a hilltop. Forts and other fortifications (, , and ) A borj () generally referred to a single fort, tower, or bastion, such as the Borj Nord in Fes. A () was another type of bastion, often a seaside fortification with a platform for canons, like the Sqala of Essaouira or that of the Udayas Kasbah in Rabat. A ribat () usually referred to a countryside or frontier fortress ostensibly used by warriors fighting waging jihad on the edge of Islamic territory, though it also referred to a type of fortified "monastery" or spiritual retreat for Sufi adherents, not unlike a zawiya. A notable example, from an architectural point of view, is the Ribat of Tit south of El Jadida, which was originally constructed by one family in the 12th century. (Also notably, the name of the city of Rabat derives from its original name Ribat al-Fath''.) See also Architecture of Fez Landmarks of Marrakesh Architecture of Africa References Moroccan culture Architecture in Morocco Architecture of the medieval Islamic world Islamic architecture