both materially and morally. Material awards were money, goods, or perks specific to socialist systems, such as tickets to resorts, authorizations for a trip abroad, right to obtain a dwelling, or a car outside the main queue, etc. Moral awards were honorary diplomas, honorary badges, and/or putting winners' portraits on the "Board of Honor" (); work collectives were awarded with the "Transferable Red Banner of the Socialist Emulation Winner" (). More prestigious was the nomination to state orders and medals for services rendered by individuals and by state enterprises. History Vladimir Lenin was the originator and promoter of the idea of socialist emulation as a means for organising "the majority of working people into a field of labour in which they can display their abilities, develop the capacities, and reveal those talents". His milestone article was "How to organize the emulation?" (""), in which among the important goal of the emulation was discovery of persons with organizational and management skills, to replace tsarist-era specialists. Also, he was the first to set "socialist emulation" against "capitalist competition". Lenin's article however repeatedly highlights the need for strictest "accounting and control" (Russian: "учёт и контроль") at all levels for the socialist society, postulating mutual "accounting and control" between all layers of the government and supply chain. Later, Joseph Stalin wrote in his streamlined style: Principles of (capitalist) competition: defeat and death of ones and victory and dominance of the others. Principles of socialist emulation: friendly assistance to lagging ones by the leading ones in order to achieve a common rise. ...etc. While criteria of socialist emulation were easy to set, understand, and quantify in production areas, it was not so in non-production areas: medicine, education, work of clerks, etc., where significant formalism took place and among the criteria a significant weight was attributed to "social activism", not related to the work done. Social activism, among others actions, meant: Participating in all CPSU and Komsomol activities Recruitment of future CPSU members in their workplaces or home towns Election campaigns for deputies for the Union and Republican Supreme Soviets and Soviets of People's Deputies Active work during national holidays Attempt to add a "moral" aspect to daily work was a common feature among 20th century socialist governments, with Arbeitskult ("work cult") in Germany, which "stressed the patriotic potential of labour, comparing industrial work with the task of a soldier defending the Fatherland" and Yan’an heroes