Hope. When lined up, these crosses point to Whittle Rock, a large, permanently submerged shipping hazard in False Bay. South African musician Hugh Masekela recorded an anti-colonialist song entitled "Colonial Man", which contains the lyrics "Vasco da Gama was no friend of mine", and another song entitled "Vasco da Gama (The Sailor Man)". Both songs were included in his 1976 album Colonial Man. Vasco da Gama appears as an antagonist in the Indian film Urumi. The film, directed by Santosh Sivan, depicts atrocities and progression to establish the Portuguese empire by da Gama in India. In March 2016, archaeologists working off the coast of Oman identified a shipwreck believed to be that of the Esmeralda from da Gama's 1502–1503 fleet. The wreck was initially discovered in 1998. Later underwater excavations took place between 2013 and 2015 through a partnership between the Oman Ministry of Heritage and Culture and Blue Water Recoveries Ltd., a shipwreck recovery company. The vessel was identified through such artifacts as a "Portuguese coin minted for trade with India (one of only two coins of this type known to exist) and stone cannonballs engraved with what appear to be the initials of Vincente Sodré, da Gama's maternal uncle and the commander of the Esmeralda." See also Chronology of European exploration of Asia References Citations Bibliography Castanhoso, M. de (1898) Dos feitos de D. Christovam da Gama em Ethiopia Lisbon: Imprensa nacional. online Facsimile reprint of an 1869 edition by the Hakluyt Society, London. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ) Teixeira de Aragão, A.C. (1887) Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira: um estudo historico. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa online Further reading Vasco da Gama (Ernst Georg Ravenstein, Gaspar Corrêa, Alvaro Velho) [2011] Viartis Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader (Glen J.Ames) [2004] Longman The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Sanjay Subrahmanyam) [1997] Cambridge University Press External links Vasco da Gama's Round Africa to India, fordham.edu Vasco da Gama web tutorial with animated maps, ucalgary.ca A Portuguese East Indiaman from the 1502–1503 Fleet of Vasco da Gama off Al Hallaniyah Island, Oman: an interim report, IJNA Portuguese explorers Portuguese colonial governors and administrators Maritime history of Portugal Explorers of Asia Explorers of India Explorers of Africa Viceroys of Portuguese India Vasco 1460s births 1524 deaths Deaths from malaria Infectious disease deaths in India Maritime history of South Africa Colonial Goa Colonial Kerala History of Goa