cnol, polle and toll. Similarly with Romance rowe (roll) and sowder (solder), also Dutch gowf (golf). Vowel 14 Older Scots (a) and Older Scots (b(i)) became in Middle Scots then or in Modern Scots. Vowel 14b(ii) Older Scots became in Middle Scots then in Modern Scots. Vowel 15 Old English i and y became in Early Scots, remaining so, but approach in some Modern dialects especially after and , for example Modern Scots: hill, filthy, will, win, wind, whip, whisper and whisky. Vowel 16 Before alveolars Old English æ became in Early Scots, remaining so, for example Modern Scots: bress (brass), clesp (clasp), ess (ash), fest (fast), gled (glad), gless (glass), gress (grass) and hesp (hasp) from bræs, claspe, æsċe, fæst, glæd, glæs, gæs and hæpse. Vowel 17 Old English a or æ in close position became in Older Scots, remaining so, although or occasionally occur, for example Modern Scots: back, bath, blad (leaf/blade), cat, clap, hack, mak (make), ram, rax (stretch), tak (take), wall (well for water), wash, watter (water) and waps (wasp) from bæc, bæþ, blæd, catt, clappian, haccian, macian, ram, raxan, tacan, wælla, wæsċan, wæter, and wæps. Similarly with Norse bag, flag (flagstone) and snag and Dutch pad (path). Also before and , for example Modern Scots: can, lang (long), man, pan, sang (song), sank, strang (strong), than (then) and wran (wren) from cann, lang, mæn, panne, sang, sanc, strang, þanne and wrænna. Similarly with Norse bann (curse), stang (sting), thrang (busy) and wrang (wrong). Similarly with Old English o before , , and , for example Modern Scots: craft (croft), crap (crop), drap (drop), laft (loft), pat (pot), saft (soft) and tap (top) from croft, cropp, dropa, loft, pott, softe and top. Similarly with a w before e, for example Modern Scots: (web), (west), (wedge), (twelve) and (dwell) from and . Vowel 18 Old English o in close position became in Older Scots then in Modern Scots but in some dialects became , for example: box, lock and rock. Vowel 19 Old English u became in Early Scots then in Modern Scots, for example but and cut, but in some words it merged with vowel 15 (), for example Modern Scots: din (dun), hinnie (honey), simmer (summer), son and nit (nut) from dunn, huniġ, sumor, sunne and hnut. Similarly in some Romance words, for example Modern Scots: kimmer (commère), kiver (cover), ingan (onion), stibble (stubble) and