– Saint Augustine died in Hippo while the city was under siege by the Vandals. 526 – Boethius was strangled on the orders of the Ostrogoth king Theodoric by whom he was employed. 1141 – Judah Halevi was killed on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. 1180 – Abraham ibn Daud was martyred. 1277 – Pope John XXI (usually identified with the logician Peter of Spain) was killed by the collapse of a roof. 1284 – Siger of Brabant was stabbed to death by his clerk. 1415 – Jan Hus was executed at the Council of Constance. 1487 – John Argyropoulos supposedly died of consuming too much watermelon. 1535 – Thomas More was executed by beheading in 1535 after he had fallen out of favour with King Henry VIII. 1572 – Girolamo Maggi was executed by strangulation on the orders of a prison captain in Constantinople; Maggi had been incarcerated after being arrested during the Turkish siege of Famagusta. 1572 – Peter Ramus was killed in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. 1600 – Giordano Bruno was burnt by the Inquisition. 1619 – Lucilio Vanini was also burnt by the Inquisition. 1626 – Francis Bacon died of pneumonia, contracted while stuffing snow into a chicken as an experiment in refrigeration. 1640 – Uriel da Costa, after being beaten and trampled by a religious group he had offended, went home and shot himself. 1650 – René Descartes was killed by a cold acquired through his rising early to instruct Queen Christina of Sweden. 1677 – Baruch Spinoza died of a pulmonary ailment, thought to be either tuberculosis or silicosis, brought on by inhaling glass dust while working as a lens grinder. 1683 – Algernon Sidney was executed for treason. 1716 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz died in Hanover on 14 November 1716 after a prolonged case of arthritis and gout. The only one to attend his funeral was his secretary, Johann Georg von Eckhart. 1794 – The Marquis de Condorcet died in prison. 1814 – Johann Gottlieb Fichte died of typhus in Berlin, during the campaign against Napoleon. 1831 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel died of a gastrointestinal disease during a cholera outbreak in Berlin. 1837 – Giacomo Leopardi died in Naples during a cholera epidemic, maybe by pulmonary edema. 1864 – Ferdinand Lassalle died in a duel. 1866 – William Whewell was thrown from his horse and sustained fatal injuries. 1876 – Philipp Mainländer