of the pre-war Japanese-Canadian communities. Peruvian Among the approximately 80,000 Peruvians of Japanese descent, the Japanese Peruvians comprise a small number. Cultural profile Generations Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians have specific names for each of their generations in North America. These are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers corresponding to the generation with the Japanese word for . The Japanese-American and Japanese-Canadian communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like , , and , which describe the first, second and third generation of immigrants. The fourth generation is called and the fifth is called . The , , and generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, involvement with non-Japanese, religious belief and practice, and other matters. The age when individuals faced the wartime evacuation and internment during World War II has been found to be the most significant factor that explains such variations in attitudes and behaviour patterns. The term encompasses all of the world's Japanese immigrants across generations. The collective memory of the and older was an image of Meiji Japan from 1870 through 1911. Newer immigrants carry very different memories of more recent Japan. These differing attitudes, social values and associations with Japan were often incompatible with each other. The significant differences in post-war experiences and opportunities did nothing to mitigate the gaps which separated generational perspectives. In North America, since the redress victory in 1988, a significant evolutionary change has occurred. The , their parents and their children are changing the way they look at themselves and their pattern of accommodation to the non-Japanese majority. There are just over one hundred thousand British Japanese, mostly in London. Unlike other communities in the world, these Britons do not identify themselves in such generational terms as , , or . Issei The first generation of immigrants, born in Japan before emigrating, is called Issei (一世). In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use, replacing the term "immigrant" (ijusha). This new term illustrated a changed way of looking at themselves. The term Issei represented the idea of beginning, a psychological transformation relating to being settled, having a distinctive community, and the idea of belonging to the new country. Issei settled in close ethnic communities, and therefore did not learn English. They endured great economic and social losses during the early years of World War II, and they were unable to rebuild their lost businesses and savings.