example: Set IV is used in locative constructions. For example: versus versus wa-té ‘to me’ Object markers Takelma has a complex system of verbal pronominal suffixes and is also accompanied by the loss of case markers on nouns. This represents a complete shift to full head marking. In the 3rd person object marker in Takelma, the suffix –kʰwa which is realized on the verb. However the distribution of –kʰwa is very restricted. Here is the full set of object markers: For the 1st and 2nd person objects overt marking is required with clear difference between singular and plural. For 3rd person there is no difference between singular and plural and there is also alternation between the suffix –kʰwa and zero suffix. The zero variant occurs with animates as well as inanimate, covert pronouns, and overt nominals. However –kʰwa occurs in three distinct environments. First, when the subject is also 3rd person. Second, it is always used when the object is higher in animacy than the subject. This means that the object refers to a human also a mythic animal that is thought of as a human being. The third situation is when the subject and object are of equal animacy but the object outranks the subject in topicality. Words References Further reading Comparative vocabulary of the languages spoken by the 'Umpqua,' 'Lower Rogue River' [Takelma] and 'Calapooia' tribes of Indians" (35 pp., original dated May 1859), California Language Archive OLAC resources in and about the Takelma language L Penutian languages Indigenous languages of Oregon Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast Extinct languages of North America Northwest Coast Sprachbund (North America) Language isolates of North America Languages extinct in the 1930s 1934 disestablishments in Oregon