Kingdom of Naples (1713–1735) Kingdom of Sardinia (1713–1720) Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739) Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778) Banat of Craiova (1718–1739 de facto, 1716–1737) Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735) Duchy of Parma (1735–1748) Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, in modern Poland and Ukraine (1772–1918) Duchy of Bukovina (1774–1918) Serbia occupation (1788–1792) New Galicia, the Polish lands, including Kraków, taken in the Third Partition (1795–1809) Venetia (1797–1805) Kingdom of Dalmatia (1797–1805, 1814–1918) Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1814–1866) Kraków, which was incorporated into Galicia (1846–1918) Serbian Vojvodina (1848–1849) de facto entity, officially unrecognized Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849–1860) Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918) Sanjak of Novi Pazar occupation (1878–1908) Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806. Characteristics Within the early modern Habsburg monarchy, each entity was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, not all of the provinces were even necessarily ruled by the same person—junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under Maria Theresa and especially her son Joseph II in the mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the Metternichian period that followed. Another attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various revolutions of 1848. For the first time, ministers tried to transform the monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary was placed under martial law, being divided into a series of military districts, the centralized neo-absolutism tried to as well to nullify Hungary's constitution and Diet. Following the Habsburg defeats in the Wars of 1859 and 1866, these policies were step by step abandoned. After experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen.") was an equal sovereign with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting