the Electoral Integrity Act was passed in 2001, which later expired in 2005. A proposal to replace the Act failed in 2005 but was successful in 2018. A private members' bill to repeal the Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018 was considered in 2020 and is currently before the Select Committee. Nicaragua In Nicaragua some major party switches occurred between 2002 and 2006 when the two major political parties, the Constitutional Liberal Party and the Sandinista National Liberation Front, formed a pact and members of both parties left to form new parties or make alliances with smaller ones. Philippines Party-switching "has become the norm, the practice" in the Philippines, according to Julio Teehankee, a political science professor in De La Salle University. During midterm elections, politicians usually attach themselves to the party of the ruling president. This has led to transactional dealings, and parties are identified more on personalities instead of platforms. Aside from party-switching, internal squabbles within parties lead to formation of new ones. Vice President Jejomar Binay, elected under PDP–Laban, formed his own United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) as his party for his 2016 presidential campaign. Ex-Lakas members who do not want to join the then ruling Liberal Party in 2013 joined together to form the National Unity Party. These are presidents who have been members of another party but switched to a different party or founded a new one to run for president: Manuel Roxas, elected as assemblyman in 1922 as a Nacionalista; won election as senator in 1941, lost out to incumbent president Sergio Osmeña in that party's nominating convention in 1946; founded the Liberal Party and won the election. Died in office in 1948. Elpidio Quirino, elected as congressman in 1919 as a Nacionalista, won election as senator in 1925, joined Roxas (above) in co-founding the Liberal Party in 1946 and won the vice presidential election, succeeded Roxas upon the latter's death in 1948, won presidential election in 1949, defeated in 1953. Ramon Magsaysay, elected as congressman in 1946 as a Liberal; lost out to incumbent president Elpidio Quirino in that party's nominating convention in 1953; switched to the Nacionalistas, and won the election. Died in office in 1957. Ferdinand Marcos, elected as a congressman in 1949 as a Liberal, won election as senator in 1959; lost out to incumbent president Diosdado Macapagal in that party's nominating convention in 1965; switched to the Nacionalistas, and won the