Averbakh vs. Purdy In the game Yuri Averbakh–Cecil Purdy, Adelaide 1960, when Purdy castled queenside, Averbakh queried the move, pointing out that the rook had passed over an attacked square. Purdy indicated e8 and c8 and said, "The king", in an attempt to explain that this was forbidden only for the king. Averbakh replied, "Only the king? Not the rook?" Averbakh's colleague Vladimir Bagirov then explained the castling rules to him in Russian, and the game continued. Edward Lasker vs. Thomas In the game Edward Lasker–Sir George Thomas (London 1912), White could have checkmated with 18.0-0-0, but he instead played 18.Kd2#. (See Edward Lasker's notable games.) Prins vs. Day The diagram shows the final position of the game Lodewijk Prins–Lawrence Day (1968), where White resigned. Had the game continued, Black could have checkmated by castling: 29. Kf6 Qf5+ 30. Kg7 Qg6+ 31. Kh8 0-0-0 (See Lawrence Day's notable chess games.) Feuer vs. O'Kelly In the 1934 Belgian Championship, Otto Feuer caught Albéric O'Kelly in the Thornton castling trap. In the position in the diagram, the game continued 10...Rxb2 11.dxe5 dxe5?? 12.Qxd8+ Kxd8 13.0-0-0+, and O'Kelly resigned. Feuer's last move simultaneously gave check and attacked the rook on b2. Fischer vs. Najdorf The diagram illustrates the consequences of losing castling rights. Fischer, with the white pieces, played 16.Ng7+ Ke7 17.Nf5+ Ke8. Although all the pieces were now on the same squares, the two positions were not considered identical, as Black, having moved his king, no longer had the right to castle. White now had time to build pressure on the black king without worrying that the king might escape by castling. Artificial castling Artificial castling, also known as castling by hand, is a maneuver whereby a player achieves a castled position without the use of castling. Example of artificial castling In the first diagram: 1. Nxe5 Bxf2+ Black sees that if he plays 1...Nxe5, White responds with 2.d4, winning back the minor piece with a fork and taking control of the center. Instead of allowing this, Black hopes to cause trouble for White by returning the piece while depriving White of the right to castle. White, however, can easily castle artificially. For example: 2. Kxf2 Nxe5 3. Rf1 White begins castling artificially. 3... Ne7 4. Kg1 (second diagram) White has achieved a normal castled position via several moves. With the bishop pair and a central pawn majority, White has a slight