by Jean-Louis Bruguière, a French judge, of having taken part in the shooting down of the plane of then-president Juvenal Habyarimana. Kabarebe and other senior official have denied these claims. In February, 2008, a Spanish judge, Fernando Andreu, issued arrest warrants against 40 Rwandan officers including Kabarebe. The warrant specifies his role in "the mass killing of Rwandan refugees and the Congolese civilian population. The found evidence of criminal activity against President Kagame as well but could not indict him due to his immunity as a head of state. Rwanda does not have an extradition treaty with Spain. In 2012, a report from a United Nations Security Council group of experts accused Kabarebe and other Rwandan officials of being the de facto leaders of the M23 militia. M23 is accused of carrying out killings, rapes and other atrocities in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Kabarebe and Rwanda deny the charges. See also Rwandan Defence Forces Rwandan Patriotic Army First Congo War Second Congo War Cabinet of Rwanda References External links Aftican Studies Quarterly gives the exact dates of Kabarebe's appointment in the ADFL. Christian Science Monitor on Kabarebe's relationship with Laurent Kabila. 1959 births Living people Tutsi people Rwandan generals Makerere University alumni 21st-century Rwandan politicians Defence ministers of Rwanda Democratic Republic of the Congo military personnel Ugandan military personnel 21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people