at mating does not reduce the ability of an individual to attract other mates. These critics also criticize the dichotomy between parenting effort and mating effort for missing the existence of other efforts that take time from mating, such as survival effort which would have the same species-wide effects. There are also criticisms of size and organ trade-offs, including criticism of the claim of a trade-off between body size and longevity that cites the observation of longer lifespans in larger species, as well as criticism of the claim that big brains promoted sociality citing primate studies in which monkeys with large portions of their brains surgically removed remained socially functioning though their technical problem solving deteriorated in flexibility, computer simulations of chimpanzee social interaction showing that it requires no complex cognition, and cases of socially functioning humans with microcephalic brain sizes. See also Age determination in herbaceous plants Age determination in woody plants Behavioral ecology Biological life cycle Dynamic energy budget theory for metabolic organisation Evolutionary developmental psychology Evolutionary history of life Evolutionary physiology Human behavioral ecology Paternal care Plant strategies References Further reading Charnov, E. L. (1993). Life history invariants. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Ellis, B.J. (2004). Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: an integrated life history approach. Psychological Bulletin. 130:920-58. Fabian, D. & Flatt, T. (2012) Life History Evolution. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):24 Freeman, Scott and Herron, Jon C. 2007. Evolutionary Analysis 4th Ed: Aging and Other Life History Characteristics. 485-86, 514, 516. Kaplan, H., K. Hill, J. Lancaster, and A.M. Hurtado. (2000). The Evolution of intelligence and the Human life history. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9(4): 156-184. Kaplan, H.S., and A.J. Robson. (2002) "The emergence of humans: The coevolution of intelligence and longevity with intergenerational transfers". PNAS 99: 10221-10226. Kaplan, H.S., Lancaster, J.B., & Robson (2003). Embodied Capital and the Evolutionary Economics Of the Human Lifespan. In: Lifespan: Evolutionary, Ecology and Demographic Perspectives, J.R. Carey & S. Tuljapakur (2003). (eds.) Population and Development Review 29, Supplement: 152–182. Kozlowski, J and Wiegert, RG 1986. Optimal allocation to growth and reproduction. Theoretical Population Biology 29: 16-37. Quinlan, R.J. (2007). Human parental effort and environmental risk. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1606):121-125. Derek A. Roff (2007). Contributions of genomics to life-history theory. Nature Reviews Genetics 8, 116-125. Roff, D. (1992). The evolution of life histories: Theory and analysis. New York:Chapman & Hall. Stearns, S. (1992). The evolution of