power loss model for a point-to-point link. Rise time budget is analysis method used to measure the amount of dispersion which is present in a link. Line coding is the process of transforming data into digital signals for transmission over a point-to-point link. Can include binary data source, multiplexer and line coder. Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) Return-to-zero (RZ) Phase-encoded (PE) Block codes Error correction techniques are used to detect and correct errors that occur during transmission. Automatic repeat request (ARQ) Forward error correction (FEC) Noise effects on system performance can be minimized by using signal conditioning techniques such as signal amplification and filtering. These techniques are used to improve signal-to-noise ratio, which helps to maintain the integrity of the signal during transmission. See also Signal transmission Communications satellite Submarine communications cable a cable on the sea bed. References Telecommunications systems