the addition of a new president to the poll; counting from the other direction, Trump remained unchanged at third place from last. The changes were relatively small (one or two places), apart from Obama, who moved up six places (14%) to No. 11, in the first quartile. Notable shifts among earlier presidents included the continuing rehabilitation of Lyndon Johnson, up 8 places into the first quartile, and of Ulysses Grant, up 3 places (up 8 in the individual evaluations) into the second quartile; and the lessening appreciation of Andrew Jackson, down 4 places to the median (down 7, into the third quartile, in the individual evaluations); Ronald Reagan, down 5 places, remaining in the second quartile; and Zachary Taylor, down 6 places into the fourth quartile. Abbreviations Bg = Background (family, education, experience) Im = Imagination Int = Integrity IQ = Intelligence L = Luck WR = Willing to take risks AC = Ability to compromise EAb = Executive ability LA = Leadership ability CAb = Communication ability (speak, write) OA = Overall ability PL = Party leadership RC = Relationship with Congress CAp = Court appointments HE = Handling of U.S. economy EAp = Executive appointments DA = Domestic accomplishments FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments AM = Avoid crucial mistakes PV = Present overall view [the average ranking of the polled experts] O = Overall rank [the average of the individual parameters] Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median. Yellow backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange backgrounds indicate fourth quartile. Source: Siena College Research Institute: 2022 Survey of U.S. Presidents Scholar surveys of diversity and racism American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom polls (2002–2020) Professors Hanes Walton Jr. and Robert Smith conducted a poll in 2002 for their book American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom, where 44 African-American political scientists and historians ranked presidents for their personal and institutional racism against their policies to counter racial subordination. The polls have been updated for subsequent editions of the book. The results (through Donald Trump) were as follows. Note that "white supremacist" refers to personal belief; the other categories refer to policy. Northwestern Presidential Leadership on Diversity and Inclusion Survey (2019) In May 2019, Dr. Alvin Tillery of the Center for the Study of Diversity and Democracy at Northwestern University and Dr. Christina Greer of Fordham