of black South Africans were stripped of their South African nationality and made citizens of the so-called "Bantustans". Greece has encouraged Slavic Macedonians and Turks of Greece to emigrate and revoked their citizenship if they left the country. The denaturalization of the Rohingya, an ethnic group in Myanmar, according to the Burma Citizenship Act of 1982, left them stateless and is cited as a constitutive element of the Rohingya genocide. Several post-Communist countries denaturalized people who did not belong to the dominant ethnic group during the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. In Slovenia, these people are known as "the Erased". Latvia and Estonia's denaturalization of ethnic Russians denied citizenship to as much as a third of the population. By the 21st century, denaturalization on racial grounds became severely stigmatized. Beginning in 2013, an estimated 200,000 Dominican citizens of Haitian descent have been retroactively denaturalized in a measure that drew international criticism because it was motivated by desire to reduce the number of black Haitians in the country. In 2019, nearly 2 million people, making up 6 percent of the population of Assam, were excluded from India's National Register of Citizens. Many people who should be entitled to Indian citizenship lack the necessary documents since birth registration is spotty and Indian law puts the burden of proof on the individual to prove their citizenship. Bengali Muslims, many of whom are illiterate, are at the most risk of being denaturalized. People deemed non-citizens are at risk of indefinite detention. Political dissidents Especially in the early and mid-twentieth century, the United States often used denaturalization against left-wing immigrants, such as anarchists and members of the Communist Party USA. An example of this policy was the denaturalization of anarchist Emma Goldman. She was deported to Finland— bound for the Soviet Union—amongst a group of over 200 "aliens" in 1920. Legal historian Julia Rose Kraut states "ideological deportation and denaturalization punish foreigners in the United States for their beliefs, associations, and expressions through expulsion or the threat of expulsion". This government retaliation against conduct protected by the First Amendment has been criticized as unconstitutional and led to court challenges. The use of denaturalization by liberal democracies is cited by authoritarian states that employ denaturalization as a tool of political repression. Terrorists and foreign fighters Denaturalization is sometimes used against people accused of terrorism or taking up arms on behalf of another state. Examples include some