liquidate the public debt he placed a duty on such imported goods as could be easily dispensed with, and for a space of six years levied a moderate capitation tax from which the privileged estates were not exempted. He pushed through the taxation of the clergy against a storm of indignation. He improved the military and the sanitary system, the former by founding a military academy at Münster and by introducing something similar to the "Landwehr" or militia, the latter by founding a college of medicine (1773) and inducing its director, the learned Christopher Ludwig Hoffmann, to draw up a code of medicinal regulations which was justly admired through Germany as a model of its kind. In 1780 Fürstenberg was dismissed from his ministerial office because he had campaigned for the introduction of a standing army, had plans to excavate a canal in the direction of the Rhine, and had encountered energetic resistance. Above all, however, he had unsuccessfully campaigned against the election of Maximilian Franz of Austria as co-adjutor of the Cologne Elector-Archbishop and Prince-Bishop of Münster Maximilian Friedrich, since he himself had aspired to succeed Maximilian as bishop of Münster. His younger brother Franz Egon succeeded in 1786 for Hildesheim and Paderborn. Educational Reforms The baron, however, remained vicar general until 1807 and kept the supervision over the school system, during whose reform his friend Bernhard Heinrich Overberg supported him above all. The school system was at the center of Fürstenberg's reforms. In 1776 the vicar general published a revolutionary "school order" for the grammar school, which changed the canon of subjects thoroughly in favor of mathematics and the natural sciences. This educational reform included a seminal commitment to mathematics, physics, and psychology as three "basic sciences". In 1773 he founded the Old University of Münster. In 1777, the general compulsory education in the Principality of Münster was tightened. Together with Bernhard Heinrich Overberg, he worked out a reorganization of elementary schools in the 1780s. On his initiative, a school experiment began in 1780 at the Gymnasium Paulinum: High German became a school subject. He initiated a reform of the Gymnasium, and founded the University of Münster and a seminary. Fürstenberg was also an important stenographer. From 1761 he used the English stenography system of Aulay Macaulay for his diary entries in French and made his own creative changes within this system. Princess Amalie von Gallitzin In Münster