fumi-e as a sign of the love and forgiveness of Jesus Christ. Nagasaki Junshin Catholic University professor Simon Hull stated that if all of the fumi-e participants had instead chosen to be defiant and died, Christianity would not have continued in Japan; he stated "It is only because some made an existential decision to trample on the fumi-e, ... that Christianity in Japan was able to survive." Form Fumi-e were usually cast from bronze, but others were made of painted stone and some were woodblock prints. There are relatively few surviving fumi-e, as most were simply thrown away or recycled for other uses. Some examples were displayed by the Smithsonian in their 2007 exhibition "Encompassing the Globe: Portugal and the World in the 16th and 17th Centuries." See also Auto-da-fé Catholicism in Japan Holy Inquisition Martyrs of Japan References History of Christianity in Japan Anti-Christian sentiment in Asia Anti-Catholicism Edo period Persecution of Christians 1629 establishments in Japan 1620s establishments in Japan 1856 disestablishments Religious policy in Japan