area of psychological therapies based on modifying cognitive processes with or without accompanying medication and talk therapy, sometimes referred to as applied cognitive processing therapies (ACPT). Although cognitive bias modification can refer to modifying cognitive processes in healthy individuals, CBMT is a growing area of evidence-based psychological therapy, in which cognitive processes are modified to relieve suffering from serious depression, anxiety, and addiction. CBMT techniques are technology-assisted therapies that are delivered via a computer with or without clinician support. CBM combines evidence and theory from the cognitive model of anxiety, cognitive neuroscience, and attentional models. Cognitive bias modification has also been used to help those with obsessive-compulsive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This therapy has shown that it decreases the obsessive-compulsive beliefs and behaviors. Common theoretical causes of some cognitive biases Bias arises from various processes that are sometimes difficult to distinguish. These include: Bounded rationality — limits on optimization and rationality Prospect theory Mental accounting Adaptive bias — basing decisions on limited information and biasing them based on the costs of being wrong Attribute substitution — making a complex, difficult judgment by unconsciously replacing it with an easier judgment Attribution theory Salience Naïve realism Cognitive dissonance, and related: Impression management Self-perception theory Information-processing shortcuts (heuristics), including: Availability heuristic — estimating what is more likely by what is more available in memory, which is biased toward vivid, unusual, or emotionally charged examples Representativeness heuristic — judging probabilities based on resemblance Affect heuristic — basing a decision on an emotional reaction rather than a calculation of risks and benefits Emotional and moral motivations deriving, for example, from: The two-factor theory of emotion The somatic markers hypothesis Introspection illusion Misinterpretations or misuse of statistics; innumeracy. Social influence The brain's limited information processing capacity Noisy information processing (distortions during storage in and retrieval from memory). For example, a 2012 Psychological Bulletin article suggests that at least eight seemingly unrelated biases can be produced by the same information-theoretic generative mechanism. The article shows that noisy deviations in the memory-based information processes that convert objective evidence (observations) into subjective estimates (decisions) can produce regressive conservatism, the belief revision (Bayesian conservatism), illusory correlations, illusory superiority (better-than-average effect) and worse-than-average effect, subadditivity effect, exaggerated expectation, overconfidence, and the hard–easy effect. Individual differences in cognitive biases People do appear to have stable individual differences in their susceptibility to decision biases such as overconfidence, temporal discounting, and bias blind spot.