percent of the victims in competitive football, baseball, lacrosse, and hockey were wearing protectors. A 2017 study found that specially-designed chest protectors do reduce the risk of commotio cordis, but do not offer 100 percent protection. Treatment Automated external defibrillators (AED) and prompt CPR helped to increase the survival rate in to 58 percent. CPR and defibrillation must be started urgently (within three minutes) to avoid death of the person impacted. To assure life-saving procedures and equipment are in place at events where impact injuries are possible, clinical recommendations state that "communities and school districts reexamine the need for accessible automatic defibrillators and CPR-trained coaches at organized sporting events for children." Legal issues Several people have been charged and convicted for the deaths of victims of commotio cordis, even when the blows rendered were never given with an intent to kill. In 1992, Italian hockey player Miran Schrott died after a blow to his chest from the stick of Italian-Canadian player Jimmy Boni. Boni was charged with culpable homicide, and eventually pleaded guilty to manslaughter, paying a $1,300 fine and $175,000 restitution to Schrott's family. See also Commotio thoracis Pulmonary contusion R-on-T phenomenon Touch of Death References Further reading External links Yabek, S.M. Commotio cordis. eMedicine, September 2005. National Commotio Cordis Registry (US) Chest trauma Cardiac arrhythmia Sports medicine Men's health Latin medical words and phrases