– a threat, expression of dominance, or warning that an attack is about to begin. Eyes turned away to avoid direct eye contact – breaking off eye contact signals submission; it is also recognized as a calming signal. Blinking - a calming signal. Tail Tail held high - communicates confidence, arousal, and willingness to be approached by other dogs or humans Tail horizontal, pointing away from the dog but not stiff – signals attentiveness. Tail horizontally straight out, stiff, and pointing away from the dog – displays an initial challenge that could lead to aggression if feeling threatened or anxious. Tail up, between the horizontal and vertical position – conveys dominance . Tail up and slightly curved over back – signals confidence; seen in a dominant dog that feels in control. Tail held lower than horizontally but still some distance off from the legs, perhaps with an occasional swishing back and forth – an unconcerned, relaxed dog. Tail down, near hind legs, legs straight, tail swings back and forth slowly – dog feeling unwell, slightly depressed or in moderate pain. Tail down, near hind legs, hind legs bent inwards to lower the body – expresses timidity, apprehension, or insecurity. Tail tucked between legs – expresses fear, anxiety, or nervousness; can also be a ritualized pacifying signal to fend off aggression from another dog. Tail fast wagging – excitement. Slight tail wag, each swing of only a small size – greeting. Broad tail wag – friendly. Broad tail wag, with wide swings that pull the hips from side to side – happy greeting. Slow tail wag with tail at half-mast – unsure of what to do next, insecure. Tail wagging is also recognized as a calming signal. Tail wagging to the left side of the body – the dog senses a negative situation, such as unfamiliar dogs or people. Tail wagging to the right side of the body – the dog feels comfortable and safe. Dogs are said to exhibit a left-right asymmetry of the tail when interacting with strangers, and will show the opposite right-left motion with people and dogs they know. It is equally important to consider the breed and the morphology of the dog when determining what each tail position truly means. Ability to move their tails can be different among different breeds due to the fact that humans can dock their tails or remove them completely. In