somehow humiliating. He sat up in bed to shake it off, but the pain and humiliation hung on." It was writing at this level that led to the later estimation of Macdonald as "the writer who elevated the hard-boiled private-eye novel to a 'literary' art form" through his use of imagery and allusion. References 1948 American novels American novels adapted into films Novels by Ross Macdonald Novels set in Los Angeles Alfred A. Knopf books