remain. The surgery is classified as of 2010 as a "salvage" operation - that is, a last resort for an otherwise viable animal. Success rates of around 80 - 85% (approximately 5 in 6) were being discussed by sources in 2005 and again in 2008. There are also fewer options if the replacement fails; arthrodesis (surgical fusion of the joint) can result in a pain-free but lame gait. However, arthrodesis is itself a complex surgery with a long recovery time, and if arthrodesis is required, additional strain will be borne by other nearby joints, so other leg and shoulder conditions such as osteoarthritis may become more significant. Grading for breeding purposes The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals in the United States will grade elbow X-rays of dogs intended for breeding. References Dog musculoskeletal disorders