sense when the fence is off. Wild animals Electric fences are useful for controlling the movements of wild animals. Examples include deterring deer from entering private property, keeping animals off airport runways, keeping wild boar from raiding crops, and preventing geese from soiling areas used by people. Electric fencing has been extensively used to reduce the conflict between elephants or other animals and humans in Africa and Asia. However, electric fences are increasingly used in small livestock farming as a management tool to exclude animals, such as potential predators, that will tunnel under these fences to gain entrance to livestock camps. Electrified fences are also increasingly used on both domestic livestock and wildlife (game) farms in Africa as a management tool to exclude predators from entering or exiting a camp. A number of animal species, other than predators, may dig under these fences to cross that barrier. The value of electrified fences is offset by lethal electric shock threats to a number of species, including vulnerable and endangered species such as African ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii), Southern African python (Python natalensis), and a number of tortoise species. In South Africa it is estimated that more than 31,500 reptiles (predominantly tortoises) are killed on electrified fences annually. The estimate for African ground pangolins killed by electric shock is 377–1,028 annually. The impacts of electrified fences on other species, such as monitor lizards (Varanus spp), have not been quantified. Pangolins are bipedal, walking on their hind legs with their front legs and tail held off the ground, leaving their ventral surface unprotected. This makes them particularly prone to accidental lethal electric shock on electrified fences. Depending on the electrified fence's design and height of the lower lines, the pangolin's head or exposed belly come into contact with the electrified wire(s). The initial shock will causes the pangolin to adopt its defense of rolling into a ball, often resulting in it inadvertently wrapping itself around the electrified wire. An animal wrapped around the electric wire receives successive shocks, which in the case of pangolins results in them curling into an ever tighter ball around the live wire. The repeated electrical pulses ultimately kill the pangolin. Those not killed outright usually succumb to exposure, dehydration or starvation. Pangolins found dead on electric fences often have epidermal burnsthese sometimes burning through the scales. Internal injuries may also be significant. Pangolins found alive while wrapped around