Choquet was a subadditive integral used as a way of measuring expected utility in situations with unknown parameters. The mathematical principle is seen as a way in which the contradiction between rational choice theory, Expected utility theory, and Ellsberg's seminal findings can be reconciled. Maxmin expected utility: Axiomatized by Gilboa and Schmeidler is a widely received alternative to utility maximization, taking into account ambiguity-averse preferences. This model reconciles the notion that intuitive decisions may violate the ambiguity neutrality, established within both the Ellsberg Paradox and Allais Paradox. Alternative explanations Other alternative explanations include the competence hypothesis and the comparative ignorance hypothesis. Both theories attribute the source of the ambiguity aversion to the participant's pre-existing knowledge. Daniel Ellsberg's 1961 paper, "Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision" Upon graduating in Economics from Harvard in 1952, Ellsberg left immediately to serve as a US Marine before coming back to Harvard in 1957 to complete his post-graduate studies on decision-making under uncertainty. Ellsberg left his graduate studies to join the RAND Corporation as a strategic analyst but continued to do academic work on the side. He presented his breakthrough paper at the December 1960 meeting of the Econometric Society. Ellsberg's work built upon previous works by both J.M. Keynes and F.H Knight, challenging the dominant rational choice theory. The work was made public in 2001, some 40 years after being published, because of the Pentagon Papers scandal then encircling Ellsberg's life. The book is considered a highly-influential paper and is still considered influential within economic academia about risk ambiguity and uncertainty. See also Allais paradox Ambiguity aversion Experimental economics Subjective expected utility Utility theory References Further reading Decision-making paradoxes Statistical paradoxes Paradoxes in utility theory Probability theory paradoxes Thought experiments