with various plant species that will be able to feed humanity in the future without leaving a negative footprint on the environment. The chromosome is the source of many crop disease resistance genes. is a variety which has donated 1R-originating resistance to wheat, as have several other varieties including Insave, Amigo, and Imperial. Harvesting The harvesting of rye is similar to that of wheat. It is usually done with combine harvesters, which cut the plants, thresh and winnow the grain, and release the straw to the field where it is later pressed into bales or left as soil amendment. The resultant grain is stored in local silos or transported to regional grain elevators and combined with other lots for storage and distant shipment. Before the era of mechanised agriculture, rye harvesting was a manual task performed with scythes or sickles. The cut rye was often shocked for drying or storage, and the threshing was done by manually beating the seed heads against a floor or other object. Production and consumption statistics Rye is grown primarily in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe. The main rye belt stretches from northern Germany through Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia into central and northern Russia. Rye is also grown in North America (Canada and the United States), in South America (Argentina, Brazil and Chile), in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), in Turkey, in Kazakhstan and in northern China. Production levels of rye have fallen since 1992 in most of the producing nations, . For instance, production of rye in Russia fell from in 1992 to in 2020. Corresponding figures for other countries are as follows: Polandfalling from in 1992 to in 2020; Belarusfalling from in 1992 to in 2020; Chinafalling from in 1992 to in 2020. However, production levels rose in Germany from in 1992 to in 2020. World trade of rye is low compared with other grains such as wheat. The total export of rye for 2016 was $186M compared with $30.1B for wheat. Poland consumes the most rye per person at per capita (2009). Nordic and Baltic countries are also very high. The EU in general is around per capita. The entire world only consumes per capita. Uses Rye grain is refined into a flour high in gliadin but low in glutenin. It therefore has a lower gluten content than wheat flour. It also contains a higher proportion of soluble fiber. Alkylresorcinols