to homoioteleuton), in the middle or throughout the clauses. Paronomasia. A pun, a play on words, often for humorous effect. Particular audience. In Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, the actual audience the orator addresses. Pathos. Greek, the emotional appeal to an audience in an argument. One of Aristotle's three proofs. Perfectus orator. Latin, a complete orator. Periphrasis. The substitution of many or several words where one would suffice; usually to avoid using that particular word. Peroratio. Latin, the last section of a judicial speech where the speaker is the strongest. Personification. A figure of speech that gives human characteristics to inanimate objects, or represents an absent person as being present. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "But if this invincible city should now give utterance to her voice, would she not speak as follows?" Petitio. Latin, in a letter, an announcement, demand, or request. Phallogocentrism. Examines the relationship between logos (reason) and the phallus (representative of male genitalia). Just as the phallus is implicitly and sometimes explicitly assumed to be the only significant sexual organ, the masculine is the accepted as the central point of reference of validity and authority for a society. Phronesis. Greek, practical wisdom; common sense. Physis. Greek, nature. Pian. Ancient China, the art of disputing. Pistis. Greek, belief. Plausibility. Rhetoric that is believable right away due to its association with something that the audience already knows or has experienced. Pleonasm. The use of more words than necessary to express an idea. Poetriae, Ars. Latin, poetry as an art. Polis. Greek, the city-state, especially the people in the city-state. Polyphonic. Having multiple voices. Polyptoton. The repetition of a word or root in different cases or inflections within the same sentence. Polysemy. The capacity of a word or phrase to render more than one meaning. Polysyndeton. The repeated use of conjunctions within a sentence, particularly where they do not necessarily have to be used. Portrayal. Describing a person clearly enough for recognition. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "I mean him, men of the jury, the ruddy, short, bent man, with white and rather curly hair, blue-grey eyes, and a huge scar on his chin, if perhaps you can recall him to memory." Position. The stance taken by a rhetor that s/he is attempting to prove through argumentation. Positivism. Term created by Auguste Comte that posits that science, math, or logic can prove any reasonable claim. Postmodernism. Related to rhetoric,