cultural diversity became increasingly the norm after David I. People in one part of the realm could be addressed as (French, English, Scots and Galloway-men). The end of the House of Dunkeld led to the throne being passed to three families of Anglo-French origin, the Balliols, Bruces and Stewarts. After the death of King Robert I, the kings of Scotland (with the exception of King Robert II) increasingly identified themselves with the English-speaking part of the kingdom. As a result, by the reign of King James I of Scotland, the political heartland of the Scottish king moved from the area around Scone and Perth to the traditionally English area around Edinburgh south of the Forth. By the 14th and 15th centuries, the variety of English () that resulted from the above influences had replaced Gaelic () in much of the lowlands and Norman French had ceased to be used as the language of the elite. By this time differentiation into Southern, Central and Northern dialects had perhaps occurred. Scots was also beginning to replace Latin as a language for records and literature. In Caithness, it came into contact with both Norn and Gaelic. Vocabulary The core vocabulary is of Anglo-Saxon origin although many of the differences in the phonology, morphology and lexicon in the northern and southern dialects of Middle English have been traced to the linguistic influence in the North of the eighth- and ninth-century Viking invaders who first plundered, then conquered and settled in, large territories in Northumbria, Lincolnshire and East Anglia. Scots also retained many words which became obsolete farther south. The pattern of foreign borrowings, such as Romance via ecclesiastical and legal Latin and French, was much the same as that of contemporary English but was often different in detail because of the continuing influence of the Auld Alliance and the imaginative use of Latinisms in literature. During this period a number of words of Anglo-Saxon origin, such as (alone), (grave), (cleanse), (a half part), (harmful), (contention), (bondage), and (surround), were now almost or completely unique to Scots. French-derived warfare terms such as (saddle-bow), (helmet), (battalion), (coat of mail), (hardened leather), (troop), (vanguard), and (crossbow bolt) became part of the language along with other French vocabulary such as (godmother), (breakfast), (stern, grim), (annoy), (gooseberry), (rascal), (means), (furniture) and (provisions). The vocabulary of Scots was augmented by the speech of Scandinavians, Flemings, Dutch and Middle Low German