the Pious had 18 certificates created per year, and his half-brother Charles the Bald had 12 produced annually. This pattern of not producing many documents lasts for several months at certain times. For example, it is completely uncertain where the East Frankish king stayed between June 849 and July 850. At least 52 documents are addressed to Bavarian beneficiaries. However, the intensity of the documentary production for Bavarian recipients steadily decreased during his reign. As former stem duchy, the Rhine-Main area contained Frankfurt, Mainz and Worms, and had plenty of Imperial Palaces and treasuries. Since it was located in the geographic centre of the East Frankish kingdom, it was easily accessible by road. As a result, it was the region in which most East Frankish synods and imperial assemblies were hosted. Nickname "the German" Louis was only nicknamed "the German" in the 18th century. Contemporary West Frankish sources called Louis rex Germaniae ("King of Germania") or rex Germanorum ("King of the Teutons"). However, in this context, Germania or Germani does not mean "Germany" or "the Germans", but, as in ancient Latin, the area on the right bank of the Rhine outside the former Roman Empire and its inhabitants. Contemporaries gave Louis the epithet pius (pious) or piissimus (very pious). The contemporary coinage called him HLUDOVICUS PIUS REX. Marriage and children Louis was married to Hemma (died 31 January 876), and they had: Hildegard (828–856) Carloman of Bavaria (829–880), King of Bavaria Irmgard of Chiemsee also known as Ermengard (died 866) (Louis, having established two of his other daughters as abbesses of convents, appointed Irmgard (also known as Ermengard) to govern first the monastery of Buchau and then the royal abbey of Chiemsee in Bavaria. She is commemorated as a saint on 17 July.) Gisela, possibly died in childhood Louis the Younger (835–882) Bertha (died 877) Charles the Fat (839–888) Notes References Bibliography External links Publications on Louis the German in the Opac of the Regesta Imperii Deed by Louis the German for St. Emmeram Abbey in Regensburg, 18 August 831, |- |- |- 9th-century births 876 deaths Year of birth uncertain 9th-century kings of East Francia 9th-century dukes of Bavaria Frankish warriors Kings of Bavaria Dukes of Maine Burials at Lorsch Abbey Rebellious princes Sons of emperors