their high value per ton compared to other recyclables. Aluminum is a highly desirable metal for recycling because it retains the same properties and quality, no matter how many times the aluminum can be recycled. After all, once it's melted, the structure doesn't change. Plastics According to World Economic Forum approximately 36% of all plastic produced is used to create packaging, 85% of which ends up in landfills. Plastic waste is a mixture of different types of plastics, and it isn't easy to recycle. Plastic recycling has several challenges. Plastic cannot be recycled several times without quickly degrading in quality; The total bottle recycling rate for 2020 was 27.2%, down from 28.7% in 2019. Every hour, 2.5 million plastic bottles are thrown away in the U.S. Currently, around 75 and 199 million tons of plastic are in our oceans, without considering microplastics. Paper Paper (in particular newspaper) have lower energy savings than the previous materials, with recycled products costing 45% and 21% less energy respectively. Recycled paper has a large market in China, although work still needs to be done to facilitate mixed paper recycling as opposed to newspaper. Utilizing these recycling methods would permit spending less energy and resources on extracting new resources to use in manufacturing. Despite significant progress in recycling over the last decades, the paper sector is a substantial contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. The pulp and paper industries produce 50% of their own energy from biomass, which still requires huge amounts of energy. Policy Public policies help to discuss and provide a market incentive for more efficient use of materials. There are severe impediments to material efficiency improvement, including hesitation to invest, a lack of available and accessible information, and economic disincentives. However, a wide range of policy strategies and innovations have been created in some countries to achieve the mentioned goals. These include regulation and guidelines; economic incentives; voluntary agreements and actions; information, education, and training; and funding for research, development, and demonstration. In 2022, United States released the program "The Critical Material Innovation, Efficiency, And Alternatives". It will be to study, develop, demonstrate and trade with the primary goal of creating new alternatives to critical material, promoting efficient manufacturing and use. In addition, The U.S. Department of Energy released a new "Energy Efficiency Materials Pilot Program for Nonprofits" program to provide nonprofit organizations with funding to upgrade building materials to improve energy