influenced European views of the non-western world in general." The historian of Himalayan cultures Shekhar Pathak speaking about the development of Hill Stations like Mussoorie noted that “the needs of this (European) elite created colonies in Dehradun of Indians to cater to them." This "exclusive, clean, and secure social space – known as an enclave – for white Europeans ... evolved to become the seats of government and foci of elite social activity", and created racial distinctions which perpetuated British colonial power and oppression as Nandini Bhattacharya notes. Dale Kennedy observed that "the hill station, then, was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider". Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with the main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects." List of hill stations Most hill stations, listed by region: Africa Madagascar Antsirabe Morocco Ifrane Nigeria Jos Uganda Fort Portal Americas Brazil Petropolis Campos do Jordão Costa Rica Monteverde United States Beech Mountain Sky Valley, Georgia Big Bear Lake, California Cloudcroft, New Mexico Summerhaven, Arizona Asia Bangladesh Sajek Valley Bandarban Jaflong Khagrachari Moulvibazar Rangamati Sreemangal Cambodia Bokor Hill Station China Kuling (Guling) in Jiangxi Province Mount Mogan Mount Jigong Guling, Fujian Province Beidaihe Cyprus Platres Hong Kong Victoria Peak Sunset Peak India Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. Nandi Hills is a hill station in Karnataka, India which was developed by Ganga Dynasty in 11th century. It was also used by Tipu Sultan (1751 - 1799) as a summer retreat. The most popular hill stations in India include: Achabal, Jammu and Kashmir Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh Ambanad Hills, Kerala Amboli, Maharashtra Almora, Uttarakhand Araku Valley, Andhra Pradesh Aritar, Sikkim Aru, Jammu and Kashmir Askot, Uttarakhand Auli, Uttarakhand Baba Budan giri, Karnataka Badrinath, Uttarakhand Baltal, Jammu and Kashmir