the Yakuza precisely because they fit the group's "outsider" image. Notable Yakuza members of Korean ancestry include Hisayuki Machii the founder of the Tosei-kai, Tokutaro Takayama the head of the 4th-generation Aizukotetsu-kai, Jiro Kiyota (1940 -) the head of the 5th-generation Inagawa-kai, Shinichi Matsuyama (1927 -) the head of the 5th-generation Kyokuto-kai and Hirofumi Hashimoto (1947 -) the founder of the Kyokushinrengo-kai (affiliated with Yamaguchi-gumi, dissolved in 2019). Indirect enforcement Since 2011, regulations outlawing business with Yakuza members, government-ordered audits of Yakuza finances, and the enactment of Yakuza exclusion ordinances have hastened a decline in Yakuza membership. The Financial Services Agency ordered Mizuho Financial Group, Inc. to improve compliance and that its top executives report by 28 October 2013 what they knew and when about a consumer-credit affiliate found making loans to crime groups. On top of the already staggering anti-Yakuza legislation, Japan’s younger generation may be less inclined to gang-related activity, as modern society has made it easier especially for young men to gain even semi-legitimate jobs such as ownership in bars and massage parlors and pornography that can be more profitable than gang affiliation all while protecting themselves by abiding with the strict anti-Yakuza laws. Citizens who take a stronger stance, however, seem to also have taken action that does not lead to violent reactions from the Yakuza. In Kyushu, although store owners initially were attacked by gang members, the region has reached stability after local business owners banned known Yakuza members and posted warnings against Yakuza entering their respective premises. Additional regulations can be found in a 2008 anti-Yakuza amendment which allows prosecutors to place the blame on any Yakuza-related crime on crime bosses. Specifically, the leader of the Yamaguchi-gumi has since been incarcerated and forced to pay upwards of 85 million yen in damages of several crimes committed by his gangsters, leading to the Yakuza’s dismissal of around 2,000 members per year; albeit, some analysts claim that these dismissals are part of the Yakuza’s collective attempt to regain a better reputation amongst the populace. Regardless, the Yakuza’s culture, too, has shifted towards a more secretive and far less public approach to crime, as many of their traditions have been reduced or erased to avoid being identified as Yakuza. Yakuza organizations also face pressure from the US government; in 2011, a federal executive order required financial institutions to freeze Yakuza assets, and as of 2013, the U.S.