found in Southern Europe and Kuwait. These insects are considered bioinvaders in North America. Habitat The plain tiger prefers arid, open areas, and is found in a variety of habitats, including deserts, mountains, deciduous forests, and human-tended gardens in cities and parks. It is comfortable at altitudes ranging from sea level to around . Food resources Larval food plants The plain tiger's larval host plants are from several families, most importantly Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae): Asclepias – milkweeds (recorded on A. cancellata, A. coarctata, A. curassavica, A. fulva, A. kaessneri, A. lineolata, A. physocarpa, A. reflexa, A. scabrifolia, A. semilunata, A. stenophylla, A. swynnertonii, A.syriaca) Aspidoglossum interruptum Calotropis – mudar (recorded on C. gigantea, C. procera) Caralluma burchardii (recorded from Canary Islands/Spain) Ceropegia dichotoma (recorded from Canary Islands/Spain) Cryptolepis buchananii Cynanchum (recorded on C. abyssinicum, C. acutum, C. altiscandens, C. amplexicaule, C. carnosum, C. floribundum, C. sublanceolatum) Gomphocarpus fruticosus Kanahia laniflora Leichardtia australis Leptadenia hastata Marsdenia leichhardtiana Metaplexis japonica Orbea variegata (recorded from Canary Islands/Spain) Oxystelma pulchellum Pentatropis (recorded on P. atropurpurea, P. quinquepartita) Pergularia daemia Periploca linearifolia Pleurostelma cernuum Secamone (recorded on S. afzelii, S. parvifolia, S. platystigma) Stapelia gigantea Stathmostelma (recorded on S. gigantiflorum, S. pedunculatum) Vincetoxicum (recorded on V. tanakae, V. sylvaticum) Host plants from other families include Dyerophytum indicum (Plumbaginaceae), Ficus (Moraceae; recorded on F. laevis, F. racemosa), Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae; recorded on I. alba, I. bona-nox), Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Sapindaceae) as well as some Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae. Adult food plants Adult plain tiger butterflies obtain nectar from various flowering plants. The particular plants available vary depending on the geographic range of the butterfly population and the season, as certain plants do not flower throughout the entire year. India Catharanthus roseus Lantana camara Vernonia cinerea Tridax procumbens Asystasia gangetica Antigonon leptopus, January through April and August through December Tecoma stans, May through December Heliotropium indicum Australia Goodenia maidenian Eucalyptus conglobata E. oleosa Ptilotis obovata Asclepias Lantana Leucopogon Daviesia In addition to nectar, adult plain tigers obtain pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the dead stems of different plant types. In Australia, the following plants have been identified as sources of pyrrolizidine alkaloids for D. chrysippus: Parsonsia eucalyptophylla P. straminea Echium plantogineum Senecio pterophorus Heliotropium amplexicaule Parental care Oviposition Females lay eggs singly on the underside of the leaves of a larval food plant. The eggs are most often laid close to the ground. Life history Egg The egg of the