Nadsat is a fictional register or argot used by the teenage gang members in Anthony Burgess's dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange. Burgess was a linguist and he used this background to depict his characters as speaking a form of Russian-influenced English. The name comes from the Russian suffix equivalent of -teen as in thirteen (, ). Nadsat was also used in Stanley Kubrick's film adaptation of the book. Description Nadsat is a mode of speech used by the nadsat, members of the teen subculture in the novel A Clockwork Orange. The narrator and protagonist of the book, Alex, uses it in first-person style to relate the story to the reader. He also uses it to communicate with other characters in the novel, such as his droogs, parents, victims and any authority-figures with whom he comes in contact. As with many speakers of non-standard varieties of English, Alex is capable of speaking standard English when he wants to. It is not a written language: the sense that readers get is of a transcription of vernacular speech. Nadsat is English with some borrowed words from Russian. It also contains influences from Cockney rhyming slang, the King James Bible, German, some words of unclear origin and some that Burgess invented. The word nadsat is the suffix of Russian numerals from 11 to 19 (). The suffix is an almost exact linguistic parallel to the English -teen and is derived from , meaning 'on' and a shortened form of , the number ten. Droog is Russian 'close friend'. Some of the words are almost childish plays on English words, such as ('egg') and ('apology'), as well as regular English slang sod and snuff it. The word like and the expression the old are often used as fillers or discourse markers. The original 1991 translation of Burgess's book into Russian solved the problem of how to illustrate the Nadsat words by using transliterated, slang English words in places where Burgess had used Russian onesfor example, droogs became (). Borrowed English words with Russian inflection were widely used in Russian slang, especially among Russian hippies in the 1970s–1980s. Function Burgess, a polyglot who loved language in all its forms, was aware that linguistic slang was of a constantly changing nature. He knew that if he used contemporary modes of speech, the novel would very quickly become dated. His use of Nadsat was pragmatic; he needed his