of bubonic plague. 1911: George W. McCoy, Charles W. Chapin, William B. Wherry, and B. H. Lamb described the previously unknown tularemia. 1924: Roscoe R. Spencer and Ralph R. Parker developed a vaccine against Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 1930: Sanford M. Rosenthal developed a treatment for mercury poisoning used widely before the development of dimercaptoethanol. 1943: Wilton R. Earle pioneered the cell culture process and published a paper describing the production of malignancy in vitro, Katherine K. Sanford developed the first clone from an isolated cancer cell, and Virginia J. Evans devised a medium that supported growth of cells in vitro. 1940s–1950s: Bernard Horecker and colleagues described the pentose phosphate pathway. 1950s: Julius Axelrod discovered a new class of enzymes, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, a fundamental of drug metabolism. 1950: Earl Stadtman discovered phosphotransacetylose, elucidating the role of acetyl CoA in fatty acid metabolism. 1960s: Discovered the first human slow virus disease, kuru, which is a degenerative, fatal infection of the central nervous system. This discovery of a new mechanism for infectious diseases revolutionized thinking in microbiology and neurology. 1960s: Defined the mechanisms that regulate noradrenaline, one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. 1960s: Developed the first licensed rubella vaccine and the first test for rubella antibodies for large scale testing. 1960s: Developed an effective combination drug regimen for Hodgkin's lymphoma. 1960s: Discovery that tooth decay is caused by bacteria. 1970s: Developed the assay for human chorionic gonadotropin that evolved into the home pregnancy tests. 1970s: Described the hormonal cycle involved in menstruation. 1980s: Determined the complete structure of the IgE receptor that is involved in allergic reactions. 1990s: First trial of gene therapy in humans. NIH Toolbox In September 2006, the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state-of-the-art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies. Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed. In September 2012, the NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community. NIH Toolbox assessments are based, where possible, on Item Response Theory and adapted for testing by computer. Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes NIH sponsors the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGap), a repository of information produced by studies investigating the interaction of genotype and phenotype. The information includes phenotypes, molecular assay data, analyses and documents. Summary-level data is available