The protected areas of South Africa include national parks and marine protected areas managed by the national government, public nature reserves managed by provincial and local governments, and private nature reserves managed by private landowners. Most protected areas are intended for the conservation of flora and fauna. National parks are maintained by South African National Parks (SANParks). A number of national parks have been incorporated in transfrontier conservation areas. Protected areas may also be protected for their value and importance as historical, cultural heritage or scientific sites. More information on these can be found in the list of heritage sites in South Africa. Special Nature Reserves Special nature reserves are highly protected areas from which all people and human activities are excluded, except for conservation and scientific research. The Prince Edward Islands, which are South African territories in the Southern Ocean, have been declared as a special nature reserve. National Parks The following are the national parks of South Africa: (shared with Botswana) (visitors not allowed) (shared with Namibia) Transfrontier conservation areas South Africa is involved in the following transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), also known as "peace parks". – includes the Richtersveld in South Africa and the Fish River Canyon and Ai-Ais Hot Springs in Namibia – includes Kruger National Park and parks in Mozambique and Zimbabwe – includes the former Kalahari Gemsbok National Park in South Africa and Gemsbok National Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve in Botswana – includes Golden Gate Highlands National Park, Sterkfontein Dam Nature Reserve, uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Royal Natal National Park in South Africa, and Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho – Mapungubwe National Park in South Africa, Northern Tuli Game Reserve in Botswana, and Tuli Circle Safari Area in Zimbabwe – including Phongolo Nature Reserve in South Africa and various farms in Swaziland – including Songimvelo Game Reserve in South Africa and Malolotja Nature Reserve in Swaziland – including Ndumo Game Reserve and Tembe Elephant Park in South Africa, Maputo Special Reserve in Mozambique, and Usuthu Gorge Conservancy in Swaziland. The Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area, involving South Africa, Mozambique and Swaziland, is planned to be formed from the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the Nsubane Pongola, Songimvelo-Malolotja and Usuthu-Tembe-Futi TFCAs. Marine Protected Areas (Eastern Cape) (Western Cape) (Eastern Cape) (Western Cape) (KwaZulu-Natal) (Western Cape) (Eastern Cape) (Western Cape) (Western Cape) (Eastern Cape) (Western Cape) (Western Cape) (Eastern Cape) (KwaZulu-Natal) (Western Cape) (Western Cape) (Western Cape)