The Northern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Pahāṛi languages, are a proposed group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east, through the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab(not to be confused with the various other languages with that name) was coined by G. A. Grierson. Classification The Pahari languages fall into three groups. Eastern Pahari Nepali is spoken by an estimated 11,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India. It is an official language in Nepal and India. Jumli is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the Karnali zone of Nepal. Doteli spoken by an estimated 1 million people in far west Nepal. It is considered by many to be a dialect of Nepali, according to some scholars (e.g., Rahul Sankrityayan), a dialect of Kumaoni, but the Nepalese Language Commission considers it a separate language. Central Pahari Kumaoni is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Garhwali is spoken by an estimated 2,900,000 people in Uttarakhand. Most of these are Garhwali people from the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Western Pahari Jaunsari Nuclear Himachali: Hinduri Pahari Kinnauri Kullu Pahari Mahasu Pahari Sirmauri Mandeali Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali: Chamealic: Bhadarwahi Churahi Bhattiyali Bilaspuri Chambeali Gaddi Pangwali Kangri-Dogri: Dogri Kangri Comparison In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikno, but Hindi sikhna, to learn; Kumauni yeso, plural yasa, of this kind. Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and