another, but for long-range communication only barking and howling are employed. Barks Barking in rapid strings of 3 or 4 with pauses in between, midrange pitch – alerting call, the dog senses something but not yet defined as a threat. Rapid barking, midrange pitch – basic alarm bark. Barking still continuously but a bit slower and lower pitch – imminent threat, prepare to defend. A prolonged string of barks, with moderate to long intervals between each one – lonely, in need of companionship, often exhibited when confined. One or two sharp, short barks of high or midrange pitch – typical greeting sound, usually replaces the alarm bark when visitor is identified as friendly or the dog feels insecure. Single sharp short bark, lower midrange pitch – annoyance, used by a mother dog disciplining her puppies or by a dog disturbed from its sleep. Single short bark, higher midrange pitch – surprised or startled. Stutter bark, midrange pitch – used to initiate play. Rising bark – indicates having fun, used during play-fighting or when the owner is about to throw an object. Growls Soft, low-pitched growling that seems to come from the chest – used as a threat by a dominant dog. Soft growling that is not so low-pitched and seems more obviously to come from the mouth – stay away. Low-pitched growl-bark – growl leading to a bark is both a threat and a call for assistance. Higher midrange-pitched growl-bark – higher pitch means less confident, frightened but will defend itself. Undulating growl, going from midrange to high midrange – dog is terrified, it will either defend itself or run away. Noisy growl, medium and higher pitch, with teeth hidden from view – intense concentration, may be found during play-aggression, however you need to look at the whole body language to be sure. Howls Yip-howl – lonely, in need of companionship. Howling – indicates the dog is present, or indicating that this is its territory. Bark-howl, 2-3 barks followed by a mournful howl – dog is relatively isolated, locked away with no companionship, calling for company or a response from another dog. Baying – can be heard during tracking to call pack-mates to the quarry. Whines and whimpers Whining and whimpers are short, high pitched sounds designed to bring the listener closer to show either fear or submission on the behalf of the whiner or whimperer. These are also the