II, including books by Nałkowska, Rudnicki, Borowski and others. The Soviet takeover of the country did not discourage Émigrés and exiles from returning, especially before the advent of Stalinism. Indeed, many writers attempted to recreate the Polish literary scene, often with a touch of nostalgia for the prewar reality, including Jerzy Andrzejewski, author of Ashes and Diamonds, describing (according to Communist design) Anti-communist resistance in Poland. His novel was adapted into film a decade later by Wajda. The new emerging prose writers such as Stanisław Dygat and Stefan Kisielewski approached the catastrophe of war from their own perspective. Kazimierz Wyka coined a term "borderline novel" for documentary fiction. The situation began to worsen dramatically around 1949–1950 with the introduction of the Stalinist doctrine by minister Sokorski, on behalf of the increasingly violent Communist regime, which engaged in gross violations of human rights. In the years 1944–1956, around 300,000 Polish citizens were arrested, of whom many thousands were sentenced to long-term imprisonment. There were 6,000 death sentences pronounced against political prisoners, the majority of them carried out "in the majesty of the law". Fearing for their proper jobs, many writers associated with the Borejsza's publishing empire embraced the Sovietization of Polish culture. In 1953 the ZLP Union, run by Kruczkowski with a slew of prominent signatories, declared full support to persecution of religious leaders by the Ministry of Public Security. Death sentences were not enforced, although Father Fudali died in unexplained circumstances,David Dastych, "Devil's Choice. High-ranking Communist Agents in the Polish Catholic Church." Canada Free Press (CFP), 10 January 2007. as had 37 other priest and 54 friars already before 1953. Likewise, writer Kazimierz Moczarski from Armia Krajowa (the Home Army), tortured in jail by Romkowski's subordinates for several years and sentenced to death, was pardoned and released only at the end of this period. 1956–present Nobel laureates Henryk Sienkiewicz (1905) Władysław Reymont (1924) Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978, Yiddish) Czesław Miłosz (1980) Wisława Szymborska (1996) Olga Tokarczuk (2018, awarded 2019) See also List of Poles: Literature List of Polish-language authors List of Polish-language poets Polish comics Polish poetry Samizdat Sapphic stanza in Polish poetry Science fiction and fantasy in Poland Socialist realism in Polish literature Stowarzyszenie Pisarzy Polskich Kashubian literature Notes References Czesław Miłosz, The History of Polish Literature, 2nd edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983, .Being Poland. A New History of Polish Literature and Culture Since 1918, ed. by