the JCPoA" and thereby triggered the dispute resolution mechanism under the JCPOA, a move that they said had "the overarching objective of preserving the JCPoA". The move was thought to be aimed at pushing the sides back to the negotiating table. In September 2020, in the first coordinated move by the three countries, Germany, France and the UK summoned Iranian ambassadors in a joint diplomatic protest against Iran's detention of dual nationals and its treatment of political prisoners. In December 2020, Iran's Foreign Ministry summoned the envoys from France and from Germany, which held the EU rotating presidency, to protest French and EU criticism of the execution of the journalist Ruhollah Zam. On 3 November 2022, amid severe crackdown on ongoing protests by the Iranian government, the German government urged German citizens (concerning, "above all", dual German-Iranian citizens) to leave Iran, upon reported risks of arbitrary detentions and long prison terms. In November, the German parliament passed a comprehensive package of measures against the Islamic Republic following a session on the current situation in Iran, intended to increase pressure on the regime in Tehran. In response to Iran sentencing German national Jamshid Sharmahd to death in February 2023, Germany summoned Iran's charge d’affaires, declared two employees of the Iranian embassy personae non gratae and ordered them to leave the country. Annalena Baerbock said that Germany would "not accept this massive breach of a German citizen's rights." Trade Around 50 German firms have their own branch offices in Iran, and more than 12,000 firms have their own trade representatives in Iran. Several renowned German companies are involved in major Iranian infrastructure projects,l especially in the petrochemical sector, like Linde, BASF, Lurgi, Krupp, Siemens, ZF Friedrichshafen, Mercedes, Volkswagen and MAN (2008). In 2005, Germany had the largest share of Iran's export market with $5.67 billion (14.4%). In 2008, German exports to Iran increased 8.9% and were 84.7% of the total German-Iranian trade volume. The overall bilateral trade volume until the end of September 2008 stood at 3.23 billion euros, compared to 2.98 billion euros the previous year. The value of trade between Tehran and Berlin has increased from around 4.3 billion euro in 2009 to nearly 4.7 billion euro in 2010. According to German sources, around 80% of machinery and equipment in Iran is of German origin. The German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (DIHK) has estimated that economic sanctions against Iran