meaning "cannabis, hemp, numbed or tingling"), fei (沸, meaning "boiling or bubbling"), and san (散, meaning "to break up or scatter", or "medicine in powder form"). Therefore, the word mafeisan probably means something like "cannabis boil powder". Many sinologists and scholars of traditional Chinese medicine have guessed at the composition of Hua Tuo's mafeisan powder, but the exact components still remain unclear. His formula is believed to have contained some combination of: bai zhi (Angelica dahurica), cao wu (草烏, Aconitum kusnezoffii, Aconitum kusnezoffii, Kusnezoff's monkshood, or wolfsbane root), chuān xiōng (Ligusticum wallichii, or Szechuan lovage), dong quai (Angelica sinensis, or "female ginseng"), wu tou (烏頭, Aconitum carmichaelii, rhizome of Aconitum, or Chinese monkshood"),yang jin hua (洋金花, Flos Daturae metelis (dried flowers of Datura metel), or Datura stramonium, jimson weed, devil's trumpet, thorn apple, locoweed, moonflower),ya pu lu (Mandragora officinarum) rhododendron flower, and jasmine root. Others have suggested the potion may have also contained hashish, bhang, shang-luh, or opium. Victor H. Mair wrote that mafei "appears to be a transcription of some Indo-European word related to "morphine"." Some authors believe that Hua Tuo may have discovered surgical analgesia by acupuncture, and that mafeisan either had nothing to do with or was simply an adjunct to his strategy for anesthesia. Many physicians have attempted to re-create the same formulation based on historical records but none have achieved the same clinical efficacy as Hua Tuo's. In any event, Hua Tuo's formula did not appear to be effective for major operations. Formulation of tsūsensan Hanaoka was intrigued when he learned about Hua Tuo's mafeisan potion. Beginning in about 1785, Hanaoka embarked on a quest to re-create a compound that would have pharmacologic properties similar to Hua Tuo's mafeisan. His wife, who participated in his experiments as a volunteer, lost her sight due to adverse side effects. After years of research and experimentation, he finally developed a formula which he named tsūsensan (also known as mafutsu-san). Like that of Hua Tuo, this compound was composed of extracts of several different plants, including: 8 parts yang jin hua (Datura stramonium, Korean morning glory, thorn apple, jimson weed, devil's trumpet, stinkweed, or locoweed); 2 parts bai zhi (Angelica dahurica); 2 parts cao wu (Aconitum sp., monkshood or wolfsbane); 2 parts chuān ban xia (Pinellia ternata); 2 parts chuān xiōng (Ligusticum wallichii, Cnidium rhizome, Cnidium officinale or Szechuan lovage); 2 parts dong quai (Angelica sinensis or female ginseng);