Holton Taxol total synthesis - year: 1994 - precursor: Patchoulol strategy: linear synthesis AB then C then D - references: see related article Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis - year: 1994 - precursor: Mucic acid strategy: convergent synthesis A and C merge to ABC then D - references: see related article Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis - year: 1996 - precursor: Wieland-Miescher ketone strategy: convergent synthesis C merges with D then with A merges to ABCD - references: See related article Wender Taxol total synthesis - year: 1997 - precursor: Pinene strategy: linear synthesis AB then C then D - references: Kuwajima Taxol total synthesis I. Kuwajima, - year: 1998 - precursor: synthetic building blocks strategy: linear synthesis A then B then C then D Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis - year: 1998 - Precursor: L-serine strategy: linear synthesis B, then C, then A then D. References: see related article. Takahashi Taxol total synthesis - year: 2006 - Precursor: geraniol strategy: convergent synthesis A and C merge to ABC then D Sato-Chida Taxol total synthesis - year: 2015, formal synthesis to a Takahashi intermediate Nakada Taxol total synthesis - year: 2015, formal synthesis to a Takahashi intermediate Baran Taxol total synthesis - year: 2020, total synthesis via a two-phase divergent synthetic approach. Li Taxol total synthesis - year: 2021, total synthesis via B ring closure by forming C1–C2 bond. Ongoing research efforts are directed at the synthesis of taxadiene and taxadienone intermediates. The synthesis of related taxanes decinnamoyltaxinine E and taxabaccatin III has been reported Semisynthesis The commercial semisynthesis (by Bristol-Myers Squibb) of paclitaxel starting from 10-deacetylbaccatin III (isolated from the European yew) is based on tail addition of the so-called Ojima lactam to its free hydroxyl group: Another commercial semisynthesis (by the company Natural Pharmaceuticals) relies on the isolation of a group of paclitaxel derivatives isolated from primary ornamental taxanes. These derivatives have the same skeleton as paclitaxel except for the organic residue R of the terminal tail amide group which can be phenyl, or propyl or pentyl (among others) whereas in paclitaxel it is an explicit phenyl group. The semisynthesis consists of conversion of the amide group to an amine with Schwartz's reagent through an imine followed by acidic workup and a benzoylation. In the production process Michigan grown yews which mature in 8 years are periodically topped and dried. This material is shipped to Mexico for a first extraction step