the institution of civil marriage. In 2014, the Center for Women's Justice announced it would petition the Israeli Supreme Court to bar secret blacklists of mamzerim by rabbinical courts, claiming they are an invasion of privacy. Connection with French medieval nicknames A persistent etymology of the surname Manser is connected to Hebrew mamzer. Supposedly Ebalus of Aquitaine (Count of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine, c. 870 – 935) had the nickname "Manzer" or "Manser". As he is known to have been a bastard and reputed to have had a Jewish mother, this nickname is considered to be derived from mamzer. A similar explanation is offered also for the same nickname as used by another prince from Occitania: , a 10th-century count of Angoulême who also was a bastard. William the Conqueror may have been referred to as Bastardus and Mamzer. References Jewish marital law Kinship and descent