people of God and is mentioned as such in several official church documents. Pope Pius IX used the title in Ineffabilis Deus. In the first of his so-called "Rosary encyclicals", Supremi apostolatus officio (1883), Pope Leo XIII calls Our Lady "the guardian of our peace and the dispensatrix of heavenly graces". The following year, 1884, his encyclical Superiore anno speaks of the prayers presented to God "through her whom He has chosen to be the dispenser of all heavenly graces". Pope Pius X employed this title in Ad diem illum in 1904, Pope Benedict XV introduced it into the Marian liturgy when he created the Marian feast of Mary, Mediatrix of all Graces in 1921, In his 1954 encyclical Ad caeli reginam, Pope Pius XII calls Mary the Mediatrix of peace. A lay movement called Vox Populi Mariae Mediatrici promotes the doctrine of Mary as Co-Redemptrix, Mediatrix and Advocate. Co-Redemptrix refers to the participation of Mary in the salvation process. Irenaeus, the Church Father (died 200), referred to Mary as "causa salutis" [cause of our salvation] given her "fiat". It is a way of speaking which has been considered since the 15th century, but "Pope Francis appeared to flatly reject proposals in some theological circles to add 'co-redemptrix' to the list of titles of the Virgin Mary, saying the mother of Jesus never took anything that belonged to her son, and calling the invention of new titles and dogmas 'foolishness'." The decree Lumen gentium of Vatican II cautioned about using the title of "Mediatrix", saying that: "this, however, is to be so understood that it neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator". A Mariological Congress held in Czestochowa, Poland, in August 1996 determined that it was not opportune to use this title of Mary for, as pointed out at Vatican II, it has its limits and can be misunderstood. Encyclicals Popes have been important in shaping both the theological and the devotional aspects of the Catholic perspective on the Virgin Mary. Theologically, popes have highlighted the inner link between the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, in the encyclicals Mystici corporis and Redemptoris Mater. Pope Pius X Ad diem illum Pope Pius XII Fulgens corona Ad Caeli Reginam Marian devotions from sacred tradition Marian devotions are highly prominent within the Catholic tradition and a wide variety of devotions ranging from Consecration