There are more than 640,000 living alumni of the University of Michigan in 180 countries across the globe. Notable alumni include computer scientist and entrepreneur Larry Page, actor James Earl Jones, and President of the United States Gerald Ford. Alumni Nobel laureates Stanley Cohen (Ph.D. 1949), co-winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering growth factors (proteins regulating cell growth) in human and animal tissue Jerome Karle (Ph.D. 1944), chief scientist, Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory; Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1985 Paul Milgrom (BA 1970) is an American economist and won the prize for economics in 2020 Marshall Nirenberg (Ph.D. 1957), Chief of Biomedical Genetics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1968 H. David Politzer (BS 1969), physicist; professor at California Institute of Technology; Nobel Prize in Physics, 2004 Robert Shiller (BA 1967), economist, academic, and best-selling author Richard Smalley (COE: BS 1965), chemist, Nobel Prize in 1996 for the co-discovery of fullerenes Samuel C. C. Ting (BS 1959, Ph.D. 1962), physicist, awarded Nobel Prize in 1976 for discovering the J/ψ particle Thomas H. Weller (A.B. 1936, M.S. 1937), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1954 Activists Benjamin Aaron (LS&A 1937), scholar of labor law; director of the National War Labor Board during World War II; vice chairman of the National Wage Stabilization Board during the Truman administration Ricardo Ainslie (Ph.D.), native of Mexico City, Mexico; Guggenheim award winner Santos Primo Amadeo (BA), a.k.a. "Champion of Hábeas Corpus;" attorney and law professor at the University of Puerto Rico; Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature; counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union branch in Puerto Rico, established in 1937; winner of a Guggenheim award Huwaida Arraf (LS&A: 1998), Palestinian rights activist; co-founder of the International Solidarity Movement; chair of the Free Gaza Movement Octavia Williams Bates (BA 1877; LAW 1896), suffragist, clubwoman, author Jan BenDor (SOSW M.S.W.), women's rights activist, member of Michigan Women's Hall of Fame Bunyan Bryant, environmental justice advocate Mary Frances Berry (LAW: JD/Ph.D.), former chairwoman of United States Civil Rights Commission Cindy Cohn (LAW: JD 1988), attorney for Bernstein v. United States, legal director for the Electronic Frontier Foundation Richard Cordley (BA 1854), abolitionist minister who served Lawrence, Kansas during the 19th century George William Crockett (LAW: JD 1934), African American attorney; state court judge in Detroit, Michigan; US Representative; national vice-president