who either implicitly or explicitly exclude themselves from the general condemnation and see themselves instead as superior to everyone else. In this regard, it may be accompanied by an exaggerated sense of self-worth and self-importance. According to Joseph Harris, the self-aggrandizing type is more common even though this outlook seems to undermine its own position by constituting a form of hypocrisy. A closely related categorization is due to Irving Babbitt, who distinguishes misanthropes based on whether they allow exceptions in their negative assessment. In this regard, misanthropes of the naked intellect regard humanity as a whole as hopeless. Tender misanthropes, on the other hand, exclude a few idealized people from their negative evaluation. Babbitt cites Rousseau and his fondness for natural uncivilized man as an example of tender misanthropy and contrasts it with Swift's thorough dismissal of all of humanity. A further way to categorize forms of misanthropy is in relation to the type of attitude involved toward humanity. In this regard, Toby Svoboda distinguishes the attitudes of dislike, hate, contempt, and judgment. A misanthrope based on dislike harbors a distaste in the form of negative feelings toward other people. Misanthropy focusing on hatred involves an intensive form of dislike that includes the additional component of wishing ill upon others and, at times, of trying to realize this wish. In the case of contempt, the attitude is not based on feelings and emotions but on a more theoretical outlook. It leads misanthropes to see other people as worthless and look down on them while excluding themselves from this assessment. If the misanthropic attitude has its foundation in judgment, it is also theoretical but does not distinguish between self and others. It is the view that humanity is in general bad without implying that the misanthrope is in any way better than the rest. According to Svoboda, only misanthropy based on judgment constitutes a serious philosophical position. Misanthropy focusing on contempt is biased against other people while misanthropy in the form of dislike and hate is difficult to assess since these emotional attitudes often do not respond to objective evidence. Misanthropic forms of life Misanthropes can also be distinguished based on the form of life they use to respond to the misanthropic outlook. In this regard, misanthropy is usually not restricted to a theoretical opinion but involves an evaluative attitude that calls for a practical response. This is realized in different