The Panthay monopolized opium trafficking in Burma. They also created secret drug routes to reach the international market with contacts to smuggle drugs from Burma via south China. See also Allegations of CIA drug trafficking Vang Pao Khun Sa References External links Geopium: Geopolitics of Illicit Drugs in Asia. Geopium.org (since 1998) is the personal website of Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy, CNRS Research Fellow in Paris. Kramer, Tom, Martin Jelsma, and Tom Blickman. Withdrawal Symptoms in the Golden Triangle: A Drugs Market in Disarray. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, January 2009. . "The Golden Triangle Opium Trade: An Overview" by Bertil Lintner, Chiang Mai, March 2000 UNODC. "Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth and Impact". UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, June 2019. Regions of Asia Border tripoints Crime in Thailand Geography of Southeast Asia Illegal drug trade in Southeast Asia Opium