have been ... converted to the Catholic faith, and it is hoped, by the help of divine mercy, that if such progress be continued with them, either those peoples will be converted to the faith or at least the souls of many of them will be gained for Christ." It is on this basis that it has been argued that collectively the two bulls issued by Nicholas gave the Portuguese the rights to acquire slaves along the African coast by force or trade. By dealing with local African chieftains and Muslim slave traders, the Portuguese sought to become key European players in the lucrative slave trade. The concessions given in them were confirmed by bulls issued by Pope Callixtus III (Inter Caetera quae in 1456), Sixtus IV (Aeterni regis in 1481), and they became the models for subsequent bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI: Eximiae devotionis (3 May 1493), Inter Caetera (4 May 1493) and Dudum Siquidem (23 September 1493), in which he conferred similar rights to Spain relating to the newly discovered lands in the Americas. See also Cardinals created by Nicholas V Ludwig von Pastor Sicut Dudum References Notes Bibliography Further reading "A violent evangelism", Luis N. Rivera, Luis Rivera Pagán The Synod of the North East: 31st RACIAL ETHNIC CONVOCATION (OCTOBER 5-6, 2007), Westminster John Knox Press, 1992, Dokumente zur Geschichte der europäischen Expansion. hrsg. von Eberhard Schmitt, München (Beck), Bd.I Die mittelalterlichen Ursprünge der europäischen Expansion, hrsg. von Charles Verlinden und E. Schmitt, München (Beck) 1986, 450 S. hier: Dok. 40, Nikolaus V. überträgt in der Bulle „Romanus pontifex“ …, S. 218–231; . External links Full text of his Papal Bull Pontifex Romanus in English translation : 1397 births 1455 deaths People from Sarzana Italian popes 15th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops Italian Renaissance humanists Burials at St. Peter's Basilica Renaissance Papacy Popes 15th-century popes