zoning policies that channel housing and job growth into urban centers and neighborhood business districts, to create compact, walkable, and bike- and transit-friendly hubs. This sometimes requires local governmental bodies to implement code changes that allow increased height and density downtown and regulations that not only eliminate minimum parking requirements for new development but establish a maximum number of allowed spaces. Other topics fall under this concept: mixed-use development inclusion of affordable housing restrictions or limitations on suburban design forms (e.g., detached houses on individual lots, strip malls and surface parking lots) inclusion of parks and recreation areas In sustainable architecture the recent movements of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Both trends started in the 1980s. Transit-oriented development Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a residential or commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport, and mixed-use/compact neighborhoods tend to use transit at all times of the day. Many cities striving to implement better TOD strategies seek to secure funding to create new public transportation infrastructure and improve existing services. Other measures might include regional cooperation to increase efficiency and expand services, and moving buses and trains more frequently through high-use areas. Other topics fall under this concept: Transportation demand management measures road pricing system (tolling) commercial parking taxes Pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly design Biking and walking instead of driving can reduce emissions, save money on fuel and maintenance, and foster a healthier population. Pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly improvements include bike lanes on main streets, an urban bike-trail system, bike parking, pedestrian crossings, and associated master plans. The most pedestrian- and bike-friendly variant of smart growth and New Urbanism is New Pedestrianism because motor vehicles are on a separate grid. Others preserving open space and critical habitat, reusing land, and protecting water supplies and air quality transparent, predictable, fair and cost-effective rules for development historic preservation Setting aside large areas where development is prohibited, nature is able to run its course, providing fresh air and clean water. Expansion around already existing areas allows public services to be located where people are living without taking away from the core city neighborhoods in large urban areas. Developing around preexisting areas decreases the socioeconomic segregation allowing society to