but that this does not usually mean that the speaker is deliberately conveying a double message. Steven Pinker has argued that the concept of dog whistling allows people to "claim that anyone says anything because you can easily hear the alleged dogwhistles that aren't in the actual literal contents of what the person says". See also ('Pavlovian response') References Citations General and cited references Stephens-Dougan, LaFleur. 2020. Race to the Bottom: How Racial Appeals Work in American Politics. University of Chicago Press. Further reading Stephens-Dougan, LaFleur (2021). "The Persistence of Racial Cues and Appeals in American Elections". Annual Review of Political Science 24(1). Political campaign techniques Political communication Propaganda techniques