to gain support from other Native American tribes, as well as the British in Canada. Rebuffed by other tribes and left with a dwindling number of supporters, Little Crow returned to Yellow Medicine with his son Wowinape in late June 1863. Little Crow was shot and killed on July 3, 1863, by two settlers, a father and son. They scalped him and took his body to Hutchinson, Minnesota, where it was displayed and mutilated. The state paid the father $500 for killing Little Crow, and paid the son $75 for his scalp. Little Crow's remains were later exhumed by Army troops. In 1879, the Minnesota Historical Society put his remains on display at the Minnesota State Capitol, but removed them in 1915 at the request of Little Crow's grandson, Jesse Wakeman. In 1971, the society finally returned Little Crow's remains to the Wakeman family for proper burial at the First Presbyterian Church and Cemetery (Flandreau, South Dakota). Little Crow's burial site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. Early life There were at least three chiefs called Little Crow, including Taoyateduta's grandfather Cetanwakanmani (Čhetáŋ Wakhúwa Máni, literally "Hawk that hunts walking") who was called "Petit Corbeau" by the French; his father Wakinyantanka ("Big Thunder"); and most famously, Taoyateduta himself. The exact origins of the European name "Little Crow" are unclear. Some have suggested that it was a mistranslation of "Sparrowhawk" or "Charging Hawk," while others have explained that the men were known to carry the skin or wings of a crow on their backs or dangling from their belts as a totem. His Dakota name, Thaóyate Dúta, is most often translated as "His Red Nation"; other variations include "His Red People" and "His Scarlet Nation." There is considerable speculation about his year of birth. While his gravestone lists his birth year as 1818, historian Gary Clayton Anderson concludes that it seems most likely that he was born in 1810, based on mission school records and the fact that Taoyateduta served as a warrior in the Dakota Sioux contingent enlisted by the United States in the Black Hawk War of 1832. He was one of at least ten boys born to Big Thunder (Wakiŋyaŋtaŋka) Little Crow II and his three wives. Taoyateduta is believed to have been the son of Big Thunder's first wife, Miniokadawin, who was from Wabasha's band. He grew up with a physiological oddity,