(compare < 'gold' and < * 'horn'). The phonemes occur only in Greek loanwords, with rare exceptions triggered by a nearby : < ꜥ.t n.t sbꜣ.w 'school'. Earlier *d ḏ g q are preserved as ejective t' c' k' k before vowels in Coptic. Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops (), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops are allophonically aspirated before stressed vowels and sonorant consonants. In Bohairic, the allophones are written with the special graphemes , but other dialects did not mark aspiration: Sahidic , Bohairic 'the sun'. Thus, Bohairic does not mark aspiration for reflexes of older *d ḏ g q: Sahidic and Bohairic 'horn'. Also, the definite article is unaspirated when the next word begins with a glottal stop: Bohairic 'the account'. The consonant system of Coptic is as follows: *Various orthographic representations; see above. Vowels Here is the vowel system reconstructed for earlier Egyptian: Vowels are always short in unstressed syllables ( = 'first') and long in open stressed syllables ( = 'man'), but they can be either short or long in closed stressed syllables ( = 'we', = 'to stay'). In the Late New Kingdom, after Ramses II, around 1200 BC, changes to (like the Canaanite shift), '(the god) Horus' > (Akkadian transcription: -ḫuru). , therefore, changes to : 'tree' > (Akkadian transcription: -sini). In the Early New Kingdom, short stressed changes to : "Menes" > (Akkadian transcription: ma-né-e). Later, probably 1000–800 BC, a short stressed changes to : "Tanis" was borrowed into Hebrew as *ṣuʕn but would become transcribed as during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Unstressed vowels, especially after a stress, become : 'good' > (Akkadian transcription -na-a-pa). changes to next to and : 'soldier' > (earlier Akkadian transcription: ú-i-ú, later: ú-e-eḫ). In Sahidic and Bohairic Coptic, Late Egyptian stressed becomes and becomes , but are unchanged in the other dialects: 'brother' > Sahaidic and Bohairic , Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic ; 'name' > > Sahaidic and Bohairic , Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic . However, Sahaidic and Bohairic preserve , and Fayyumic renders it as in the presence of guttural fricatives: 'ten thousand' > Sahaidic, Akhmimic and Lycopolitan , Bohairic , Fayyumic . In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan, becomes before etymological : 'river' > > Sahaidic , Bohairic , Akhminic , Fayyumic . Similarly, the diphthongs , , which normally have reflexes , in Sahidic and are