decided on the battlefield of Tours. The Moslem wave, already a thousand miles from its starting point in Gibraltar – to say nothing about its base in al-Qayrawan – had already spent itself and reached a natural limit." The view that the battle has no great significance is perhaps best summarized by in Europe and Islam: In their introduction to The Reader's Companion to Military History Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker summarise this side of the modern view of the Battle of Tours by saying: See also Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula Siege of Constantinople (717–718) Battle of Talas References Bibliography Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Bachrach, Bernard S. (2001). Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. University of California Press. Bede, Giles, John Allen, Stevens, John, Gurney, Anna and Petrie, Henry (1847). The Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England. H. G. Bohn. Cowley, Robert and Parker, Geoffrey (Eds.). (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ; originally published in 1851 as Decisive Battles of the World from Marathon to Waterloo; revised edition with John Gilmer Speed originally published in 1899 by Colonial Press. ; a revised edition of Dictionary of Battles published in 1967 by Thomas Y. Crowell. Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel. Pearson Education. Gibbon, Edward The Battle of Tours, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Grant, Michael History of Rome Grunebaum, Gustave von (2005). Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Transaction. Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power. Anchor Books, 2001. Published in the UK as Why the West has Won. Faber and Faber, 2001. Hitti, Philip Khuri (2002). History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine. Gorgias Press LLC. Hooker, Richard "Civil War and the Umayyads" Lewis, Bernard (1994). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. Martin, Robert W. "The Battle of Tours is still felt today", from about.com Mastnak, Tomaž (2002). Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. University of California Press. Oman, Charles W. (1960). Art of War in the Middle Ages A.D. 378–1515. Cornell University Press. Poke, The Battle of Tours, from the book Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo