territories varies between species. Thus, the northern fur seal and the South American sea lion tend to herd specific harem-associated females, occasionally injuring them, while the Steller sea lion and the New Zealand sea lion control spatial territories, but do not generally interfere with the movement of the females. Female New Zealand sea lions are the only otrariids that move up to into forests to protect their pups during the breeding season. Otariids are carnivorous, feeding on fish, squid and krill. Sea lions tend to feed closer to shore in upwelling zones, feeding on larger fish, while the smaller fur seals tend to take longer, offshore foraging trips and can subsist on large numbers of smaller prey items. They are visual feeders. Some females are capable of dives of up to 400 m (1,300 ft). Species Family Otariidae Subfamily Arctocephalinae (fur seals) Genus Arctocephalus Brown fur seal, A. pusillus South African fur seal, A. pusillus pusillus Australian fur seal, A. pusillus doriferus Antarctic fur seal, A. gazella Guadalupe fur seal, A. townsendi Juan Fernández fur seal, A. philippii Galápagos fur seal, A. galapagoensis New Zealand fur seal (or southern fur seal), A. forsteri Subantarctic fur seal, A. tropicalis South American fur seal, A. australis Genus Callorhinus Northern fur seal, C. ursinus Subfamily Otariinae (sea lions) Genus Eumetopias Steller sea lion, E. jubatus Genus Neophoca Australian sea lion, N. cinerea Genus Otaria South American sea lion, O. flavescens Genus Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion (or Hooker's sea lion), P. hookeri Genus Zalophus California sea lion, Z. californianus †Japanese sea lion, Z. japonicus – extinct (1970s) Galápagos sea lion, Z. wollebaeki Although the two subfamilies of otariids, the Otariinae (sea lions) and Arctocephalinae (fur seals), are still widely used, recent molecular studies have demonstrated that they may be invalid. Instead, they suggest three clades within the family; one consisting of the northern sea lions (Eumetopias and Zalophus), one of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus) and its extinct relatives, and the third of all the remaining Southern Hemisphere species. References Further reading Berta, A., and L. Sumich (1999) Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology. San Diego: Academic Press. Gentry, R. L (1998) Behavior and Ecology of the Northern Fur Seal. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Perrin, W. F., B. Würsig, and J. G. M. Thewissen (2002) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. San Diego: Academic Press. Riedman, M. (1990) The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions and Walruses. Berkeley: University