cultivation. Two projects on palm conservation and use supported by the World Wildlife Fund took place from 1985 to 1990 and 1986–1991, in the American tropics and southeast Asia, respectively. Both studies produced copious new data and publications on palms. Preparation of a global action plan for palm conservation began in 1991, supported by the IUCN, and was published in 1996. The rarest palm known is Hyophorbe amaricaulis. The only living individual remains at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in Mauritius. Arthropod pests Some pests are specialists to particular taxa. Pests that attack a variety of species of palms include: Raoiella indica, the red palm mite Caryobruchus gleditsiae, the palm seed beetle or palm seed weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the red palm weevil, recently introduced to Europe Symbolism The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in classical antiquity. The Romans rewarded champions of the games and celebrated military successes with palm branches. Early Christians used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the Palm Sunday festival celebrating the triumphal entry of Jesus Christ into Jerusalem. In Judaism, the palm represents peace and plenty, and is one of the Four Species of Sukkot; the palm may also symbolize the Tree of Life in Kabbalah. The canopies of the Rathayatra carts which carry the deities of Krishna and his family members in the cart festival of Jagganath Puri in India are marked with the emblem of a palm tree. Specifically it is the symbol of Krishna's brother, Baladeva. In 1840, the American geologist Edward Hitchcock (1793–1864) published the first tree-like paleontology chart in his Elementary Geology, with two separate trees of life for the plants and the animals. These are crowned (graphically) with the Palms and with Man. Today, the palm, especially the coconut palm, remains a symbol of the tropical island paradise. Palms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of Haiti, Guam, Saudi Arabia, Florida, and South Carolina. Other plants Some species commonly called palms, though they are not true palms, include: Ailanthus altissima (Ghetto palm), a tree in the flowering plant family Simaroubaceae Alocasia odora x gageana 'Calidora' (Persian palm), a flowering plant in the family Araceae Aloe thraskii (Palm aloe), a flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae Amorphophallus konjac (Snake palm), a flowering plant in the family Araceae