cement factory or biomass power plant) and generating a concentrated stream of for sequestration or utilization or production of carbon-neutral fuel and windgas. Enhanced weathering (EW) - a process that aims to accelerate the natural weathering by spreading finely ground silicate rock, such as basalt, onto surfaces which speeds up chemical reactions between rocks, water, and air. It also removes carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere, permanently storing it in solid carbonate minerals or ocean alkalinity. The latter also slows ocean acidification. Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Marine cloud brightening (MCB) - a proposed technique that would make clouds brighter, reflecting a small fraction of incoming sunlight back into space in order to offset anthropogenic global warming. Mirrors in space (MIS) - satellites that are designed to change the amount of solar radiation that impacts the Earth as a form of climate engineering. Since the conception of the idea in the 1980s, space mirrors have mainly been theorized as a way to deflect sunlight to counter global warming and were seriously considered in the 2000s. Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) - a proposed method to introduce aerosols into the stratosphere to create a cooling effect via global dimming and increased albedo, which occurs naturally from volcanic eruptions. The following methods are not termed "climate engineering" in the latest IPCC assessment report in 2022 but are nevertheless included in other publications on this topic: Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) Ocean geoengineering (many of the methods grouped as "ocean engineering" are actually simply carbon sequestration techniques and hence included in the carbon dioxide removal category) Methods Carbon dioxide removal Solar geoengineering Passive daytime radiative cooling Enhancing the thermal emissivity of Earth through passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) has been proposed as an alternative or "third approach" to geoengineering that is "less intrusive" and more predictable or reversible than stratospheric aerosol injection. Ocean geoengineering Ocean geoengineering involves adding material such as lime or iron to the ocean to affect its ability to support marine life and/or sequester . In 2021 the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) requested $2.5 billion funds for research in the following decade, specifically including field tests. Ocean liming Enriching seawater with calcium hydroxide (lime) has been reported to lower ocean acidity, which reduces pressure on marine life such as oysters and absorb . The added lime raised the water's pH, capturing in the form of calcium bicarbonate