underexposed images can contain high amounts of noise, as well. The background must be bright enough to allow the camera to create a bright and saturated image. Programming There are several different quality- and speed-optimised techniques for implementing colour keying in software. In most versions, a function (, , ) → is applied to every pixel in the image. (alpha) has a meaning similar to that in alpha compositing techniques. ≤ 0 means the pixel is fully in the green screen, ≥ 1 means the pixel is fully in the foreground object, and intermediate values indicate the pixel is partially covered by the foreground object (or it is transparent). A further function (, g, b) → (, g, b) is needed to remove green spill on the foreground objects. A very simple () function for green screen is (+b) − where and are user adjustable constants with a default value of 1.0. A very simple () is (r, min(g,b), b). This is fairly close to the capabilities of analog and film-based screen pulling. Modern examples of these functions are best described by two closed nested surfaces in 3D RGB space, often quite complex. Colours inside the inner surface are considered green screen. Colours outside the outer surface are opaque foreground. Colours between the surfaces are partially covered, they are more opaque the closer they are to the outer surface. Sometimes more closed surfaces are used to determine how to remove green spill. It is also very common for () to depend on more than just the current pixel's colour, it may also use the (x, y) position, the values of nearby pixels, the value from reference images or a statistical colour model of the scene, and values from user-drawn masks. These produce closed surfaces in space with more than three dimensions. A different class of algorithm tries to figure out a 2D path that separates the foreground from the background. This path can be the output, or the image can be drawn by filling the path with = 1 as a final step. An example of such an algorithm is the use of active contour. Most research in recent years has been into these algorithms. See also Compositing DaVinci Resolve Drew Carey's Green Screen Show Federal Standard 1037C Filmmaking Film production Front projection effect Live action Live action/Animation Matte (filmmaking) Motion control photography Muslin Optical printer Primatte chromakey technology Rear