standards and social norms. The second is the "truth" which is a way of governing citizens using truth-defining standards like religion. The third is "Neoliberal rationality" which is a motivational structure formed and used to improve outcomes. The fourth is "Sovereign power" used to govern based on rules and punishment for faulting the rules. According to Fletcher, these governmentalities may conflict, work alone, or overlap. Also, the first two are dependent on humans believing government priorities, the second two do not but are seen as of importance. Lastly, "discursive power" manifest when actors (corporate organization, governmental, and non-governmental organizations) make people or groups imbibe and add to the reproduction of the discourses they produce. Unlike in other fields, in political ecology, discourses are studied in line with a critical realist epistemology. There are instances where the formation of discursive power is traced to a state’s colonial era when efforts are made in the appropriation of new territories. Going by the basis of Foucault's political-ecological discursive power, it becomes imperative to mention that, there exist various perspectives to those of Foucault with wider space for human agency. Comparing between bio-power, governmentality, and discursive power, both governmentality, and discursive power can be regarded as a theoretical perspective with significant importance while bio-power can be regarded as a topical concern identified by Foucault as the core of modern-day governments. Political ecologists Some prominent contemporary scholars include: Anthony Bebbington Piers Blaikie Murray Bookchin Harold Brookfield Raymond L. Bryant Michael R. Dove Robyn Eckersley Arturo Escobar Andre Gorz Félix Guattari Susanna Hecht Ivan Illich Giorgos Kallis Alain Lipietz William Moseley Richard Peet Paul Robbins Ariel Salleh Farhana Sultana Erik Swyngedouw Bhaskar Vira Michael Watts Karl Zimmerer Related journals Scholarly journals that have been key to the development (and critique) of this field include: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Antipode Capitalism Nature Socialism Development and Change Journal of Peasant Studies Ecological Economics Ecology Economic Geography Environment and Planning Futures Gender, Place & Culture Geoforum Human Ecology Journal of Political Ecology New Left Review Progress in Human Geography Progress in Physical Geography Oryx (journal) See also Agroecology Criticism of capitalism Cultural ecology Development geography Ecofeminism Ecological crisis Eco-socialism Ecogovernmentality Environmental justice Environmental Politics Environmental racism Environmental sociology Feminist political ecology Green nationalism Human behavioral ecology List of ecology topics Political economy Social ecology References Notes Bibliography Blaikie, P., and Brookfield, H. Land Degradation and Society.