then dehumanize or demonize, an 'other', and the processes which inform and give expression to, or can curtail, control or combat, that capacity." Hate studies is an interdisciplinary field, with a scope which is not fully agreed or defined, but includes the study of hostility towards identity categories based on race (racism), culture (cultural racism), religion (Islamophobia and antisemitism), ethnicity, and nationality (xenophobia), socio-economic class (classism), and sex and gender identity (homophobia and transphobia). In A continuum of hate: delimiting the field of hate studies, Jennifer Schweppe and Barbara Perry describe a "continua of hate" from the 'banal' to the 'barbaric', including microaggressions, hate speech, hate crime, terrorism, and genocide, and the interplay between these concepts. The authors point out several common features of all of these actions; they are based on victims' identities; they reinforce the marginality of their victims; they do harm to their victims; and victims are collective. In all except the case of microaggressions, these concepts are legally defined in most western countries. Elizabeth Thweat states that defining hate itself presents difficulties. She argues that "its scope is so broad that it touches almost all aspects of life and it dwells within the hearts and minds of each one of us" and its core feature is a "devaluation of the other." Interdisciplinarity Stern states that "various disciplines need to be integrated and cross-pollinated" in hate studies, and provides an analysis of some of the academic fields he considers relevant: History - for providing a general framework for understanding the historical development of ideologies, the societal origins of hate, and to provide analysis of various events that 'trigger' hostilities between groups. Stern also states that history is often abused to promote hatred, by misrepresenting historical events, as in the case of Holocaust denial. Psychology - Stern states that evolutionary psychology supports the idea that most people are capable of hatred. Psychology is important, Stern argues, because it focuses on why some individuals manifest hatred, for example in the form of racism, and also why others act to fight against hatred. Social psychology - Stern argues that social psychology, which studies individual psychology in social situations, offers insights by demonstrating that hatred is more easily generated when people are in a group, causing individuals to lose "individualization." Sociology - provides a framework for the study of the behaviour of groups. Group hate is described as a process involving,