November rains to increase germination of summer foodstuffs and marsupial grazing. This was the season of harvesting wattle seeds which were pounded into flour and stored as damper. Bunuru: January to February, was the "hot-dry", characterised by hot dry easterly conditions with afternoon sea-breezes, known locally in Western Australia as the Fremantle doctor. To maximise the effects of these cooling breezes, the Noongars moved to coastal estuaries and reefs where fish and abalone (Haliotis roei) constituted a large proportion of the seasonal diet. Mallee fowl eggs from tuart forests also formed a part of the diet. Djeran: March to April, was "first rains-first dew", with the weather was becoming cooler with winds from the south west. Fishing continued (often caught in fish traps) and zamia palm (, ) cycad nuts (), (nardoo, Marsilia quadrifolia) bulbs and other seeds were collected for food. Zamia palm, which is naturally highly poisonous, was prepared in a fashion which removed its toxicity. Burrowing frogs (kooyar, Heleioporus eyrei) were caught in large numbers with the opening rains of winter. Makuru: from May to June, was "the wet", and Noongars moved inland from the coast to the Darling Scarp to hunt yongka, grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) and tammar (Macropus eugenii) once rains had replenished inland water resources. This was the season of mid-latitude cold frontal rains. Noongar gnow (or malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata)) were also caught. Djilba: from July to August, was "the cold-wet" saw Noongar groups moving to the drier soils of the Guildford and Canning-Kelmscott areas, where roots were collected and emus (, ), ringtail possums (, ) and kangaroo were hunted. Kambarang: from September to October, was "the flowering" at the height of the wildflower season. This time saw rain decreasing. Families moved towards the coast where frogs, tortoises and freshwater crayfish or gilgies (Cherax quinquecarinatus) and blue marron, ( – from ) were caught. Birds returning from their Northern Hemisphere migration also formed a part of their diet. These seasons were roughly divided (rather than by specific date) and Whadjuk took account of environmental signals such as the spring call of the motorbike frog (green tree frog ()), in marking seasons. For example, the onset of Kambarang, or the flowering of the Western Australian Christmas tree (Nuytsia floribunda showing the onset of Bunuru. Ceremonies Whadjuk used high quality wilgi (red ochre) in ceremonies, which they obtained from the site now occupied by Perth