pulled by horses. By November, many states were reporting cases. The street railway industry ground to a halt in late 1872. Boston was hard hit by a major fire downtown on November 9 as firemen pulled the necessary firefighting equipment by hand. The city commission investigating the fire found that fire crews' response times were delayed by only a matter of minutes. The city then began to buy steam-powered equipment. In New York, 7,000 of the city's approximately 11,000 horses fell ill, and mortality rates ranged between 1.0% and 10%. Many horses were unable to stand in their stalls; those that could stand coughed violently and were too weak to pull any loads or support riders. The vast majority of affected horses that survived were back to full health by the following spring. In December 1872, Mexico sent aid to the United States in the form of live horses. 2003 UK outbreak An outbreak involving 1,300 horses in 21 racing stables occurred in Newmarket in Spring 2003. Racing was not cancelled. 2004 United States outbreak: H3N8 transfer to dogs The equine influenza virus H3N8 caused an influenza outbreak in dogs in the United States. The infection in dogs was first noticed in Greyhound race dogs in January 2004. The exposure and transfer apparently occurred at horse-racing tracks where dog racing had also occurred. 2007 Australian outbreak Australia had remained free of equine influenza until an outbreak in August 2007 when 10,651 horses were infected over a period of three months. The cost to eradicate the disease was estimated at $1 billion and eventually the virus was successfully contained and Australia has returned to its equine influenza-free status. However, the outbreak had significant effects on the country's horse-racing industry and the Australian economy in general. 2019 UK outbreaks In February 2019, an outbreak led to horse-racing meetings being cancelled in Britain between February 7 and February 12, after horses from an infected yard in Cheshire had raced the previous day. Following the first three cases at these stables, a further three cases were reported. It became known that there had recently been several outbreaks across Europe, and 7 in the UK since the start of 2019. In the latest incident, initially three vaccinated horses tested positive, resulting in the British Horseracing Authority (BHA) calling off races and putting in place "quarantine and biosecurity measures". The BHA stated "The full extent of