though the resulting symptoms may be similar to those resulting from infections by other bacterial species. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been identified as being of note in periodontal disease. The genus is typically the cause of oral-cervicofacial disease. It is characterized by a painless "lumpy jaw". Lymphadenopathy is uncommon in this form of the disease. Another form of actinomycosis is thoracic disease, which is often misdiagnosed as a neoplasm, as it forms a mass that extends to the chest wall. It arises from aspiration of organisms from the oropharynx. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Abdominal disease is another manifestation of actinomycosis. This can lead to a sinus tract that drains to the abdominal wall or the perianal area. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Actinomyces species have also been shown to infect the central nervous system in a dog "without history or evidence of previous trauma or other organ involvement." Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare but proven complication of use of intrauterine devices. In extreme cases, pelvic abscesses might develop. Treatment of pelvic actinomycosis associated with intrauterine devices involves removal of the device and antibiotic treatment. Diagnosis Actinomycosis may be considered when a patient has chronic progression of disease across tissue planes that is mass-like at times, sinus tract development that may heal and recur, and refractory infection after a typical course of antibiotics. Treatment Treatment for actinomycosis consists of antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin for 5 to 12 months, as well as surgery if the disease is extensive. Species The genus Actinomyces comprises the following species: "A. actinomycetemcomitans" Iinuma et al. 1994 "A. bouchesdurhonensis" Fonkou et al. 2018 A. bovis Harz 1877 (Approved Lists 1980) A. bowdenii Pascual et al. 1999 "A. capricornis" Saito et al. 2021 A. catuli Hoyles et al. 2001 "A. culturomici" Fonkou et al. 2018 A. dentalis Hall et al. 2005 A. denticolens Dent and Williams 1984 A. faecalis Zhou et al. 2021 A. gaoshouyii Meng et al. 2017 A. gerencseriae Johnson et al. 1990 "A. glycerinitolerans" Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al. 2016 A. graevenitzii Pascual Ramos et al. 1997 A. haliotis Hyun et al. 2014 "A. houstonensis" Clarridge and Zhang 2002 A. howellii Dent and Williams 1984 "A. ihuae" Fonkou et al. 2018 "A. ihumii" Ndongo et al. 2016 A. israelii (Kruse 1896) Lachner-Sandoval 1898 (Approved Lists 1980) A. johnsonii Henssge et al. 2009 A. lilanjuaniae Li et al.