and biography." English critic John Berger notes for the novel that "it is scarcely any longer possible to tell a straight story sequentially unfolding in time" for "we are too aware of what is continually traversing the story line laterally." An academic analysis of hyperlink cinema appeared in the journal ‘’Critical Studies in Media Communication,’’ and referred to the films as Global Network Films. Narine's study examines the films Traffic (2000), Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003), Beyond Borders (2003), Crash (2004; released 2005), Syriana (2005), Babel (2006) and others, citing network theorist Manuel Castells and philosophers Michel Foucault and Slavoj Žižek. The study suggests that the films are network narratives that map the network society and the new connections citizens experience in the age of globalization. Alberto Toscano and Jeff Kinkle have argued that one popular form of hyperlink cinema constitutes a contemporary form of it-narrative, an 18th- and 19th-century genre of fiction written from the imagined perspective of objects as they move between owners and social environments. In these films, they argue, "the narrative link is the characters' relation to the film's product of choice, whether it be guns, cocaine, oil, or Nile perch." Examples Films Grand Hotel (1932) Dinner at Eight (1933) The Rules of the Game (1939) Kanchenjunga (1962) Is Paris Burning? (1966) Amarcord (1973) Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (1973) The Phantom of Liberty (1974) Zavallilar (1974) Nashville (1975) Welcome to L.A. (1976) Yol (1981) After Hours (1985) Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) Do the Right Thing (1989) Mystery Train (1989) Grand Canyon (1991) Slacker (1991) Dazed and Confused (1993) Short Cuts (1993) Three Colours: Red (1993) Before the Rain (1994) Exotica (1994) Pulp Fiction (1994) Gummo (1997) Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) The Opposite of Sex (1998) Happiness (1998) Playing by Heart (1998) Go (1999) Magnolia (1999) Code Unknown (2000) Timecode (2000) Amores perros (2000) Snatch (2000) Traffic (2000) Lantana (2001) Thirteen Conversations About One Thing (2001) City of God (2002) 11:14 (2003) Elephant (2003) Love Actually (2003) 21 Grams (2003) Cape of Good Hope (2004) Crash (2004) Happy Endings (2005) Syriana (2005) Nine Lives (2005) Sin City (2005) Inland Empire (2006) Look Both Ways (2006) Babel (2006) The Edge of Heaven (2007) Rendition (2007) You, the Living (2007) The Air I Breathe (2008) Gomorrah (2008) Vantage Point (2008) Ajami (2009) Powder Blue (2009) Watchmen (2009) Hereafter (2010) Answers to Nothing (2011) Contagion