treatment is more effective on nonporous surfaces, such as hardwood timber, fired bricks, and plastered walls, than on porous surfaces such as mud. A single treatment with insecticide typically protects against triatomine infestation for a year or more on timber walls vs. 2–3 months on adobe walls. Wettable powders, suspension concentrates, and insecticide paints can improve treatment effectiveness on porous surfaces. Rates of insecticide resistance among triatomines are fairly low due to their long lifecycle and low genetic variability, but some instances of resistance have been reported, particularly among Triatoma infestans populations in Bolivia and Argentina. Tribes, genera, and numbers of described species The monophyletic nature of the Triatominae subfamily is strongly supported by molecular data, indicating that their blood-sucking character has occurred only once within the Reduviidae. The classification within the subfamily is not stable, with different proposed relationships among the tribes and genera. The classification below largely follows Galvão et al. 2003, but in 2009 this same author eliminated the tribe Linshcosteini and also eliminated the genera Meccus, Mepraia, and Nesotriatoma †Paleotriatoma Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Alberproseniini (monotypic) Alberprosenia 2 Bolboderini Belminus 9 Bolbodera 1 Microtriatoma 2 Parabelminus 2 Cavernicolini (monotypic) Cavernicola 2 Linshcosteini Linshcosteus Distant, 1904 (6) Rhodniini Psammolestes 3 Rhodnius 16 Triatomini Dipetalogaster 1 Eratyrus 2 Hermanlentia 1 Meccus 6 Mepraia 2 Nesotriatoma 3 Panstrongylus 13 Paratriatoma 1 Triatoma 67 Most important vectors All 138 Triatominae species are potentially able to transmit T. cruzi to humans, but these five species are the most epidemiologically important vectors of Chagas disease. Triatoma infestans Rhodnius prolixus Triatoma dimidiata Triatoma brasiliensis Panstrongylus megistus See also Hematophagy References Further reading Brenner RR, Stoka AM (1987) Chagas’ disease vectors. I, II and III. CRC Press. Boca Ratón Dujardin JP, Schofield CJ, Panzera F (2000) "Les vecteurs de la maladie de Chagas: recherches taxonomiques, biologiques et génétiques". Academie Royale des Sciences d'Ultre-Mer. Belgium. External links The Kiss of Death: Chagas' Disease in the Americas Insect vectors of human pathogens Reduviidae Hemiptera subfamilies Hematophages