000 000. If, however, all other benefits the trees in lowland could provide (like soil stabilization, wind deflection, recreation, food production, air purification, carbon storage, wildlife habitat, fuel production, cooling, flood prevention) were included, the costs will increase due to displacing the profitable farmland (would be around £231 000 000) but would be overweight by benefits of £546 000 000. In Europe, various projects are implemented in order to define the values of concrete ecosystems and to implement this concept into decision-making process. For example, "LIFE Viva grass" project aims to do this with grasslands in Baltics. See also Blue carbon Biodiversity banking Flood control by beavers Controlled Ecological Life Support System Diversity-function debate Earth Economics Ecological goods and services Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction Environmental finance Existence value Forest farming Environmental and economic benefits of having indigenous peoples tend land Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Keystone species: i.e. wildfire risk reduction by grazers, ... Loess Plateau Watershed Rehabilitation Project Mitigation banking Natural Capital Non-timber forest product Oxygen cycle Panama Canal Watershed Rangeland Management Soil functions Spaceship Earth Nature Based Solutions Sources References Further reading External links Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Earth Economics Gund Institute for Ecological Economics The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity COHAB Initiative on Health and Biodiversity – Ecosystems and Human Well-being The ARIES Project Ecosystem Marketplace Plan Vivo: an operational model for Payments for Ecosystem Services Ecosystem services at Green Facts Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) system for modeling impacts on aquatic ecosystem services Project Life+ Making Good Natura GecoServ – Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (includes studies from all over the world, but only coastal ecosystems relevant to the Gulf of Mexico) Ecosystem services in environmental accounting Regional Ecosystem Services at the US Forest Service GecoServ – Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Services Valuation Database LIFE VIVA Grass – grassland ecosystems services in Baltic countries (assessment and integrated planning) Ecological restoration Ecological economics Systems ecology Social ecology Human ecology Forestry and the environment Environmental social science concepts