of words in derivational and inflectional processes. Affixes include: -an: oblique case ne-: something possessed by the prefixed noun Clitics, unlike affixes, do not cause phonological alterations on their roots to which they are attached. Verbs Seediq verbs have three types of voices, which are in turn inflected for mood or aspect (Tsukida 2005:313). Nouns, however, do not inflect for voice. Agent voice – marked by -em- or its allomorphs me or Ø Goal voice Conveyance voice There are four basic aspect/mood categories: Neutral – same as non-future/imperfective Perfect – marked by -en- Non-finite – bare stem Hortative (i.e., when advising someone) – marked by -a(y/nay) The future is marked by me-, mpe-, mpe-ke-. There are a total of five different verb classes (conjugation paradigms). Other verb forms include causatives, reciprocals, and reflexives. Serial verb constructions are also allowed. Word classes Truku Seediq has 11 word classes (Tsukida 2005:295). Open classes Nouns Verbs Adjectives Closed classes Numerals Personal pronouns Deictics Adverbs Conjunctives Prepositions Interjections Sentence final particles Like many other Formosan and Philippine languages, Seediq nouns and verbs behave similarly. Adjectives can be considered as a subcategory of verbs. Syntax The word order of Seediq is verb–object–subject (VOS), where S corresponds to the argument marked with absolutive case. This argument ordinarily occurs clause-finally, but may be followed by a topicalized ergative argument. Like many of its other Austronesian relatives, Seediq contains voice morphemes marked on the verb which indicate which of the verb's arguments (agent, patient, etc.) is treated as the subject and thus marked with absolutive case. In noun phrases, modifiers follow the head (Tsukida 2005:304). Unlike Tagalog and many other Philippine languages, there are no linkers connecting the heads and modifiers. Clauses There are three types of Seediq clauses (Tsukida 2005): Interjection clauses Basic clauses Existential/possessive clauses Basic clauses have predicates (usually initial and consisting of single verbs, adjectives, or noun phrases), subjects, and optionally non-subject arguments and adjuncts. Subjects can be recognized via (Tsukida 2005): Voice affix Clitic pronoun Quantifier floating Relativization Possessum demotion Function words Some function words are given below: ni – "and" (conjunction) deni – "and then" (conjunction) u, du'u, ga, dega – all meaning "in case that" (conjunction)nasi – "if" ana – "even"ka – subordinating conjunction, case marker, linker ini – negator adi – negates noun phrase predicates, future/perfect verb formswada – pastna'a – "had better, could have done..."dima – "already"hana – "just"ya'asa