every organ and explained how to arrive at a diagnosis on the basis of the respective symptoms. The third edition (1855–1861) contains woodcut prints of his hand-drawn sketches of his histopathological specimens at 550-times magnification. An order of the Emperor in 1846 made it compulsory for all medical students in the Habsburg Monarchy to study Rokitansky's manual. In response to the stream of physicians and students from abroad who came to Austria to study Rokitansky's methods, the manual was translated into a number of languages to worldwide acclaim. It was published in countries including Russia: Rukovodstvo k patologicheskoy anatomii, 3 volumes, published by Moscow Imperial University, Moscow 1844–1849, the United States (New York): A Treatise on Pathological Anatomy, New York: WM. Radde 1845, and at the same time in the United Kingdom: A Treatise on Pathological Anatomy, London: H. Balliere 1845, the Netherlands: Handboek bijzondere ziektekundige ontleedkunde, Two Volumes, Erven F. Bohn, Gent 1846–1849, the United Kingdom: Manual of Pathological Anatomy, London: Sydenham Society 1849–54., Italy: Trattato completo di anatomia patologica, Venezia: Lombardo Venetto 1852, the United States (Philadelphia): A Manual of Pathological Anatomy. Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea 1855 Rokitansky's Doctrine of Crases and Dyscrases as the Groundwork for Modern Humoral Pathology: Ancient humoral pathology based on the theory of the four humours espoused by Hippocrates was concerned with the balance of the four bodily fluids, blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm and considered that illness was the result of an imbalance of these fluids. Nowadays, humoral pathology is an integral aspect of the humoral immune response,i.e. antibody-mediated immunity. Humoral factors in the blood stream participate in the body's immunological response to ward off infection. Rokitansky's doctrine of crases and dyscrases laid the groundwork for modern humoral pathology. As mentioned above, Rokitansky developed an interest in serology even as a student. In his subsequent pathological investigations, he analysed blood, blood plasma, blood serum, secretion, excretions, lymphs and exsudates. In his doctrine of crases and dyscrases he described illnesses of the protein, nowadays also known as paraproteinemia, amyloid and immune deficiencies, as well as illnesses of the fibrin, i.e. coagulopathies. He also analysed the influence of proteins on inflammation and the effect of diseased blood components (dyscrases) on human tissue. In this regard, his ideas were far ahead of those of his contemporaries, which resulted in fierce academic debates. The physician Gustav Zimmermann (1817–1866) concurred with Rokitansky and wrote in