land to be subdivided into the ownership of individual tribal members or alienated to white settlers and timber companies. Almost 3/4 of the Fond du Lac reservation had passed into non-native ownership by 1934. The band began to reacquire land after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and had regained control of just over half of the land within the reservation by 1981. Government The FDL adopted a written constitution with an elected government. Its tribal council has five members, who serve four year staggered terms. The FDL operates social services, tribal housing, a tribal police force, a natural resource building, a gas station, three community centers, and a private health clinic and pharmacy called Min No Aya Win Health Center. The tribe also operates two satellite health clinics, one in Duluth, named The Center for American Indian Resources (CAIR), and another in Minneapolis, the Mashkiki Waakaaigan Pharmacy (Medicine House). It has numerous members who live in these urban areas. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the combined reservation and off-reservation trust land have a total area of , of which is land and is water. Demographics As of the census of 2020, the total population living on Fond du Lac Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land was 4,184. The population density was . There were 1,713 housing units at an average density of . The Lac du Flambeau Reservation has a significant non-native population due in part to the allotment and sale of reservation lands in the early twentieth century. The racial makeup of the reservation and off-reservation trust land in 2020 was 50.0% White, 41.6% Native American, 0.4% Black or African American, 0.1% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 7.5% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 2.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race. Economy The tribe owns two casinos: Black Bear Casino (and golf course) in Carlton, Minnesota and Fond-du-Luth-Casino in Duluth. The tribe also owns Northwoods Radio, FDL Gas & Grocery, FDL Propane, and FDL Sand & Gravel. Communities Big Lake (in Perch Lake Township) Brookston Cloquet (part) Mahnomen (in Brevator Township) Townships Arrowhead Township (part) Brevator Township (part) Brookston (city not included in any other township) Cloquet (part; city not included in any other township) Culver Township (part) North Carlton unorganized territory (part) Perch Lake Township Stoney Brook Township (most) Twin Lakes Township (part) Notable members Jim Northrup, columnist See also Church of