army. The rule of Islamic invaders like Mahmud of Ghazni is glorified, while the much more peaceful Islamic ruler Akbar is often ignored in Pakistani textbooks. The Pakistani Curriculum document for classes K-V stated in 1995 that "at the completion of Class-V, the child should be able to": "Acknowledge and identify forces that may be working against Pakistan."[pg 154] "Demonstrate by actions a belief in the fear of Allah." [pg154] "Make speeches on Jehad and Shahadat" [pg154] "Understand Hindu-Muslim differences and the resultant need for Pakistan." [pg154] "India's evil designs against Pakistan." [pg154] "Be safe from rumour mongers who spread false news" [pg158] "Visit police stations" [pg158] "Collect pictures of policemen, soldiers, and National Guards" [pg158] "Demonstrate respect for the leaders of Pakistan" [pg153] Turkey Turkish schools, regardless of whether they are public or private, are required to teach history based on the textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education. The state uses its monopoly to increase support for the official position of Armenian genocide denial, demonizing Armenians and presenting them as enemies. For decades, these textbooks omitted any mention of Armenians as part of Ottoman history. Since the 1980s, textbooks discuss the "events of 1915", but deflect the blame from the Ottoman government to other actors, especially imperialist powers who allegedly manipulated the Armenians to achieve their nefarious goals of undermining the empire, and the Armenians themselves, for allegedly committing treason and presenting a threat to the empire. Some textbooks admit that deportations occur and Armenians died, but present this action as necessary and justified. Most recently, textbooks have accused Armenians of perpetrating genocide against Turkish Muslims. In 2003, students in each grade level were instructed to write essays refuting the genocide. Teachers are instructed to tell seventh-year students: Further reading Dull L.J. (2021) Citizenship and Nationhood in Black and White: Silences of Slavery in Textbooks. In: Hildebrandt-Wypych D., Wiseman A.W. (eds) Comparative Perspectives on School Textbooks. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68719-9_3 See also Academic bias American Association of University Professors Critical pedagogy Criticism of Wikipedia Discrimination in education Early childhood education Eurocentrism Pedagogy Philosophy of education Saudi Arabian textbook controversy Selective omission References K.K.Aziz. (2004) The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan. Vanguard. Agarwal, Vishal. Misrepresentation and Stereotyping of Hindu Dharma in History Textbooks in India. 2004. Agarwal, Vishal. Review of Romila Thapar’s ‘Ancient India, A Textbook of History for Middle Schools’ NCERT: