in natural selection. This is only social Darwinism in that the case for mutual aid in society is made by appealing to evolutionary biology. To Kropotkin, the state is "unnatural" in the sense that it prevents the realisation of what he deemed to be the next stage of human social evolution: anarcho-communism. Though there are similarities, this position differs from dialectical materialism. Fabianism In contrast, Fabians in the early 1900s sought to use the state as the means through which a collectivist social Darwinism was to be put into effect. The common Fabian views of the time reconciled a specific form of state socialism and the goal of reducing poverty with eugenics policies. "[These policies] imply a total disregard for any idea of individual self-fulfilment as the aim of a socialist society...These policies also implied a notion of the person as a set of genetically fixed qualities, where experience and environment came a very poor second by comparison with innate characteristics. In the debate between nature and nurture, the former was seen to have a massive advantage." See also Biodiversity Cultural elitism Cultural evolution Cultural selection theory Evolutionary linguistics Environmental racism Hierarchy Meritocracy Scientific racism Social ecology Social implications of the theory of evolution Social progress Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology Supremacism Titan (mythology) Transhumanism Universal Darwinism References Primary sources Darwinism: Critical Reviews from Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review, Edinburgh Review, Quarterly Review (1977 edition) reprints 19th-century reviews and essays Fiske, John. Darwinism and Other Essays (1900) Secondary sources Bannister, Robert C. Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought (1989) Bannister, Robert C. Sociology and Scientism: The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880–1940 (1987) Bernardini, J.-M. Le darwinisme social en France (1859–1918). Fascination et rejet d'une idéologie, Paris, CNRS Edition, 1997. Boller, Paul F. Jr. American Thought in Transition: The Impact of Evolutionary Naturalism, 1865–1900 (1969) Crook, Paul. Darwinism, War and History : The Debate over the Biology of War from the 'Origin of Species' to the First World War (1994) Crook, Paul. Darwin's Coat-Tails: Essays on Social Darwinism (Peter Lang, 2007) Degler, Carl N. In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (1992). Dickens, Peter. Social Darwinism: Linking Evolutionary Thought to Social Theory (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2000). Gossett, Thomas F. Race: The History of an Idea in America (1999) ch 7 Hodge, Jonathan and Gregory Radick. The Cambridge Companion to Darwin