Airport). In 1893 the granting of self-government to Western Australia, specifically excluded provision for Aboriginal Affairs, which remained vested in the British crown. The state's constitution also stated that 1% of government expenditures had to be for the benefit of Aboriginal people, a condition that has never been met. The Premier John Forrest unilaterally took control in Aboriginal Affairs, without an amendment to the constitution in 1896. As of 2016, Aboriginal people number 3% of the state's population, but number 50% of the women in Bandyup Women's Prison and of youth in detention in Western Australia. Many are imprisoned for the non-payment of fines incurred for minor offences. The number of Noongar youth in incarceration exceeds the number in school or formal training. Daisy Bates claimed she interviewed the last fully initiated Whadjuk Noongar people in 1907, reporting on informants Fanny Balbel and Joobaitj, who had preserved in oral tradition the Aboriginal viewpoints of the coming of the Europeans. Fanny had been born on the Aboriginal sacred site that underlies St George's Cathedral, while Joobaitj's sacred lands were near the current youth hostel at Mundaring Weir. Social structure The Whadjuk people were divided by the Swan and Canning Rivers into four residence groups, each with its own territory: Beeliar. Their country lay south west of Perth, between the Canning River and Swan River. At the beginning of white settlement were led by Midgegooroo, father of Yagan. Beeloo. The area south of the Swan River, from Perth Water to the Canning River and bordered in the east by the Helena River and Darling Ranges. During winters they camped in the hills around Kalamunda and Mundaring, and moved back towards the rivers in spring. Mooro. Led by Yellagonga, they lived north and west of the Swan River. The Upper Swan or "mountain people", whose proper name is unknown. Early settlers believed they were led by Weeip. Several Europeans in particular contributed to modern understanding of Whadjuk Noongar language and culture. Robert Menli Lyon befriended the Aboriginal resistance fighter Yagan, when the latter was exiled to Carnac Island. Francis Armstrong took early efforts to befriend Aboriginal people (being known to them as "Pranji Djanga"), but later in life became very authoritarian and bitter in his dealings with them. George Fletcher Moore rapidly came to understand the Whadjuk dialect of the Nyungar language, and later came to serve as magistrate in legal cases in