Society, the Indian Museum, and the National Library of India. Among scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the Agri Horticultural Society of India, the Geological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Science Congress Association, the Zoological Survey of India, the Institution of Engineers, the Anthropological Survey of India and the Indian Public Health Association. Four Nobel laureates and two Nobel Memorial Prize winners are associated with the city. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata stands out in India for being the country's centre of association football and also having strong culture in other sports less widespread elsewhere. Hence, Kolkata is also known as 'the city of joy'. Etymology The word Kolkata ( ) derives from Kôlikata ( ), the Bengali language name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British, the other two villages were Sutanuti and Govindapur. There are several explanations for the etymology of this name: Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô ( ), meaning "Field of [the goddess] Kali". Similarly, it can be a variation of 'Kalikshetra' (Sanskrit: कालीक्षेत्र, lit. "area of Goddess Kali"). Another theory is that the name derives from Kalighat. Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (), or "flat area". The name may have its origin in the words khal ( ) meaning "canal", followed by kaṭa ( ), which may mean "dug". According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun ( ) and coir or kata ( ); hence, it was called Kolikata). Although the city's name has always been pronounced Kolkata or Kôlikata in Bengali, the anglicised form Calcutta was the official name until 2001, when it was changed to Kolkata in order to match Bengali pronunciation. History British colonial rule The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh, north of Kolkata, provide evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited for over two millennia. Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock, an administrator who worked for the company, was formerly credited as the founder of the city; In response to a public petition, the Calcutta High Court ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder. The area occupied