for America – though it will be – but because it will be good for us.Putnam speaks of two main components of the concept, the creation of which Putnam credits to Ross Gittell and Avis Vidal: Bonding social capital: the value assigned to social networks between homogeneous groups of people. Bridging social capital: the value assigned to social networks between socially heterogeneous groups. Typical examples are that criminal gangs create bonding social capital, while choirs and bowling clubs (hence the title, as Putnam lamented their decline) create bridging social capital. The distinction is useful in highlighting how social capital may not always be beneficial for society as a whole (though it is always an asset for those individuals and groups involved). Horizontal networks of individual citizens and groups that enhance community productivity and cohesion are said to be positive social capital assets whereas self-serving exclusive gangs and hierarchical patronage systems that operate at cross purposes to societal interests can be thought of as negative social capital burdens on society. Similar to Putnam, Daniel P. Aldrich describes three mechanisms of social capital: Bonding capital: the relationships a person has with friends and family, making it also the strongest form of social capital. Bridging capital: the relationship between friends of friends, making its strength secondary to bonding capital. Linking capital: the relationship between a person and a government official or other elected leader. Aldrich also applies the ideas of social capital to the fundamental principles of disaster recovery, and discusses factors that either aid or impede recovery, such as extent of damage, population density, quality of government and aid. In his book Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery, he primarily examines Japanese recovery following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear meltdown. Social capital development on the internet via social networking websites such as Facebook or Myspace tends to be bridging capital according to one study, though "virtual" social capital is a new area of research. Consummatory, instrumental There are two other sub-sources of social capital: Consummatory capital: a behavior that is made up of actions that fulfill a basis of doing what is inherent. Examples include value interjection and solidarity. Instrumental capital: behavior that is taught through ones surroundings over time. Consummatory capital Consummatory capital a behavior that is made up of actions that fulfill a basis of doing what is inherent. Two examples of consummatory social capital are value interjection and solidarity.