States. In the past, audiologists have typically held a master's degree and the appropriate healthcare license. However, in the 1990s the profession began to transition to a doctoral level as a minimum requirement. In the United States, starting in 2007, audiologists were required to receive a doctoral degree (AuD or PhD) in audiology from an accredited university graduate or professional program before practicing. All states require licensing, and audiologists may also carry national board certification from the American Board of Audiology or a certificate of clinical competence in audiology (CCC-A) from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Pakistan In Pakistan, a master's or doctoral degree in audiology is required to practice this profession. This medical degree must come from a recognised institute, most of which are government, otherwise the person didn't get the license to practice the audiology. Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) issues the practicing license to all the medical students. Besides these, the person who provides the medical instruments to these doctors should also have the certificate of accreditation, issued by the Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC). Portugal The exercise of audiologist profession in Portugal necessarily imply the qualifications degree in audiology or legally equivalent as defined in Decree-Law 320/99 of August 11 Article 4. South Africa In South Africa, there are currently five institutions offering training in audiology. The institutions offer different qualifications that make one eligible for practicing audiology in South Africa. The qualifications are as follows, I) B. Audiology, II) BSc. Audiology, III) B. Communication Pathology (Audiology), and IV) B. Speech Language Pathology and Audiology (BSLP&A). All practicing audiologists are required to be registered with the Health Professional Council of South Africa (HPCSA). See also Audiology and hearing health professionals in developed and developing countries Auditory brainstem response (ABR) Auditory agnosia Auditory processing disorder Auditory verbal agnosia Audiometrist Audiometry Balance disorder Bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA) Cochlear implant Computational audiology Dichotic listening test Earplug Electronystagmography (ENG/VNG) European Federation of Audiology Societies Hearing Aid Hearing impairment Listening Noise induced hearing loss Otoacoustic emissions Otolaryngology Otology Speech and language pathology Spatial hearing loss Tympanometry References External links Otology Rehabilitation team Auditory system Acoustics Sound sv:Audionom th:นักโสตสัมผัสวิทยา