soy. Three Mediterranean species of lupin (blue lupin, white lupin and yellow lupin) are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed. Bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning. Lupins are currently under widespread cultivation in Australia, Europe, Russia, and the Americas as a green manure, livestock fodder and grazing plant, and high-protein additive for animal and human foods. In Australia, the danger of cross-pollination of the wild bitter and cultivated sweet low-alkaloid variety is understood to be unacceptable when testing reveals the presence of one bitter bean per hundred sweet beans, and a wide quarantine zone is maintained around lupin-growing croplands to prevent wind-blown wild pollen from having a large influence on crop toxicity. Uses Lupini beans are commonly sold in a brine in jars (like olives and pickles). They can be eaten by making a small tear in the skin with one's teeth and "popping" the seed directly into one's mouth, but can also be eaten with the skin on. The skin can also be removed by rubbing the bean between forefinger and thumb. In Egypt, lupin is known by its Egyptian Arabic name "termes" (ترمس), and it is sold by street vendors as well as local markets as a snack, especially during the Sham el-Nessim festival. The Andean lupin L. mutabilis, the Mediterranean Lupinus albus (white lupin), and Lupinus hirsutus are only edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water. In Ecuador, the lupin is often consumed as a ceviche-like street food known as "cevichochos". Lupin beans can be ground into a flour, and this is widely used in parts of Europe and in Australia as an additive to wheat flour, enhancing the flavour and lending a rich, creamy colour to the resulting foods. They can also be used as a key ingredient in vegan meat and dairy substitutes. As of 2020, only 4% of lupins were consumed by humans, with the majority used as stock feed. Lupin beans are growing in use as a plant-based protein source in the world marketplace. Nutrition Raw lupin beans are 10% water, 40% carbohydrates, 36% protein, and 10% fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, raw lupins supply 370 calories and are moderate-rich sources of B vitamins, especially folate at 89% of the Daily Value (DV) (table). Lupins also contain substantial amounts of dietary minerals, including manganese at 113% DV (table). Lupins have a thick seed