by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe. The international craze for tartan, and for idealising a romanticised Highlands, was set off by the Ossian cycle published by Scottish poet James Macpherson in 1761-2. Sir Walter Scott's Waverley novels further helped popularise select aspects of Scottish life and history and he founded the Celtic Society of Edinburgh in 1820. He staged the royal Visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 and the king's wearing of tartan. George IV was the first reigning monarch to visit Scotland in 171 years. Scott and the Celtic Society urged Scots to attend festivities "all plaided and plumed in their tartan array". One contemporary writer sarcastically described the pomp that surrounded the celebrations as "Sir Walter's Celtified Pageantry". Nevertheless, the result was a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish textile industry. Lord Macaulay, son of an Argyll family, wrote of the Romantic reinvention of Highland customs: The designation of individual clan tartans was largely defined in this period and they became a major symbol of Scottish identity. The fashion for all things Scottish was maintained by Queen Victoria, who helped secure the popularity of the tartan fashion and the identity of Scotland as a tourist destination. Her Highland enthusiasm led to the design of two new tartan patterns, “Victoria” and “Balmoral”. The latter was named after her castle Balmoral in Aberdeenshire, which from 1852 became a major royal residence. See also Brigadoon Plastic Paddy List of tartans Scottish national identity Symbolic ethnicity Vestiarium Scoticum Visit of King George IV to Scotland White Heather Club Xenophobia References Cultural history of Scotland Parodies Stereotypes