strategies like face-negotiating, face-constituting, face-compensating, face-honoring, face-saving, face-threatening, face-building, face-protecting, face-depreciating, face-giving, face-restoring, and face-neutral. Intercultural communication Face is central to intercultural communication or cross-cultural communication. Bert Brown explains the importance of both personal and national face in international negotiations: In terms of Edward T. Hall's dichotomy between high context cultures focused upon in-groups and low context cultures focused upon individuals, face-saving is generally viewed as more important in high context cultures such as China or Japan than in low-context ones such as the United States or Germany. Face-negotiation theory Stella Ting-Toomey developed Face Negotiation Theory to explain cultural differences in communication and conflict resolution. Ting-Toomey defines face as Psychology The psychology of "face" is another field of research. Wolfram Eberhard, who analyzed Chinese "guilt" and "sin" in terms of literary psychology, debunked the persistent myth that "face" is peculiar to the Chinese rather than a force in every human society. Eberhard noted The Chinese University of Hong Kong social psychologist Michael Harris Bond observed that in Hong Kong, Political science "Face" has further applications in political science. For instance, Susan Pharr stressed the importance of "losing face" in Japanese comparative politics. Semantics Linguists have analyzed the semantics of "face". Huang used prototype semantics to differentiate and . George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's Metaphors We Live By emphasizes "the face for the person" metonymy. Keith Allan (1986) extended "face" into theoretical semantics. He postulated it to be an essential element of all language interchanges, and claimed: "A satisfactory theory of linguistic meaning cannot ignore questions of face presentation, nor other politeness phenomena that maintain the co-operative nature of language interchange." See also Dignitas (Roman concept) Shame society vs guilt society Honor killing Izzat (honor) References Keevak, Michael. (2022). On Saving Face: A Brief History of Western Appropriation. Hong Kong University Press. https://newbooksnetwork.com/on-saving-face-brief-history-western-hb Mauss, Marcel. (1954). The Gift, tr. by Ian Cunnison. Cohen & West. Orr, John. (1953). Words and Sounds in English and French. Oxford University Press. External links A metalinguistic approach to deconstructing the concepts of 'face' and 'politeness' in Chinese, English and Japanese, Michael Haugh and Carl Hinze Learning About "Face" – "Subjective Theories" as a Construct in Analysing Intercultural Learning Processes of Germans in Taiwan, Doris Weidemann Facework as a Chinese Conflict-Preventive Mechanism – A Cultural/Discourse Analysis, Wenshan Jia What does our face mean to us?, Ning Yu Face in Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American cultures, Akio