practitioners, gynaecologists, nurses, and practitioners in community contraceptive clinics, sexual health clinics and hospital services". It may also be interpreted as covering youth workers and health promotion workers who may be giving contraceptive advice and condoms to young people under 16, but this has not been tested in court. If a person under the age of 18 refuses to consent to treatment, it is possible in some cases for their parents or the courts to overrule their decision. However, this right can be exercised only on the basis that the welfare of the young person is paramount. In this context, welfare does not simply mean their physical health. The psychological effect of having the decision overruled would have to be taken into account and would normally be an option only when the young person was thought likely to suffer "grave and irreversible mental or physical harm". Usually, when a parent wants to overrule a young person's decision to refuse treatment, health professionals will apply to the courts for a final decision. An interesting aside to the Fraser guidelines is that many regard Lord Scarman's judgment as the leading judgement in the case, but because Lord Fraser's judgement was shorter and set out in more specific terms – and in that sense more accessible to health and welfare professionals – it is his judgement that has been reproduced as containing the core principles, as for example cited in the RCOG circular. See also Age of consent Dignity of risk Informed consent Mature minor doctrine Mental capacity in England and Wales References External links West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and the Department of Health and Social Security (Appellants) [1986] AC 112, [1986] 1 FLR 229, [1985] UKHL 7. Children's rights in England Medical ethics Health law in the United Kingdom English family case law 1985 in British law 1985 in England House of Lords cases Gillick Medical law