University "conducted a poll of 113 academic researchers and asked them to rate the 14 modern presidents on both their overall leadership and rhetoric on diversity and inclusion using a scale ranging from 0 to 100." Survey respondents were significantly more liberal than the national average, "with only 13 percent of the respondents describing themselves as either moderate, slightly conservative, or conservative." Public opinion polls 2010 Gallup poll A Gallup poll taken on November 19–21, 2010, asked 1,037 Americans to say, based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents, whether they approve or disapprove of how each handled his job in office. John F. Kennedy (85% approval/10% disapproval) Ronald Reagan (74% approval/24% disapproval) Bill Clinton (69% approval/30% disapproval) George H. W. Bush (64% approval/34% disapproval) Gerald Ford (61% approval/26% disapproval) Jimmy Carter (52% approval/42% disapproval) Lyndon B. Johnson (49% approval/36% disapproval) George W. Bush (47% approval/51% disapproval) Richard Nixon (29% approval/65% disapproval) 2011 Gallup poll A Gallup poll about presidential greatness taken February 2–5, 2011, asked 1,015 American adults the following question: "Who do you regard as the greatest United States president?" Ronald Reagan (19%) Abraham Lincoln (14%) Bill Clinton (13%) John F. Kennedy (11%) George Washington (10%) Franklin Roosevelt (8%) Barack Obama (5%) Theodore Roosevelt (3%) Harry S. Truman (3%) George W. Bush (2%) Thomas Jefferson (2%) Jimmy Carter (1%) Dwight Eisenhower (1%) George H. W. Bush (1%) Andrew Jackson (<0.5%) Lyndon B. Johnson (<0.5%) Richard Nixon (<0.5%) In addition, "Other" received 1%, "None" received 1% and "No opinion" received 5%. Public Policy Polling A Public Policy Polling poll taken between September 8–11, 2011, asked 665 American voters, based on what they know or remember about the nine then-most recent former presidents, whether they hold favorable or unfavorable views of how each handled his job in office. John F. Kennedy (74% favorability/15% unfavorability) Ronald Reagan (60% favorability/30% unfavorability) Bill Clinton (62% favorability/34% unfavorability) George H. W. Bush (53% favorability/35% unfavorability) Gerald Ford (45% favorability/26% unfavorability) Jimmy Carter (45% favorability/43% unfavorability) Lyndon B. Johnson (36% favorability/39% unfavorability) George W. Bush (41% favorability/51% unfavorability) Richard Nixon (19% favorability/62% unfavorability) Vision Critical/Angus Reid poll A Vision Critical/Angus Reid Public Opinion poll taken on February 18–19, 2011, asked 1,010 respondents about 11 former presidents plus the current president and whether each was a good or bad president. John F. Kennedy (80% approval/6% disapproval) Ronald Reagan (72% approval/16%