the democratic Weimar Republic. That seems to entail that the issue of the is limited to an individual development (albeit of a type frequently encountered). Detlev Peukert in his influential 1987 (English translation 1992) work The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity suggested Germany's experience was a crisis involving socio-political phenomena common to all modernising countries. In the 2014 work "AntiJudaism: The Western Tradition", historian David Nirenberg argues that the conditions of Jew-hatred and replacement were also found in every other European country and had their roots in Graeco-Roman antiquity and imperial christianity. German history before 1806 Schubert states that the history of the Holy Roman Empire is not to be confused with the , which can be seen only as a result of the concept of German identity, which developed in the Romanticism of the late 18th century and was reinforced by the Napoleonic Wars in which Germany was under French occupation. Previous events, especially those of the Holy Roman Empire, cannot be related to the evolution of Nazism. See also Mitteleuropa Exceptionalism Manifest destiny German Sonderweg in affirmative Marxist perspectives: The German Ideology (a work by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels), that would later become one of the foundational texts for the Frankfurt School and was expanded upon in regards to the Sonderweg theory particularly by Theodor W. Adorno's works The Jargon of Authenticity: An Essay On German Ideology, The Meaning of Working Through the Past, and Culture und Kultur Non-simultaneity, a concept by Ernst Bloch Functionalism versus intentionalism ("Historians' Dispute") Modernization theory § Germany ("coming to terms with the past") Here Is Germany Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart Your Job in Germany Notes References Berman, Sherri. 2001. "Modernization in Historical Perspective: The Case of Imperial Germany." World Politics Volume 53, Number 3, April 2001, pp. 431–462 in Project MUSE Blackbourn, David & Eley, Geoff. 1984. The Peculiarities of German History: bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth-century Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Revised and expanded translation of the authors' , 1980. Browning, Christopher. 1992. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins. Goldhagen, Daniel J. 1996. Hitler's willing executioners. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Grebing, Helga. 1986. . Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. Groh, Dieter. 1983. " " , 38:1166–87. Hamerow, Theodore S. 1983. "Guilt, Redemption and Writing German History." The American Historical Review, February 1983, 88:53–72. Heilbronner, Oded. 2000. "From Antisemitic