Faste, who taught "design thinking as a method of creative action", and continuing with the shift from creative engineering to innovation management in the 2000s. Design thinking was adapted for business purposes by Faste's Stanford colleague David M. Kelley, who founded the design consultancy IDEO in 1991. Bryan Lawson's 1980 book How Designers Think, primarily addressing design in architecture, began a process of generalising the concept of design thinking. A 1982 article by Nigel Cross, "Designerly Ways of Knowing", established some of the intrinsic qualities and abilities of design thinking that also made it relevant in general education and thus for wider audiences. Peter Rowe's 1987 book Design Thinking, which described methods and approaches used by architects and urban planners, was a significant early usage of the term in the design research literature. An international series of research symposia in design thinking began at Delft University of Technology in 1991. Richard Buchanan's 1992 article "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking" expressed a broader view of design thinking as addressing intractable human concerns through design, reprising ideas that Rittel and Webber developed in the early 1970s. Timeline See also Creativity techniques Lateral thinking Reflective practice Systems thinking User experience Lists List of thought processes List of creative thought processes References Further reading Brooks, Frederick. The Design of Design. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, Pearson Education, 2010. Curedale, Robert. Design Thinking Process and Methods. 5th Edition. Design Community College Press, CA, 2019 Kelly, Tom. Ten Faces of Innovation. London: Profile, 2006. Lawson, Bryan. Design in Mind. Oxford, UK: Butterworth, 1994. Lewrick, Michael, Patrick Link, Larry Leifer. The Design Thinking Playbook. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2018. Liedtka, Jeanne. Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit For Managers. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. Liedtka, Jeanne. Solving Problems with Design Thinking: Ten Stories of What Works. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Lupton, Ellen. Graphic Design Thinking: Beyond Brainstorming. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011. . Martin, Roger L. The Design of Business: Why Design Thinking is the Next Competitive Advantage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2009. Mootee, Idris. Design Thinking for Strategic Innovation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013. Nelson, George. How to See: a Guide to Reading Our Man-made Environment. San Francisco, CA: Design Within Reach, 2006. Schön, Donald. Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987. Design