is considered an admixture zone. While lions from Gambella National Park belong to the Northern subspecies (P. l. leo), lions from other parts of the country belong to the Southern lion. Asian/North African clade The Asiatic lion is the last surviving population of this clade. Once also found in the Middle East, it is nowadays confined in the wild to Gujarat in India. Genetically, the extinct lions from Northern Africa, formally termed as Barbary lions, fall into the same clade as the Asiatic lion. Therefore, the range of this lion clade encompassed historically North Africa, southeastern Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In these regions, lions occurred in: the Sahel, mountain ranges of the Sahara, Barbary Coast and Maghreb, the eastern Mediterranean Basin and the Black Sea region, reed swamps of Mesopotamia, wooded steppe vegetation and pistachio-almond woodlands in Iran, the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent up to Rajasthan and Bengal in North India. The Barbary lion population in North Africa is extinct since the mid 1960s. The Asiatic lion population survives in Gir Forest National Park and remnant forest habitats in the two hill systems of Gir and Girnar that comprise Gujarat's largest tracts of dry deciduous forest, thorny forest and savanna. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because of its small size and area of occupancy. Behaviour and ecology Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males forming a loose pride. Pairs of males rest, hunt and feed together, and display marking behaviour at the same sites. Females associate with up to 12 females forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. They share large carcasses among each other, but seldom with males. Female and male lions usually associate only for a few days when mating, but rarely travel and feed together. In Pendjari National Park, groups of lions range from 1–8 individuals. Outside the National Park, groups are smaller and with a single male. In Waza National Park, three female and two male lions were radio-collared in 1999 and tracked until 2001. The females moved in home ranges of between and stayed inside the park during most of the survey period. The males used home ranges of between , both inside and outside the park, where they repeatedly killed livestock. One was killed and the other shot at by local people. After the