foundation. Finally, they will despise themselves for all their limitations. Vicious circles will operate to strengthen all of these effects. Eventually, as they grow to adulthood, a particular "solution" to all the inner conflicts and vulnerabilities will solidify. They will be either expansive, displaying symptoms of narcissism, perfectionism, or vindictiveness self-effacing and compulsively compliant, displaying symptoms of neediness or codependence resigned, displaying schizoid tendencies In Horney's view, mild anxiety disorders and full-blown personality disorders all fall under her basic scheme of neurosis as variations in the degree of severity and in the individual dynamics. The opposite of neurosis is a condition Horney calls self-realization, a state of being in which the person responds to the world with the full depth of their spontaneous feelings, rather than with anxiety-driven compulsion. Thus the person grows to actualize their inborn potentialities. Horney compares this process to an acorn that grows and becomes a tree: the acorn has had the potential for a tree inside it all along. See also Engrams (Diagnetics) Individuation Treatments for PTSD References Bibliography Angyal, Andras. 1965. Neurosis and Treatment: A Holistic Theory, edited by E. Hanfmann and R. M. Jones. Fenichel, Otto. 1945. The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York: Norton. Freud, Sigmund. 1953–1974. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. (24 vols.), translated by J. Strachey. London: Hogarth. Horney, Karen. 1937. The Collected Works. (2 vols.). Norton. —— 1945. Our Inner Conflicts. Norton. 1950. Neurosis and Human Growth. Norton. Horwitz, A. V. and J. C. Wakefield. 2007. The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press. . Jung, Carl G. [1921] 1971. Psychological Types, (The Collected Works of C. G. Jung 6). Princeton University Press. . —— 1966. Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, (The Collected Works of C. G. Jung 7). Princeton University Press. . Jung, Carl G., and Aniela Jaffé. [1961] 1989. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York: Vantage Books. Jung, Carl G., et al. 1964. Man and His Symbols. New York: Anchor Books / Doubleday. . Ladell, R. M., and T. H. Hargreaves. 1947. "The Extent of Neurosis." British Medical Journal 2(4526):548–49. . . . López-Piñero J.M. (1983) Historical Origins of the Concept of Neurosis (Translated by D. Berrios) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press McWilliams, Nancy. 2011. Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. . Russon, John. 2003. Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis,