– "because"niqan – existential predicate (like Tagalog "may") ungat – negative existential predicate (like Tagalog "wala") Deictics include (Tsukida 2005:303):niyi – this, this onega/gaga – that, that onehini – herehi/hiya – therega/gaga hiya – over there There are a total of six prepositions (Tsukida 2005:303):quri – toward, about, in the direction ofpa'ah – frombitaq – until, up tosaw – like asaw – because ofmawxay – for the sake of Stative locatives (e.g., "on the mountain") do not take on any prepositions, but are rather placed directly after the verb without any additional marking. Predicate extenders Preverbal elements such as adverbs, demonstratives, and prepositions can be used to extend predicates. Below is a partial list of predicate extenders from Tsukida (2008:308). Extenders that require neutral verb formswada – pastga(ga) – distal progressiveniyi – proximal progressivegisu – progressive, statemeha – future, "is going to do"(me-)teduwa – "be able to do"nasi – "if"na'a – "could have done something but did not Extenders that require non-finite verb forms '''asi ~ kasi – "at once, suddenly" pasi – "at once" kani – "one did not have to do something but did it"ini – negativeiya – negative imperative Extenders that require future formssaw – "is/was about to do" rubang – "was about to do" Extenders that require future/perfect forms of verbs/nounsadi – negative Extenders that are combined with adjectives/nounsma'a – "become" Extenders without specific requirementspekelug – "just" dima – "already" hana – "at last"ida – "surely" ya'a – uncertainty wana – onlyana – "even" ma – "why"alung ~ 'alaw ~ 'arang – "as is expected"pida – exactlylengu – "planned to do..."binaw – confirmation '''atih – "at the last moment," "nearly" seperang – "purposefully, on purpose" Pronouns Numerals The cardinal numbers are: kingal deha teru sepat rima mataru mpitu maspat mengari maxal Other numerals and numeral-related affixes (Tsukida 2005:297): taxa: used for humans – one person 'uwin: used for objects – one object ma- -(u)l: used to form words for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ma-xa-l: 10 m-pusa-l: 20 me-teru-l: 30 me-sepat-ul: 40 me-rima-l: 50 References Further reading – The alphabets of written Taiwanese aboriginal languages and the corresponding sounds in IPA External links Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 – Seediq search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 – Truku search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous