sukarno & Mohammad Hatta. 1945: Proclamation of the independence of Vietnam by Ho Chi Minh. 1945: Foundation of the Arab League on March 22 (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen). 1945: Fifty states sign the Charter of the United Nations on June 26. 1945–1950: Chinese Civil War between the nationalist Kuomintang and the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. 1946–1954: First Indochina War. 1947: Official start of the Cold War (see Cold War (1947-1953) and Cold War (1953-1962)). 1947: Independence of India and of Pakistan (Pakistan came into being on August 14, and India on August 15). 1947: UN Resolution 181 on the partition of Palestine in favor of a Two-state solution. 1947: French repression of the Malagasy uprising. 90 to 100 000 killed. 1948: Declaration of the independence of the State of Israel on May 14 and first Arab-Israeli War. 1948: Colonial exhibition in Belgium. 1949: Proclamation of the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong. 1951: Publication of Hannah Arendt's The Origins of Totalitarianism (second section dedicated to imperialism). 1952: Alfred Sauvy coins the term "Third World". 1954: French establishments in India cease to exist after de facto transfer to the Republic of India (de jure union accomplished in 1962). 1954: Battle of Dien Bien Phu & 1954 Geneva Accords marks the end of French Indochina. 1955: Bandung Conference. 1956: Suez Crisis between Israel, the UK and France against Egypt, after Nasser's nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company. 1957: Algerian independence militant Larbi Ben M'Hidi murdered in prison, early March. 1957: First country sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana) regains independence. 1958: Foundation of the United Arab Republic as a first step toward a Pan-Arab nation; it is formed by Egypt and Syria (until 1961). Creation also of the short-term Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. 1959: Independence of Morocco and Tunisia. 1960: Independence of French colonies in Africa; the UN reach 99 members states. 1961: Assassination of Patrice Lumumba, first prime minister of the Democratic Republic