the more famous exponents of the style, had not been taught much in the areas of tuishou (push hands) nor martial application methods. It was not until the return of Chen Zhaokui that these methods were covered in detail, over a series of visits. Chen Zhaokui's teaching of the Xinjia was explicitly practiced with the purpose of developing tangible and effective martial arts methods and strengths. This is another reason it was said to be exciting for younger students. Since Xinjia focuses on applications, spiral energy usage, fajin (energy release) and qinna (joint locking) movements are developed. The stances tend to be more compact in the goal of better mobility for fighting applications, while they still remain quite low. This includes more dynamic, springing and jumping movements. This form tends to emphasize manipulation, seizing and grappling (qin na) and a tight method of spiral winding for both long and shorter range striking. Zhu Tian Cai has commented that the Xinjia emphasizes the silk reeling (纏絲; chán sī) movements to help beginners more easily learn the internal principles in form and to make application more obvious in relation to the Old Frame forms. The New Frame Cannon Fist is generally performed faster than other empty hand forms. Chen Xiaoxing also emphasized that "the fundamental principles of the two frames, (Laojia and Xinjia), are the same with regards to postural requirements and movement principles. Both require the practitioner to exhibit movements that are continuous, round and pliant, connecting all movements section by section and closely synchronising the actions of the upper and lower body....The Old and New Frames should not be viewed as different entities because both are foundation forms. If you look beyond the superficial differences, the Old Frame and New Frame are the same style, sharing the same origin and guiding principles. In Chenjiagou, people have the advantage of knowing both the first routines." However, because of common fundamentals and training methods, either frame, Laojia or Xinjia, can be trained as a complete curriculum. As Laojia and Xinjia were coined under Chen Zhaopei's students, they are not often used in other lineages. Small frame tradition Although the Small Frame (小架, Xiǎo jià) was the last subdivision from the Chen Family martial art to become internationally known, it is the frame that most resembles both the 66-movement form illustrated in Chen Xin's (陈鑫, 1849-1929) tome on taijiquan theory and practices, Chen