election. Won reelection in 1969; declared martial law, subsequently ruled by decree, and banned opposition parties, forming the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. Reelected in 1981, ousted in 1986 after being proclaimed as the winner in the 1986 snap election. Fidel V. Ramos, lost out to speaker Ramon Mitra Jr. in the nominating convention of the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) in 1991; co-founded the Lakas ng Tao and won the election. Lakas ng Tao would ultimately merge with several parties to become Lakas–NUCD–UMDP. Joseph Estrada, elected as mayor of San Juan in 1969 as a Nacionalista, won election as senator in 1987, switched to the Liberal Party mid-term, founded the Partido ng Masang Pilipino to run for president, switched to the Nationalist People's Coalition to run for vice president in the 1992 election, and won the election. Founded the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino as his presidential vehicle in 1998 and won; ousted in 2001, re-founded the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP), ran for president in 2010 and lost, ran for mayor of Manila in 2013 under United Nationalist Alliance and won; reelected in 2016 and lost reelection in 2019 under the PMP. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, elected as senator in 1992 under the LDP; founded the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI) in 1997 to run for president, switched to Lakas to run for vice president and won. Succeeded to the presidency in 2001, ran for president in 2004 and won; Lakas–NUCD–UMDP renamed as "Lakas–CMD" in 2004. Lakas and KAMPI merged in 2009 to form Lakas Kampi CMD. Ran for congresswoman in 2010 and won; Lakas Kampi CMD renamed back to Lakas–CMD in 2011; won reelection in 2013 and 2016. Switched to PDP–Laban in 2017, became speaker in 2018; returned to Lakas in 2020. Several more examples can be seen in lower positions. Russia In the Russian Federation, party switching is considered illegal in the State Duma and is highly frowned upon. After major party switches during the Boris Yeltsin Presidency, party switching was declared illegal in the State Duma, and can result in a forced resignation of the State Duma representative by the chairman of their ex-political party. However, members of the State Duma considered an Independent politician may be permitted to join and switch to a party at any time. They may not switch after that. After a forced resignation, the State Duma representative can run again in future elections,