and n columns and entries rij where row i corresponds to the "sender," xi , the column j corresponds to the "receiver," xj , and the value of an entry rij is a measure of an interaction from xi to xj. The value of rij can range from a binary relation such as a boss-subordinate to how many thousands of board feet of douglas fir, 4-side finished, eight foot 2 x 4's were sold by wholesaler i to retailer j during a specified time period. The xi ϵ X are engaged Processual Agents such as individuals, groups (e.g. committees, task forces, virtual teams, etc.), and even organizations. The dimension and measures for the entries, rij , are chosen for the purposes of an analysis. It is important to realize that in this representation of group and organizational structures, the entries rij reflect the actual relationship between its members relevant to the purposes of the study. Please note the asymmetry: rij rarely equals rji . Also, in some applications, not all of the Processual Agents xi ϵ X are, in fact, human. Given this representation of group and organizational structures, the following conclusions have strong empirical support: Structures are more accurately viewed as effects rather than causes of behavior. Different tasks may have different structures. Groups and organizations have multiple structures. These structures are interdependent. Structures can and do change. A structure represents a need satisfying interaction pattern. As needs change, so will the structures to satisfy them as long as there is net benefit for the change. These structural change processes can be modeled and explained. Most group and organizational behavior takes place "outside" of the formal lines of authority. Departures from the organizational chart are normal. Processes and their structures are independent. Representing Group and Organizational Processes Any group and organizational process (GOP) can be represented as: Y = F(C) (Equation 2) where C is a vector of considerations or steps in a GOP, F is a network illustrating the linkages between each of the considerations or steps, and Y is the set of outcomes of the GOP. Intuitively, a GOP is a time dependent sequence of behaviors governed by a process framework given by equation (2). The GOP representation of equation (2) is derived from these six ontological axioms: A GOP involves one or more processual agents. A GOP involves two or more linked process elements. A GOP