wage war, and thus provide a military training for his followers. Loyalty was met by material reward. Tacitus states that Germanic chiefs, or lords, were to not be surpassed by the courage of their followers on the battlefield. For the chief, being surpassed by a thane in courage was considered a disgrace. Chiefs were to fight for victory, and thanes were to fight for their chief. Although a chief was dishonored if he was surpassed in courage by a thane, his followers were disgraced if their courage did not match that of their chief. Retainers were expected to obey, protect, and defend their lord and allow their lord to receive credit for their own acts of heroism. The chief's glory resulted in the glory of his retainers. If a chief died in battle, his retainers were expected to avenge him and not leave battle. Leaving a battle alive after the lord had died meant lifelong shame for the retainer. To keep a warband together, it must consistently experience war and violence. Tacitus says that Germanic warriors did not tolerate long-term peace. After a victory, a lord or chief was expected to grant gifts to his retainers, such as a "coveted war-horse or a spear stained with blood of a defeated enemy. Their [retainers'] meals, for which plentiful if homely fare is provided, count in lieu of pay. The wherewithal for this openhandedness comes from war and plunder." Regarding the armor and weapons of late first century Germanic warriors, Tacitus explains that few carried long lances or swords. More commonly, Germanic warriors bore frameae, or sharp spears with short, narrow blades that could be used in close quarters or in long-range fighting. Warriors who fought on horseback carried a shield and spear, and foot-soldiers often used javelins. Warriors, according to Tacitus, often fought naked or "lightly clad in short cloaks." Few warriors wore breastplates or helmets; however, any helmets worn were made out of animal hide or metal. A shield may bear the colors of a warrior's choice. Throwing away one's shield in the battlefield, or fleeing from battle, was considered a disgrace that could cause a warrior to be banned from attending assemblies and religious rituals and sacrifices. Tacitus describes the battle tactics of Germanic warriors, claiming that the strength of Germanic warriors was in their infantry rather than their cavalry, the horses of the Germans not being overly beautiful