may also occur, especially in Ulster, for example: faither (father), gaither (gather), haimer (hammer), day, brain, fair, nail and tail from fæþer, gaderian, hamer, dæġ, bræġen, fæġer, næġel and tæġel. Similarly with Norse cake, gate (street), sale and scaith (damage). Vowel 8a Older Scots stem final became in Middle Scots merging with vowel 1 () in Modern Scots. Vowel 9 Older Scots became in Modern Scots. Vowel 10 Early Scots merged with vowel 1 () in Modern Scots. Vowel 11 Early Scots in stem final positions, became then in Middle Scots merging with vowel 2 () in Modern Scots. Vowel 12 Old English ag-, aw- and āw became in Early Scots then in Middle Scots and subsequently, depending on dialect, or in Modern Scots, for example: draw, gnaw, and law from dragan, gnagan, haga and lagu, and Norse maw (seagull) and claw from maga and clawa. blaw (blow), craw (crow), maw (mowe), sawe (sow), saul (soul) and snaw (snow) from blāwan, crāwe, māwan, sāwan, sāwol and snāwan. Similarly with Old English āg and Norse lágr which became awn (to own) and law (low). Before and + consonant, Middle Scots also became or in Modern Scots, for example: caunle (candle), draucht (draught), haund (hand), lauch (laugh), saund (sand) and slauchter (slaughter) from candel, draht, hand, hlæhhan, sand and slæ. Similarly with Norse baund (band), Dutch fraucht (freight), and Romance chancy, glanders, graund, and stank (a drain). Vowel 12a Older Scots became vocalised to by the Middle Scots period and subsequently, depending on dialect, or in Modern Scots, for example: aw (all), caw (call), fauch (fallow), faw (fall), gaw (gall), haud (hold), haw (hall), maut (malt), sauch (sallow), saut (salt), smaw (small), staw (stall) and waw (wall) from eal, ceallian, fealh, fallan, gealla, healdan, hall, mealt, salh, sealt, smæl, steall and wall. Similarly with Norse hause (neck) and Romance aum (alum), baw (ball) and scaud (scald). Vowel 13 Old English ów became in Older Scots then in Modern Scots, for example: flowe (flow), glowe (glow), growe (grow) and stowe (stow) from flōwan, glōwan, grōwan and stówiġan. Vowel 13a Early Scots became vocalised to by the Middle Scots period and subsequently diphthongised to in Modern Scots. In some dialects this is vocalising to especially before , for example Modern Scots: bowster (bolster), bowt (bolt), cowt (colt), gowd (gold), howe (hollow), knowe (knoll), powe (poll) and towe (toll) from bolster, bolt, colt, gold, holh,