anomeric proton resonances are segregated from the others due to fact that the anomeric carbons bear two oxygen atoms. For smaller carbohydrates, the dispersion of the anomeric proton resonances facilitates the use of 1D TOCSY experiments to investigate the entire spin systems of individual carbohydrate residues. Drug Discovery Knowledge of energy minima and rotational energy barriers of small molecules in solution can be found using NMR, e.g. looking at free ligand conformational preferences and conformational dynamics, respectively. This can be used to guide drug design hypotheses, since experimental and calculated values are comparable. For example, AstraZeneca uses NMR for its oncology research & development. See also Related methods of nuclear spectroscopy: Mössbauer effect Muon spin spectroscopy Perturbed angular correlation References Further reading External links The Basics of NMR - A non-technical overview of NMR theory, equipment, and techniques by Dr. Joseph Hornak, Professor of Chemistry at RIT GAMMA and PyGAMMA Libraries - GAMMA is an open source C++ library written for the simulation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy experiments. PyGAMMA is a Python wrapper around GAMMA. relax Software for the analysis of NMR dynamics Vespa - VeSPA (Versatile Simulation, Pulses and Analysis) is a free software suite composed of three Python applications. These GUI based tools are for magnetic resonance (MR) spectral simulation, RF pulse design, and spectral processing and analysis of MR data. Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear chemistry Nuclear physics