and felicitous cure of a case of hysteria which has since become famous (1880-82). It is true that P. Janet independently reached the same result; [and published it a decade earlier]... The [neurotic] symptom develops as a substitution for something else that has remained suppressed. Certain psychological experiences should normally have become so far elaborated that consciousness would have attained knowledge of them. This did not take place, however, but out of these interrupted and disturbed processes, imprisoned in the unconscious, the symptom arose... Our therapy does its work by means of changing the unconscious into the conscious, and is effective only in so far as it has the opportunity of bringing about this transformation...Followers of Freud's psychoanalytic thinking, including the Austrian Alfred Adler, Swiss Carl Jung, German-American Karen Horney, and the French Jacques Lacan, continued to develop his neurosis ideas. The term continues to be used in this sense in psychology and philosophy. Notable works on the topic include Jung's Personality Types (1921) and Horney's Neurosis and Human Growth (1950). For his 1947 book, Dimensions of Personality, German-British psychologist Hans Eysenck created the term "neuroticism" to refer to someone whose "constitution may leave them liable to break down [emotionally] with the slightest provocation." The book outlines a two factor theory of personality, with neuroticism as one of those two factors. This book would be greatly influential on future personality theory. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were developed for the treatment of neurosis from the early 1950s. Because of their undesirable adverse-effect profile and high potential for toxicity, their use was limited. The use of modern exposure therapy for neuroses began in the 1950s in South Africa. South African-American Joseph Wolpe was one of the first psychiatrists to spark interest in treating psychiatric problems as behavioral issues. In 1957, American psychologist Albert Ellis published the paper Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology, in which he defined what is now known as rational emotive behavior therapy. Ellis believed that people's erroneous beliefs about their adversities was a major cause of neurosis, and his therapy aimed to dissolve these neuroses by correcting people's understandings. Ellis' therapy was also the beginning of what is now called cognitive behavioral therapy. Ellis' work was expanded on by fellow American, psychiatrist Aaron Beck. Neurotics Anonymous began in February 1964, as a twelve-step program to help the neurotic. It was founded in Washington, D.C. by