Each is a perspective of the Chen Taijiquan tradition. The martial art concept of frames (架, jià, frame, rack, framework) referred to the general width of stances and range of motion within the form. Applied to Chen taijiquan, for example, Large Frame (大架, Dà jià ), the standard horse stance is at least two and half shoulder widths wide and hand techniques are large and expansive in appearance. By contrast, in Small Frame (小架, Xiǎo jià), the standard horse stance is two shoulders width wide and the hand techniques are perceived as generally shorter and more compact. In actuality, each frame in Chen taijiquan has its own distinct lineage and develops its own training ideas. Despite clear variations, the frames of Chen Taijiquan have more in common than they have differences, but the differences are informative. Large Frame may be further divided: Old Frame (老架, Lǎo jia) taught in the Chen Village by Chen Zhaopei and New Frame (新架, Xīn jià) taught in the Chen Village by Chen Zhaokui. Both teachers of Large Frame were students of Chen Fake. Subdivisions in Chen taijiquan are a fairly recent development. Prior to 1958, there were differences in the way teachers of different lineages taught, but there were no formal subdivisions or frames. Despite neat, discrete lineage charts, there are a number of students known to have trained with multiple teachers often without regard to lineage. Chen Zhaopei, as just one example, studied with his father, Chen Dengke, his father's uncle, Chen Yanxi, and Yanxi's son, Chen Fake, all now considered Large Frame practitioners, but he also studied theory with Chen Xin, now considered a Small Frame practitioner. Large Frame: Old Frame (Laojia) tradition In 1958, Chen Zhaopei (陈照丕, 1893-1972) returned to visit the Chen Village. There, he found that war, hardship, and migration had reduced Chen Style practitioners still teaching in the Village to a couple of aging teachers with a handful of students. He immediately took early retirement and returned to the hardships of village life in order to ensure the survival of his family martial art. His teachings are known today as Laojia (Old Frame). In Laojia, there are 72 moves in the First Form and 42 moves in the Second Form. Chen Zhaopei recorded photographs of his First Form with instructions in a book, General Explanations of Taiji Boxing Fundamentals (太極拳學入門總解, Tàijí quán xué rùmén zǒng jiě) published in