The suppression of the Jesuits was a major blow to Catholic education across Europe, with nearly 1000 secondary schools and seminaries were shut down. Their lands, buildings, and endowments were confiscated; their teachers were scattered. Although Jesuit education had become old fashioned in Poland and other areas, it was the main educational support network for Catholic intellectuals, senior clergy, and prominent families. Governments unsuccessfully attempted to replace all of those schools, but there were far too few non-clerical teachers who were suitable. The Jesuit order was restored by the pope in 1814 and it flourished in terms of rebuilding schools and educational institutions but it never regained its enormous political power. The suppression of the Jesuits has been described as "an unmitigated disaster for Catholicism." The political weakness of the once-powerful institution was on public display for more ridicule and bullying. The Church lost its best educational system, its best missionary system, and its most innovative thinkers. Intellectually, it would take two centuries for the Church to fully recover. In popular culture Anti-Catholic stereotypes are a long-standing feature of English literature, popular fiction, and pornography. Gothic fiction is particularly rich in this regard. Lustful priests, cruel abbesses, immured nuns, and sadistic inquisitors appear in such works as The Italian by Ann Radcliffe, The Monk by Matthew Lewis, Melmoth the Wanderer by Charles Maturin and "The Pit and the Pendulum" by Edgar Allan Poe. See also Anti-Papalism Black Legend Catholic revival History of Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the Eastern Orthodox Church History of Protestantism Protestant Revolutionary Propaganda The Great Apostasy Persecution of Christians Persecution of Christians by Christians Sectarian violence among Christians References Sources Further reading Anbinder, Tyler. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s 1992; in U.S. Bennett, David H. The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History University of North Carolina Press, 1988 Blanshard, Paul. American Freedom and Catholic Power Beacon Press, 1949; famous attack on Catholicism Brown, Thomas M. "The Image of the Beast: Anti-Papal Rhetoric in Colonial America", in Richard O. Curry and Thomas M. Brown, eds., Conspiracy: The Fear of Subversion in American History (1972), 1–20. Bruce, Steve. No Pope of Rome: Anti-Catholicism in Modern Scotland (Edinburgh, 1985). Cogliano, Francis D. No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England Greenwood Press, 1995 Cruz, Joel Morales. The Mexican Reformation: Catholic