In mathematics, Cartan's equivalence method is a technique in differential geometry for determining whether two geometrical structures are the same up to a diffeomorphism. For example, if M and N are two Riemannian manifolds with metrics g and h, respectively, when is there a diffeomorphism such that ? Although the answer to this particular question was known in dimension 2 to Gauss and in higher dimensions to Christoffel and perhaps Riemann as well, Élie Cartan and his intellectual heirs developed a technique for answering similar questions for radically different geometric structures. (For example see the Cartan–Karlhede algorithm.) Cartan successfully applied his equivalence method to many such structures, including projective structures, CR structures, and complex structures, as well as ostensibly non-geometrical structures such as the equivalence of Lagrangians and ordinary differential equations. (His techniques were later developed more fully by many others, such as D. C. Spencer and Shiing-Shen Chern.) The equivalence method is an essentially algorithmic procedure for determining when two geometric structures are identical. For Cartan, the primary geometrical information was expressed in a coframe or collection of coframes on a differentiable manifold. See method of moving frames. Overview Specifically, suppose that M and N are a pair of manifolds each carrying a G-structure for a structure group G. This amounts to giving a special class of coframes on M and N. Cartan's method addresses the question of whether there exists a local diffeomorphism φ:M→N under which the G-structure on N pulls back to the given G-structure on M. An equivalence problem has been "solved" if one can give a complete set of structural invariants for the G-structure: meaning that such a diffeomorphism exists if and only if all of the structural invariants agree in a suitably defined sense. Explicitly, local systems of one-forms θi and γi are given on M and N, respectively, which span the respective cotangent bundles (i.e., are coframes). The question is whether there is a local diffeomorphism φ:M→N such that the pullback of the coframe on N satisfies (1) where the coefficient g is a function on M taking values in the Lie group G. For example, if M and N are Riemannian manifolds, then G=O(n) is the orthogonal group and θi and γi are orthonormal coframes of M and N respectively. The question of whether two Riemannian manifolds are isometric is then a question of whether there exists a diffeomorphism φ satisfying (1).