Human rights in the Philippines are protected by the Constitution of the Philippines, to make sure that persons in the Philippines are able to live peacefully and with dignity, safe from the abuse of any individuals or institutions, including the state. The concept and practice of human rights within the Philippines is defined by Article III of the Philippine Constitution, as well as the United Nations' International Bill of Human Rights, to which the Philippines is a signatory. Concept The concept of "human rights," in the context of the Philippines, pertains mainly (but is not limited) to the civil and political rights of a person living in the Philippines. Human rights are a justified set of claims that set moral standards to members of the human race, not exclusive to a specific community or citizenship. Membership in the human race is the sole qualification to obtain these rights. Human rights, unlike area-specific conventions of international laws (e.g. European Convention on Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), are universally justifiable as it pertains to the entire human race, regardless of geographical location or places. Human rights issues Torture Numerous sources had reported that torture was being practiced by the Communist Party of the Philippines-New Peoples Army, police and other security forces. Labor Code The Labor Code is the legal code governing employment practices and labor relations in the Philippines. The Labor Code stipulates standards in terms of wages and monetary benefits, hours of work, leave, rest days, holiday pays, and benefits, among others. Prior to the Marcos Martial Law Era in the Philippines, all labor laws were not codified. President Marcos tasked a committee from the then-called Department of Labor (now the Department of Labor and Employment or DOLE) to consolidate all the existing labor laws of the Philippines. The committee was composed of: Amado G. Inciong, the then Undersecretary of Labor, acting as the chairman of the committee, Director Ricardo Castro, the head of the subcommittee on Labor Relations, Director Diego Atienza, the head of the subcommittee on Labor Standards, and Director Rony Diaz, the head of the subcommittee on Employment and Training. The result was Presidential Decree No. 442 ("PD 442") or "A Decree Instituting the Labor Code and Consolidating Labor and Social Laws to Afford Protection to Labor, Promote Employment and Human Resources Development and Insure the