Italy, the so-called «chains», based on common intentions and practices, mainly employing the anthroposophical exercises taught by Steiner for spiritual development, as well as techniques from Buddhist, Tantric and rare Hermetic texts. The name The name of the group comes from the phonetic expression u-r, existing in the Chaldean and in the Runic with the meaning of fire and bull or ram respectively, as well as a prefix "ur-" in German to indicate something primal, ancestral. The magazines In the magazines, expressions of the works within the Ur Group, the authors of the articles signed themselves with a pseudonym, because they preferred to spread their thought rather than advertise their own person. The magazine's director was Julius Evola as it appears on the 1927 cover; together with the "curators" Pietro Negri (alias Arturo Reghini) and Giulio Parise in the cover of 1928; again and only Evola in 1929, when the magazine's name was changed to KRUR. Each of the three publication years corresponds to one of the three volumes of the work Introduction to Magic as Science of the Ego reprinted in 1955 and 1971. Several hermetic-alchemical texts such as the Turba philosophorum, or Gichtel's Theosophia practica were published in the journals of UR and KRUR, and others of a philosophical and ritual nature from various sources. The members The pseudonyms behind which the members of the Ur Group hid were partly revealed by the researches of Gianfranco de Turris, and Renato Del Ponte. Below a list of those who collaborated with the magazines of UR and KRUR (in brackets their symbolic name used to sign, according to the idea of 'active impersonality'): Giovanni Colazza (Leo, and possibly Breno and Krur), anthroposophist, direct disciple of Rudolf Steiner. Giovanni Antonio Colonna (Breno and Krur, or Arvo), anthroposophist. Girolamo Comi (Gic), Catholic poet, friend of Arturo Onofri. Guido De Giorgio (Havismat), Catholic, first close to the thought of René Guénon, then follower of Pius of Pietrelcina. Aniceto Del Massa (Sagittarius), friend and disciple of Arturo Reghini, Pythagorean, later anthroposophist. Julius Evola (Agarda, Arvo, Ea, Iagla). Nicola Moscardelli (Sirio, Sirius), Catholic poet inspired by Onofri's poetics. Roggero Musmeci Ferrari Bravo (Ignis), whose name does not appear in magazines, however. Arturo Onofri (Oso), poet, anthroposophist. Giulio Parise (Luce), Freemason. Ercole Quadrelli (Abraxa, Tikaipos), Kremmerzian. Arturo Reghini (Pietro Negri, once Henìocos Àristos), Pythagorean and Freemason. Corallo Reginelli (Taurulus), first anthroposophist, then hermetist. Domenico Rudatis (Rud),