aboriginal societies. Under his heading for the Awabakal, he writes: the Awabakal are the central one of a series of tribes to which the arbitrary term Kuringgai has been applied by Fraser. Where Fraser discerned one "nation", Tindale defined a conglomeration of distinct tribes such as the Tharawal, Eora, Dharuk, Darkinjang, Awabakal, Worimi, Wonnarua, Birpai and Ngamba. Arthur Capell, writing four years earlier, thought to the contrary that Kuringgai/Guriŋgai denoted some substantive historical reality, and was an appropriate name for the language spoken on the north side of Port Jackson northwards at least as far as Tuggerah Lakes. He concluded under the heading ''Karee/Kuringgai' that the reference is to:- the language of the Pittwater people, and included the well-known Cammeraygal on the extreme south, along the northern shores of Port Jackson, and stretched as far north at least as Broken Bay. This is the basis for the statement above that the "Sydney" language did not cross Port Jackson Val Attenbrow dismissed Capell's claim for an independent Guriŋgai, while Amanda Lissarrague and Jim Wafer reanalyzed the material and concluded the word denoted the "Hunter River-Lake Macquarie language", otherwise known as Awabakal. Geoff Ford in his thesis, "Darkiñung recognition : an analysis of the historiography for the Aborigines from the Hawkesbury-Hunter Ranges to the Northwest of Sydney (2010)" Chapters 8 & 9 in particular investigates the work of Threlkeld, Fraser, Matthews and others and determined that the Kuringgai were actually the "Wannungine". These were the same people that Thelkeld worked with and Fraser identified as Awabakal. Notable people Bungaree, a Broken Bay clan member who was selected by Governor Lachlan Macquarie to be "king" of the Sydney "blacks". He was the first person to be referred to as an Australian. His direct descendants refer to themselves as GuriNgai people. Today The name invented by John Fraser still reverberates in a number of placenames and institutions in New South Wales. Electoral district of Ku-ring-gai Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park Ku-ring-gai High School Ku-ring-gai Council Mount Ku-ring-gai Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education, subsumed in 1989 as part of the University of Technology, Sydney Notes Citations Sources Further reading Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales