c) The standardized and established PCB manufacturing process allows for cost-effective large-scale production of PCB-based detection devices. d) The growth of flexible PCB technology has driven the development of wearable detection devices. As a result, over the past decade, there have been numerous reports on the application of Lab-on-PCB to various biomedical fields. e) PCBs are compatible with wet deposition methods, to allow for the fabrication of sensors using novel nanomaterials (e.g. graphene). Advantages LOCs may provide advantages, which are specific to their application. Typical advantages are: low fluid volumes consumption (less waste, lower reagents costs and less required sample volumes for diagnostics) faster analysis and response times due to short diffusion distances, fast heating, high surface to volume ratios, small heat capacities. better process control because of a faster response of the system (e.g. thermal control for exothermic chemical reactions) compactness of the systems due to integration of much functionality and small volumes massive parallelization due to compactness, which allows high-throughput analysis lower fabrication costs, allowing cost-effective disposable chips, fabricated in mass production part quality may be verified automatically safer platform for chemical, radioactive or biological studies because of integration of functionality, smaller fluid volumes and stored energies Disadvantages The most prominent disadvantages of labs-on-chip are: The micro-manufacturing process required to make them is complex and labor-intensive, requiring both expensive equipment and specialized personnel. It can be overcome by the recent technology advancement on low-cost 3D printing and laser engraving. The complex fluidic actuation network requires multiple pumps and connectors, where fine control is difficult. It can be overcome by careful simulation, an intrinsic pump, such as air-bag embed chip, or by using a centrifugal force to replace the pumping, i.e. centrifugal micro-fluidic biochip. Most LOCs are novel proof of concept application that are not yet fully developed for widespread use. More validations are needed before practical employment. In the microliter scale that LOCs deal with, surface dependent effects like capillary forces, surface roughness or chemical interactions are more dominant. This can sometimes make replicating lab processes in LOCs quite challenging and more complex than in conventional lab equipment. Detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low signal-to-noise ratios. Global health Lab-on-a-chip technology may soon become an important part of efforts to improve global health, particularly through the development of point-of-care testing devices. In countries with few healthcare resources, infectious diseases that would