parameters of the lambda-cold dark matter model using Sloan Survey data, studied mathematical models of multiverses Trinh Xuan Thuan (1948–) researched galaxy formation and evolution William G. Tifft theorized that galactic redshifts are quantized Beatrice Tinsley (1941–1981) researched galactic evolution, the creation of lightweight elements, and accelerated expansion of the universe Frank J. Tipler (1947–) proved that time travel requires singularities, promoted the anthropic principle Richard C. Tolman (1881–1948) showed that the cosmic background keeps a black-body profile as the universe expands Mark Trodden (1968–) studied cosmological implications of topological defects in field theories Michael S. Turner (1949–) coined the term dark energy Neil Turok (1958–) predicted correlations between polarization and temperature anisotropy in the cosmic background, explained the big bang as a brane collision Henry Tye (1947–) proposed brane-antibrane interactions as a cause of inflation V Alexander Vilenkin (1949–) showed that eternal inflation is generic, studied cosmic strings, theorized the creation of the universe from quantum fluctuations W Robert M. Wald (1947–) wrote a popular textbook on general relativity, studied the thermodynamics of black holes and created an axiomatic formulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Arthur Geoffrey Walker (1909–2001) developed the standard model of general relativity and studied the mathematics of relativistic reference frames David Wands studied inflation, superstrings, and density perturbations in the early universe Yun Wang (1964–) uses supernova and galactic redshift data to probe dark energy Jeffrey Weeks (1956–) used cosmic background patterns to determine the topology of the universe Simon D. White (1951–) studied galaxy formation in the lambda-cold dark matter model David Todd Wilkinson (1935–2002) used satellite probes to measure the cosmic background radiation Edward L. Wright (1947–) promoted big bang theories, studied the effect of dust absorption on measurements of the cosmic background Z Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (1914–1987) used accretion disks of massive black holes to explain quasars, predicted Compton scattering of the cosmic background Fritz Zwicky (1898–1974) along with Walter Baade coined the term "supernova", contributions in understanding neutron stars, supernovae as standard candles, gravitational lensing, and dark matter. See also Timeline of cosmological theories Cosmologists, List of Physical cosmology Cosmologists