the theory of Michael Broyde, after the Arab conquest the Arabic phrase (peace be upon him) was translated to Hebrew and was used for any deceased person, a usage which spread to the Jews of Christian Europe beginning in the 12th century. The phrase is more common in Islamic literature as an honorific for saints, and over time in Hebrew it came to predominate over (the classical Hebrew honorific for biblical figures), and by 1600 usage of had disappeared, leaving (or its feminine/plural forms) as the only expansion of . May HaShem avenge his/her blood This honorific "May HaShem avenge his/her blood" is generally used for an individual who are considered to have been martyred through acts of anti-Semitism such as pogroms, genocide, or terrorist attacks. The term is also applied to any innocent Jew killed, whether for anti-Semitic reasons or others. The Hebrew phrase is "" (m.) / "" (f.) / "" (pl.) and in the Hebrew: "" (m.) / "" (f.) / "" (pl.). The English abbreviation is “HY"D” and in Hebrew "." Other Other expressions used to add to the names of people who died: "the deceased", "rest of Eden", "rest in peace." It is customary to sign the tombstones with the initials תַּנְצְבָ"ה (תְּהִי נִשְׁמָתוֹ צְרוּרָה בִּצְרוֹר הַחַיִּים (according to the language of the verse: and the soul was a pure soul in the chorus of life). Holy and the righteous The abbreviation “/” stands for "/May his merit shield us," and often follows the mention of meritorious righteous ones. A variant is “/” which adds "Amen" at the end. This expression stems from the belief that a righteous person who passes to the next world can serve as an advocate before God for his remaining community. Other acronyms of this type are (; his soul in the heavenly vineyards) and (; died to his world). Memory of the righteous The honorific "May the memory of the righteous be a blessing" is used after the names of holy rabbis and other holy people, and "the name of the wicked shall perish" on a wicked person. both from . In Hebrew transliteration: "" and in Hebrew: "." The English abbreviation commonly used is “” and in Hebrew, "" is used. It is pronounced in reading as "." It may be also written as “”. It is used primarily in reference to rabbis who have been deceased in