treaties, denaturalization is a serious human rights issue. Some have argued that denaturalization resulting in statelessness is never compatible with international human rights law. Denaturalization resulting in statelessness is contrary to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, unless the state filed a declaration at the time of ratification. The prohibition of statelessness leads to most denaturalization targeting holders of multiple citizenship. An exception is British law, which since 2014 allows denaturalization of naturalized British citizens who lack any other citizenship if the Home Secretary believes they could acquire citizenship of another country. Macklin states, "Notably, the Home Secretary's belief need not be correct, only reasonable." Some countries only allow the denaturalization of naturalized citizens, exempting those who are citizens from birth. Denaturalization while abroad, while intended to prevent return, does not affect the third country's right to return the person to the denationalizing state. Other human rights that can be violated as a result of denaturalization include non-refoulement and . Deprivation while a person is abroad raises additional issues with the right to personal security and de facto denial of the right to appeal the decision. This method is preferred by the British government because it minimizes accountability and in most cases is successful at permanently removing the person from British territory. The "Principles on Deprivation of Nationality as a National Security Measure" state that in general, "States shall not deprive persons of nationality for the purpose of safeguarding national security." An exception can only exist if the person is convicted of a crime related to national security and is a serious threat, and if other international law obligations are upheld, including the prohibition of statelessness, non-discrimination, right to a fair trial, and proportionality. Paulussen argues that, in a national security context, "deprivation of nationality can never be seen as the least intrusive means available and be necessary and proportionate". Others who commit the same crime but have no ties to a foreign country cannot be denaturalized, which means that in practice people are targeted for denaturalization based on their national origin, violating the principle of non-discrimination and creating a hierarchy of citizenship. References Sources Books Journal articles Reports Citizenship Human rights abuses Denaturalization