and pro-feminists believe that it is inappropriate for men to call themselves "feminists". This argument takes a variety of forms, including the following: Feminism is a movement and a body of ideas developed by, for, and about women. Men can never fully know what it is like to be a woman. By calling themselves feminists, men could pre-empt and take over the feminist movement, thus stifling women's concerns and voices. There is also internal disagreement within this "movement", for example with socialist movements, anti-racist struggles, and so on. Those who claim that "feminist" can apply equally to men and women often point out that the arguments made by advocates of the term "pro-feminist" are based in notions of biological determinism and essentialism, and are actually contrary to feminist principles. Some pro-feminist men believe that there is a potential for "backlash" within the men's movement, a potential for the movement to turn towards the defence of what they see as men's privilege and position, and some say that this has already occurred. While all pro-feminist men assume that men must act to dismantle gender injustice, some argue that a men's movement is not the way to do this. See also Men and feminism Gender role Masculinism Masculinity Matriarchy Philandry Misandry Philogyny Misogyny Patriarchy Sexism Notable pro-feminist writers Kenneth Clatterbaugh Raewyn Connell Michael Flood Clive Hamilton Byron Hurt Robert Jensen Jackson Katz Michael Kimmel John Stuart Mill Michael Messner John Neal Rob Okun Jeremy Adam Smith John Stoltenberg Citations General bibliography Brittan, Arthur, 1989, Masculinity and power, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Berkowitz, Alan D. (ed.). Men and rape: theory, research, and prevention programs in higher education, issue 65 of New directions for student services, Jossey-Bass, 1994, . Clatterbaugh, Kenneth, 1990, Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: men, women, and politics in modern society, Colorado & Oxford: Westview Press Connell, R.W., 1987, Gender and power: society, the person and sexual politics, Sydney: Allen & Unwin Connell, R.W., 1995, Masculinities, Sydney: Allen & Unwin Cooper, Mick, and Baker, Peter, 1996, The MANual: the complete man's guide to life, London: Thorsons Digby, Tom (ed.), 1998, Men Doing Feminism, New York: Routledge Edley, Nigel, and Wetherell, Margaret, 1995, Men in perspective: practice, power and identity, London: Prentice-Hall Edwards, Tim, 1993, Erotics and politics: gay male sexuality, masculinity, and feminism, New York: Routledge Haddad, Tony (ed.), 1993, Men and masculinities: a critical anthology, Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press Kaufman, Michael (ed),