three times, cement by nearly seven times, primary aluminum by almost six times, and plastics by over ten times. Significant materials, such as iron and steel, aluminum, cement, chemical products, and pulp and paper, impact the building process. However, employing more efficient strategies to produce these materials will reduce energy and cost without ignoring the reduction of carbon emissions. An example of this would be using recycled steel to erect the frame of a building instead of using wooden timbers. Using recycled steel saves room in landfills that the steel would otherwise be taking up, saves 75% of the energy required to produce steel in the production process, and saves trees from being cut down to build homes. The recycled steel can be fashioned in the exact dimensions needed for building and can be made into "customized steel beams and panels to fit each specific design." Strategies During the manufacturing process, each stage has new opportunities to increase material efficiency, from design and fabrication, through use, and finally to the end of life. Some strategies are: Reduction: Innovating and optimizing strategies may reduce the use of material while providing the same service. In addition, designing for durability could result in a resilient material. Modular design can facilitate material efficiency by reusing components and minimizing components needed in the production process. Durability: Extending product life through redesign or repair. More intensive use and extending product or buildings lifetimes through repair and refurbishment can reduce the need for materials to produce new products. Lightweight products: The reduction of material use for a service; Some examples are: Universal beams, food cans, reinforcing bars, commercial steel-framed buildings. Reuse: The main purpose is re use components for remanufacturing/refurbishing. Reusing current materials uses even less energy than recycling. Recycling Recycling can enable lower-emission second purpose to new materials like steel, aluminum and other metals. Incorporating recycled materials into the manufacturing process of new goods is a necessary change. Recycling is common for most materials these days, is found in every country and economy. Some materials that can be recycle are: Aluminum Aluminum offers the most savings, with cans from recycled material requiring as little as 4% of the energy required to make the same cans from bauxite ore. Metals don't degrade as they're recycled in the same way plastics and paper do, fibers shortening every cycle, so many metals are prime candidates for recycling, especially considering