through various vulnerable institutions like universities, libraries, and more since the servers they hacked could only see the last location they routed through (called proxying). Outcome and impact Describing the attack in testimony before Congress, James Adams, CEO of Infrastructure Defense Inc, warned that "the information was shipped over the Internet to Moscow for sale to the highest bidder" and that "The value of this stolen information is in the tens of millions, perhaps hundreds of millions of dollars." Information recovered in the hack may have included classified naval codes and data on missile-guidance systems, as well as other highly valued military data. They also stole tens of thousands of files containing technical research, military maps, U.S. troop configurations, military hardware designs, encryption techniques, and unclassified but crucial data relating to the Pentagon's war-planning, all of which could be sold to enemies of the United States. These attacks had very serious implications regarding the US’ ability to defend itself. With the information acquired from the attack, the hackers might have been able to cripple US missile defense systems and cause an unimaginable amount of damage. Juan Andres Guerrero-Saade, Senior Security Researcher at Kaspersky Lab, stated "The analysis of the Moonlight Maze samples is not just a fascinating archaeological study; it is also a reminder that well-resourced adversaries aren’t going anywhere, it’s up to us to defend systems with skills to match." Connection to Turla Turla is a Russian-language threat actor known for its covert exfiltration tactics such as the use of hijacked satellite connections, waterholing of government websites, covert channel backdoors, rootkits, and deception tactics. The group's roots trace back to the once famous Agent.BTZ, a computer virus which had the ability to replicate itself as well as to scan for and steal data. The virus was used to briefly cripple the United States military, and was described as "the most significant breach of U.S. military computers ever" by a senior Pentagon official. This dates their rise to prominence around 2006–2007, a few years before Agent.BTZ, and almost 10 years after the events of Moonlight Maze. It was't until many years later, however, that information would come out linking Turla to Moonlight Maze. A group consisting of Kaspersky's Guerrero-Saade and Costin Raiu, and King's College London's Thomas Rid and Danny Moore was able to track down a retired IT administrator who was the owner of a 1998 server which had