and after the Civil War. One of the more significant differences from American polls is the relatively low ranking of John F. Kennedy (1961–1963), who placed fifteenth. British academics "seemingly faulted JFK for the gap between his rhetoric and his substantive achievements as president." Abbreviations VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda DL = Domestic leadership FPL = Foreign-policy leadership MA = Moral authority HL = Historical legacy (positive significance of) O = Overall Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange backgrounds indicate fourth quartile. Each category is ranked according to its averaged numerical score (in parentheses). Source: 2016 PHN UK Survey of U.S. Presidents In 2016, the Presidential History Network surveyed 71 named British and Irish specialists. The questions were the same as in the USPC survey, which was directed by some of the same people. Some respondents did not rate presidents that they were not familiar with. The minimum number of responses (62) were for the rather obscure and inconsequential presidents Hayes, Arthur, Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison. 69–70 rated all recent presidents, from FDR on. Abbreviations VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda DL = Domestic leadership FPL = Foreign-policy leadership MA = Moral authority HL = Historical legacy (positive significance of) O = Overall Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median. Yellow backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange backgrounds indicate fourth quartile. Each category is ranked according to its averaged numerical score. Source: 2017 C-SPAN Presidential Historians Survey Abbreviations PP = Public persuasion CL = Crisis leadership EM = Economic management MA = Moral authority IR = International relations AS = Administrative skills RC = Relations with Congress VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda PEJ = Pursued equal justice for all PCT = Performance within context of times O = Overall Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median. Yellow backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange backgrounds indicate fourth quartile. Source: Siena College Research Institute, Presidential Expert Poll of 2018 On February 13, 2019, Siena released its sixth presidential poll. The poll was initiated in 1982 and occurs one year into the term of each new president. It is currently a survey of 157 presidential scholars across a range of leadership parameters. The ranking awarded the top five spots to George Washington, Franklin Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas