not be electronic in nature as an authentication chip can be mechanically attached and read through a connector to the host e.g. an authenticated ink tank for use with a printer. For products and services that these secure coprocessors can be applied to, they can offer a solution that can be much more difficult to counterfeit than most other options while at the same time being more easily verified. Packaging Packaging and labeling can be engineered to help reduce the risks of counterfeit consumer goods or the theft and resale of products. Some package constructions are more difficult to copy and some have pilfer indicating seals. Counterfeit goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be reduced with these anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include authentication seals and use security printing to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit; these too are subject to counterfeiting. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Anti-counterfeiting technologies that can be used with packaging include: Taggant fingerprinting – uniquely coded microscopic materials that are verified from a database Encrypted micro-particles – unpredictably placed markings (numbers, layers and colors) not visible to the human eye Holograms – graphics printed on seals, patches, foils or labels and used at the point of sale for visual verification Micro-printing – second-line authentication often used on currencies Serialized barcodes UV printing – marks only visible under UV light Track and trace systems – use codes to link products to the database tracking system Water indicators – become visible when contacted with water DNA tracking – genes embedded onto labels that can be traced Color-shifting ink or film – visible marks that switch colors or texture when tilted Tamper evident seals and tapes – destructible or graphically verifiable at point of sale 2d barcodes – data codes that can be tracked RFID chips NFC chips Information content Literary forgery can involve imitating the style of a famous author. If an original manuscript, typewritten text, or recording is available, then the medium itself (or its packaging – anything from a box to e-mail headers) can help prove or disprove the authenticity of the document. However, text, audio, and video can be copied into new media, possibly leaving only the informational content