Jefferson, in keeping with prior surveys. Washington had been ranked fourth in all previous surveys, and Franklin Roosevelt first. (Note that the numbers below do not match the source where there are ties in the rankings. They have instead been counted as ties are in other polls (e.g. 26, 27, 27, 27, 30 rather than 26, 27, 27, 27, 28), so that all categories span the range 1–44.) Abbreviations Bg = Background Im = Imagination Int = Integrity IQ = Intelligence L = Luck WR = Willing to take risks AC = Ability to compromise EAb = Executive ability LA = Leadership ability CAb = Communication ability OA = Overall ability PL = Party leadership RC = Relations with Congress CAp = Court appointments HE = Handling of economy EAp = Executive appointments DA = Domestic accomplishments FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments AM = Avoid crucial mistakes EV = Experts' view O = Overall Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange backgrounds indicate fourth quartile. 2021 C-SPAN Presidential Historians Survey Abbreviations PP = Public persuasion CL = Crisis leadership EM = Economic management MA = Moral authority IR = International relations AS = Administrative skills RC = Relations with Congress VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda PEJ = Pursued equal justice for all PCT = Performance within context of times O = Overall Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange backgrounds indicate fourth quartile. Source: Siena College Research Institute, Presidential Expert Poll of 2022 The Siena College Research Institute released their seventh poll results on June 22, 2022. The best and worst 10% remain unchanged from their 2018 poll (top five: F. D. Roosevelt, Lincoln, Washington, T. Roosevelt, Jefferson; bottom five: Andrew Johnson, Buchanan, Trump, Harding, Pierce). 41% of the scholars polled said that if a president were to be added to Mount Rushmore, it should be FDR. 63% believed that the president should be elected by a national popular vote, versus 17% support for the Electoral College. A year into his term, Joe Biden entered the ranking in the second quartile, at No. 19 out of 45. Among recent presidents, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama moved up in the rankings, while George W. Bush and Donald Trump moved down, though part of the downward shift was due to