more expensive equipment has to be mobilized to push tools down the hole. Another disadvantage of wells with a high inclination was that prevention of sand influx into the well was less reliable and needed higher effort. Again, this disadvantage has diminished such that, provided sand control is adequately planned, it is possible to carry it out reliably. Stealing oil In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling. The United Nations redrew the border after the 1991 Gulf war, which ended the seven-month Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. As part of the reconstruction, 11 new oil wells were placed among the existing 600. Some farms and an old naval base that used to be in the Iraqi side became part of Kuwait. In the mid-twentieth century, a slant-drilling scandal occurred in the huge East Texas Oil Field. New technologies Between 1985 and 1993, the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory (NCEL) (now the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC)) of Port Hueneme, California developed controllable horizontal drilling technologies. These technologies are capable of reaching (3000–4500 m) and may reach (7500 m) when used under favorable conditions. Techniques See also Deviation survey Geosteering Hydraulic fracturing Logging while drilling Measurement while drilling Mud motor Mudlogger Rotary steerable system Trenchless technology References External links "Slanted Oil Wells, Work New Marvels" Popular Science, May 1934, early article on the drilling technology "Technology and the Conroe Crater" American Oil & Gas Historical Society Short video explaining horizontal drilling for gas extraction from oil shale. (American Petroleum Institute) A video depicting horizontal shale drilling can be seen here. "Mechanical Mole Bores Crooked Wells." Popular Science, June 1942, pp. 94–95. The unsung masters of the oil industry 21 July 2012 The Economist Drilling technology Engineering vehicles