rights to their titles to publishing houses. These novelized films will frequently be written on assignment and sometimes written by authors who have only an early script as their source. Consequently, novelizations are quite often changed from the films as they appear in theatres. Novelization can build up characters and incidents for commercial reasons (e.g. to market a card or computer game, to promote the publisher's "saga" of novels, or to create continuity between films in a series) There have been instances of novelists who have worked from their own screenplays to create novels at nearly the same time as a film. Both Arthur C. Clarke, with 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Graham Greene, with The Third Man, have worked from their own film ideas to a novel form (although the novel version of The Third Man was written more to aid in the development of the screenplay than for the purposes of being released as a novel). Both John Sayles and Ingmar Bergman write their film ideas as novels before they begin producing them as films, although neither director has allowed these prose treatments to be published. Finally, films have inspired and been adapted into plays. John Waters's films have been successfully mounted as plays; both Hairspray and Cry-Baby have been adapted, and other films have spurred subsequent theatrical adaptations. Spamalot is a Broadway play based on Monty Python films. In a rare case of a film being adapted from a stage musical adaptation of a film, in 2005, the film adaptation of the stage musical based on Mel Brooks' classic comedy film The Producers was released. See also Remake Literary adaptation Adaptation (arts) AACTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay César Award for Best Adaptation Golden Horse Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Goya Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Satellite Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay References Further reading Eisenstein, Sergei. "Dickens, Griffith, and the Film Today." Film Form Dennis Dobson, trans. 1951. Literature/Film Quarterly, journal published by Salisbury University Journal of Adaptation in Film and Performance, published by Intellect Adaptation, journal published by Oxford University Press Movie Adaptation Database, UC Berkeley Media Resources Center The history of Erich von Stroheim's Greed, from welcometosilentmovies.com The Art of Adaptation from hollywoodlitsales.com Hutcheon, Linda, with Siobhan O’Flynn. A Theory of Adaptation. 2nd