"heaven", naraka "hell", manushya "humanity" or tiryancha "as flora or fauna"before the soul attains moksha "salvation" as a siddha, having ended the cycle of birth and death and become omniscient. East Asia The swastika is an auspicious symbol in China where it was introduced from India with Buddhism. In 693, during the Tang dynasty, it was declared as "the source of all good fortune" and was called by Wu Zetian becoming a Chinese word. The Chinese character for () is similar to the swastika in shape and can be appeared into two different variations:《》and 《》. As the Chinese character ( and/or ) is homonym for the Chinese word of "ten thousand" () and "infinity", as such the Chinese character is itself a symbol of immortality and infinity. It was also a representation of longevity. The Chinese character could be used as a stand-alone《》or《》or as be used as pairs《 》in Chinese visual arts, decorative arts, and clothing due to its auspicious connotation. Adding the character ( and/or ) to other auspicious Chinese symbols or patterns can multiply that wish by 10,000 times. It can be combined with other Chinese characters, such as the Chinese character 《》for longevity where it is sometimes even integrated into the Chinese character to augment the menaning of longevity. The paired swastika symbols ( and ) are included, at least since the Liao Dynasty (907–1125 CE), as part of the Chinese writing system and are variant characters for 《萬》 or 《万》 (wàn in Mandarin, 《만》(man) in Korean, Cantonese, and Japanese, vạn in Vietnamese) meaning "myriad". The character can also be stylized in the form of the , Chinese auspicious clouds. Japan When the Chinese writing system was introduced to Japan in the 8th century, the swastika was adopted into the Japanese language and culture. It is commonly referred as the manji (lit. "10,000-character"). Since the Middle Ages, it has been used as a mon by various Japanese families such as Tsugaru clan, Hachisuka clan or around 60 clans that belong to Tokugawa clan. On Japanese maps, a swastika (left-facing and horizontal) is used to mark the location of a Buddhist temple. The right-facing swastika is often referred to as the or , and can also be called . In Chinese and Japanese art, the swastika is often found as part of a repeating pattern. One common pattern, called sayagata in Japanese, comprises left- and right-facing swastikas joined