founded in 1942. Key HAS figures were the Reichsminister for munition and armament, Albert Speer and the Reich transport minister, Julius Dorpmüller. Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939 Nazi Germany disbanded the Polish State Railways (PKP). Polish rail officials were either executed in mass shootings or imprisoned, and some 8,000 managerial positions were staffed with German officials. Former Polish companies began producing German engines BR44, BR50 and BR86 as early as 1940, some using forced labor. By 1944, the factories in Poznań and Chrzanów were producing the redesigned Kriegslok BR52 locomotives for the Eastern Front. These locomotives were made almost entirely of steel; the use of more expensive, non-ferrous metals was dropped in view of the engines' expected lifespan. The GGL included the following locomotive manufacturers (including an approximate number of Class 52s produced): LOFAG, Vienna: 1,053 units Henschel, Kassel (Henschel Flugzeugwerke AG): 1,050 units (forced labor) Schwartzkopff, Berlin: 647 units Krauss-Maffei, Munich: 613 units Borsig, Berlin; branches: Borsig-Rheinmetall AG Düsseldorf (in Siemianowice, Poland), Borsig Lokomotivwerke Hennigsdorf, Borsig Werke Breslau-Hundsfeld (now Wrocław-Psie Pole, Poland): 542 units (forced labor, incl. KL Auschwitz) Schichau-Werke Elbing (now Elbląg, Poland): 505 units (forced labor, incl. KZ Stutthof, and its subcamps). Maschinenbau und Bahnbedarfs AG (MBA) formerly Orenstein & Koppel, Babelsberg: 400 units DWM Posen, Poznań (occupied Poland), German takeover of Polish manufacturer H. Cegielski – Poznań: 314 units (forced labor) Oberschlesische Lokfabrik Krenau, Chrzanów (occupied Poland), German takeover of Polish manufacturer Fablok: 264 units (forced labor) Maschinenfabrik Esslingen: 250 units Jung, Jungenthal, Kirchen: 231 units Škoda Works, Pilsen: 153 units Grafenstaden, Strasbourg: 139 units Post-war use In the early postwar years, Class 52s were used by many European countries. Western European countries replaced them with more modern locomotives as soon as possible, with the exception of Austria where they were used until 1976. The simplicity and effectiveness, plus the large production total, meant that many eastern European countries were slow to withdraw their Kriegslokomotiven. Poland used them into the 1990s; some in Bosnia continued in use until at least the late 2010s. Belgium, SNCB Type 26 - 100 locomotives originally ordered by the DRG during the occupation but not completed until after liberation. Bosnia - some still in industrial service in Bosnia in late 2017. Bulgaria, Bulgarian State Railways class 15 - over 150 locomotives numbered 15.01-1650 . Czechoslovakia, ČSD class 555.0 - Some rebuilt as Class 555.3 to burn mazut fuel