and Carolingian canonical compilations. The First Council of Orléans established a precedent for Frankish kings’ involvement in ecclesiastical councils. Clovis established a standard for ‘associating royal power with the enforcement of conciliar decisions’. From Orléans, a tradition of ‘mutual recognition’ developed between crown and church, wherein both recognised the importance of the other in managing ecclesiastical affairs. References Primary Sources Gregory of Tours, Histories, trans. L. Thorpe, Gregory of Tours: The History of the Franks (Harmondsworth, 1974) ‘Orléans, 511’, in J. N. Hillgarth (ed.), Christianity and Paganism, 350-750: The Conversion of Western Europe (Philadelphia, 1986), pp. 98–103 Secondary Sources Daly, W. M., ‘Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?’, Speculum 69 (1994), pp. 619–664 Halfond, G., The Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils, AD 511-768 (Leiden, 2010) Halfond, G., ‘Vouillé, Orléans (511), and the Origins of the Frankish Conciliar Tradition’, in R. W. Mathisen and D. Shanzer (eds), The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began (Berlin, 2012), pp. 151–165 Hen, Y., ‘The Church in Sixth-Century Gaul’, in A. C. Murray (ed.), A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), pp. 232–255 James, E., The Origins of France: From Clovis to the Capetians, 500-1000 (London, 1982) Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., The Long-Haired Kings (Toronto, 1982) Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983) Notes Orleans, First Council of Orleans 1st Council of History of Orléans Orleans, First Council of 6th century in Francia Christianity in Francia