this poll in 2018, with Donald Trump appearing for the first time, in last position. A 2016 survey of 71 British specialists by the Presidential History Network produced similar results to the 2011 USPC survey, with Barack Obama placed in the first quartile. The 2018 Siena poll of 157 presidential scholars reported George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Jefferson as the top five US presidents, with SCRI director Don Levy stating, "The top five, Mount Rushmore plus FDR, is carved in granite with presidential historians...." Donald Trump—entering the SCRI survey for the first time—joined Andrew Johnson, James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin Pierce among the bottom five US presidents. George W. Bush, whom presidential scholars had rated among the bottom five in the previous 2010 survey, improved in position to the bottom of the third quartile. A 2021 C-SPAN poll continued a recent rehabilitation of Ulysses Grant, with Bush improving yet again, Obama remaining high and Trump near the bottom. Scholar survey summary Within each column Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile. Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile. Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of presidents. Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile. Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile. Note: click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order. Notable scholar surveys Murray–Blessing 1982 survey The Murray–Blessing 1982 survey asked historians whether they were liberal or conservative on domestic, social, and economic issues. The table below shows that the two groups had only small differences in ranking the best and worst presidents. Both groups agreed on the composition of nine of the top ten presidents (and were split over the inclusion of either Lyndon B. Johnson or Dwight D. Eisenhower) and six of the worst seven (split over Jimmy Carter or Calvin Coolidge). Siena College Research Institute, 5th Presidential Expert Poll 1982 - 2010 Abbreviations Bg = Background PL = Party leadership CAb = Communication ability RC = Relations with Congress CAp = Court appointments HE = Handling of economy L = Luck AC = Ability to compromise WR = Willing to take risks EAp = Executive appointments OA = Overall ability Im = Imagination DA = Domestic accomplishments Int = Integrity EAb = Executive ability FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments LA