is negated; 'not one person went to the party' is an example of a narrow scope of negation, i.e. the subject is negated, not the act of going to the party. Broad scope A broad scope of negation is expressed in Manam by negating the predicator—this is done so by placing the negative marker before the predicator, as demonstrated in the following examples: Ex. (5): broad scope negation–1 element Ex. (6): broad scope negation–2 elements Ex. (7): broad scope negation–3 elements Additionally, the negative marker can also function as a predicator of existential and possessive clauses. Compare the following examples: Ex. (8): negative existential sentence Ex. (9): negative possessive sentence Narrow scope As a general rule, Manam primarily expresses narrow scope negation by placing before the element which is being negated i.e. the object of focused negation within the clause. Ex. (10): narrow scope negation In example (10), it is not the act of coming that is being negated; rather the negation is narrowly focused in negating the presence of the brother. Ex. (11): narrow scope negation Similarly, in example (11), it is not the act of calling one's name that is being negated, rather the negation focuses the fact that someone was called, but by some other name that was not their own. Negative quantifiers Additionally, the negative marker can be used in conjunction with the quantifiers 'one' and 'some' to produce the negative expressions, 'no, not any' and 'no, not any'. These expressions function as attributes within the noun phrases that they modify, as seen in the following examples (NP are enclosed within brackets): Ex. (12): negation using Ex. (13): negation using More specifically, is used to modify noun phrases whose head are mass nouns; comparatively modifies count nouns. Compare the following two examples: Ex. (14): negative quantifier mass noun Ex. (15): negative quantifier count noun Intensified negation Negation in Manam can be intensified by appending the buffer element –na and the intensifier suffix to , as seen in the following example: Ex. (16): intensifier suffix The buffer element , however, is not included when acts as the predicator of a clause, as seen in the following example: Ex. (17): intensified predicator Additionally, negation in Manam can be intensified using 'little', as seen in the following example: Ex. (18): intensifier Moreover, 'little' can be used in conjunction with within the same clause, as seen in the following example: