of Menshevist tactics." In January 1905, just before the start of the 1905 revolution, Martynov published an essay Two Dictatorships in which he forecast that the Russian aristocracy was about to be overthrown and replaced by a 'bourgeois' government, and argued that the RSDLP "is and should remain the party of the extreme opposition, unlike all the other parties, which can count on joining in the government of a bourgeois society." Later in the year, he acknowledged that there had been a "tremendous explosion" of working class resistance, and only a "timorous" reaction from the bourgeoisie, but "It does not at all contradict the fact that the present Russian revolution is a bourgeois revolution." Lenin's sarcastic response was that "admirers of Martynov repeat the lessons of peaceful parliamentarism just at a time when, as they themselves state, actual hostilities have commenced. There is nothing more ridiculous than this pompous emphasis of the slogan 'extreme opposition'." Returning to Saint Petersburg late in summer 1905, Martynov took on the editorship of the newspaper Nachalo, and seeing how little the Kadets were able to control events, he concluded: "The Social Democrats alone have boldly raised the slogan of permanent revolution at the present time, they alone will lead the masses to the last and decisive victory. 'Permanent revolution' was a slogan used by Trotsky, who believed that the revolution would be led by the workers' soviets. But, going back into exile after the revolution had been suppressed, Martynov disowned what he called this "fantastic theory". He was a member of the Menshevik Organisation Committee from 1912, and supported the Menshevik Internationalists during the war, most of which he spent in Switzerland. He returned to Russia by train through with Julius Martov and others, and like Martov, was one of the minority who opposed the war effort. He was elected to the Menshevik Central Committee in December 1917, but he broke with the party in 1918, during the Russian Civil War. After the introduction of the NEP, Martynov claimed that there no longer was an ideological difference between him and the Soviet government. He was admitted to the Communist Party in 1923, and loyally supported Joseph Stalin for the rest of his life. In the 1920s, Martynov worked as a researcher at the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute and a lecturer at the Communist Academy and the Sverdlov Communist University, and from 1924, he worked for the