after the world's largest initial public offering. Economic effects Air pollution from fossil fuels in 2018 has been estimated to cost US$2.9 trillion, or 3.3% of the global gross domestic product (GDP). Subsidies Lobbying activities See also Abiogenic petroleum origin – a proposal that petroleum is not a fossil fuel Bioremediation Carbon bubble Eco-economic decoupling Environmental impact of the energy industry Fossil Fools Day Fossil Fuel Beta Hydraulic fracturing Liquefied petroleum gas Low-carbon power Peak coal Peak gas Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles Shale gas Notes References Further reading Barrett, Ross; Worden, Daniel (eds.), Oil Culture. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2014. Bob Johnson, Carbon Nation: Fossil Fuels in the Making of American Culture. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2014. External links Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air