cappella singing groups even in the present day. Janequin wrote very little liturgical music: only two masses and a single motet are attributed to him, though more may have been lost. His 250 secular chansons and his (over 80) psalm settings and chansons spirituelles — the French equivalent of the Italian madrigale spirituale — were his primary legacy. The programmatic chansons for which Janequin is famous were long, sectional pieces, and usually cleverly imitated natural or man-made sounds. Le chant des oiseaux imitates bird-calls; La chasse the sounds of a hunt; and La bataille (Escoutez tous gentilz), probably the most famous, and almost certainly written to celebrate the French victory over the Swiss Confederates at the Battle of Marignano in 1515, imitates battle noises, including trumpet calls, cannon fire and the cries of the wounded. Onomatopoeic effects such as these became a commonplace in later 16th century music, and carried over into the Baroque era; indeed "battle music" was to become a cliché, but it first came into prominence with Janequin. In addition to the programmatic chansons for which he is most famous, he also wrote short and refined compositions more in the style of Claudin de Sermisy. For these he set texts by some of the prominent poets of the time, including Clément Marot. Late in his life he wrote the Psalm settings based on Genevan tunes. Since there is no documentary evidence, the question of whether he sympathized with the Protestants remains unanswered. French composer Jehan Alain composed, as a tribute, a set of variations for organ on a theme attributed to Janequin (Variations sur un thème de Clément Janequin, 1937); although later scholarship has identified that particular piece as being an anonymous love song from a 1529 collection by Pierre Attaignant. List of works Manuscripts 2 chansons in ms. 125-123, Bibliothèque Municipale, Cambrai, France 3 chansons in ms. 204; 1508; 1516, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, Germany La Bataille in the archives of Puebla Cathedral, Puebla, Mexico A chanson in ms. 74 H. 7, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, Netherlands 3 chansons in ms. Ashb. 1058 Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence (The part of the tenor is in ms. Cons. Rés. 255, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris) 5 chansons in ms. Bourdeney-Pasche, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, vers 1605 2 chansons in Ms. A. R. 940/41, Proske-Bibliothek, Regensburg, Germany Historical publications c. 1528 Chansons de maistre C. Janequin nouvellement et correctement imprimeez.