of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1951. Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, volume 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge University Press, 1952. R. C. Schwinges, "William of Tyre, the Muslim enemy, and the problem of tolerance." Tolerance and Intolerance. Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades, ed. Michael Gervers and James M. Powell, Syracuse University Press, 2001. Christopher Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades. University of Toronto Press, 1998. Christopher Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin, 2006. Jacques Verger, "The birth of the universities". A History of the University in Europe, vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens. Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 47–55. D. W. T. C. Vessey, "William of Tyre and the art of historiography." Mediaeval Studies 35 (1973), pp. 433–455. Further reading Primary sources Willemi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens. 2 vols. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis, vols. 63 & 63a. Turnholt: Brepols, 1986. Latin text with introduction and notes in French. L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d'Outremer, in Recueil des historiens des croisades, Historiens occidentaux, vols. I-II (1844, 1859). J. A. Giles, trans. Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History. London, 1849. La Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. Louis de Mas Latrie. Paris, 1871. Guillaume de Tyr et ses continuateurs, ed. Alexis Paulin Paris. Paris, 1879–1880. Margaret Ruth Morgan, La continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184–1197). Paris, 1982. Helen J. Nicholson, ed. The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum and the Gesta Regis Ricardi. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997. Janet Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999. Secondary sources Thomas Asbridge, The First Crusade: A New History. Oxford University Press, 2004. R. H. C. Davis, "William of Tyre." Relations Between East and West in the Middle Ages, ed. Derek Baker (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973), pp. 64–76. Peter W. Edbury, "The French translation of William of Tyre's Historia: the manuscript tradition." Crusades 6 (2007). Bernard Hamilton, "William of Tyre and the Byzantine Empire." Porphyrogenita: Essays on the History and Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in Honour of Julian Chrysostomides, eds. Charalambos Dendrinos, Jonathan Harris, Eirene Harvalia-Crook, and Judith Herrin (Ashgate, 2003). Philip Handyside, The Old French William of