In mathematics, a complete measure (or, more precisely, a complete measure space) is a measure space in which every subset of every null set is measurable (having measure zero). More formally, a measure space (X, Σ, μ) is complete if and only if Motivation The need to consider questions of completeness can be illustrated by considering the problem of product spaces. Suppose that we have already constructed Lebesgue measure on the real line: denote this measure space by We now wish to construct some two-dimensional Lebesgue measure on the plane as a product measure. Naively, we would take the -algebra on to be the smallest -algebra containing all measurable "rectangles" for While this approach does define a measure space, it has a flaw. Since every singleton set has one-dimensional Lebesgue measure zero, for subset of However, suppose that is a non-measurable subset of the real line, such as the Vitali set. Then the -measure of is not defined but and this larger set does have -measure zero. So this "two-dimensional Lebesgue measure" as just defined is not complete, and some kind of completion procedure is required. Construction of a complete measure Given a (possibly incomplete) measure space (X, Σ, μ), there is an extension (X, Σ0, μ0) of this measure space that is complete. The smallest such extension (i.e. the smallest σ-algebra Σ0) is called the completion of the measure space. The completion can be constructed as follows: let Z be the set of all the subsets of the zero-μ-measure subsets of X (intuitively, those elements of Z that are not already in Σ are the ones preventing completeness from holding true); let Σ0 be the σ-algebra generated by Σ and Z (i.e. the smallest σ-algebra that contains every element of Σ and of Z); μ has an extension μ0 to Σ0 (which is unique if μ is σ-finite), called the outer measure of μ, given by the infimum Then (X, Σ0, μ0) is a complete measure space, and is the completion of (X, Σ, μ). In the above construction it can be shown that every member of Σ0 is of the form A ∪ B for some A ∈ Σ and some B ∈ Z, and Examples Borel measure as defined on the Borel σ-algebra generated by the open intervals of the real line is not complete, and so the above completion procedure must be used to define the