title and not an imperial title, and he falsely accused Jia of conspiring with Jin's general Sima Xun and put Jia and his sons to death. In 352, Fu Jian proclaimed himself Emperor. He continued to engage both former Later Zhao generals who controlled small fiefdoms and Former Yan and Jin forces, as the three states settled their borders by force in the aftermaths of Later Zhao's final destruction in 351 and the subsequent fall of Ran Min (formerly known as Shi Min) to Former Yan in 352. In 353, Fu Xiong and Fu Qing also repelled an attack by the nominal Jin vassal Former Liang. In 354, the Jin general Huan Wen launched a major attack on Former Qin, in coordination with Former Liang forces. Fu Jian gathered all of his available forces and put them in the hands of his sons Fu Chang (苻萇) the Crown Prince, Fu Sheng the Prince of Huainan, Fu Shuo the Prince of Beiping, along with Fu Xiong and Fu Qing, ready to resist Huan. Huan, however, was able to advance all the way to Chang'an's vicinity, defeating all Former Qin resistance on the way. However, Huan hesitated at making a final siege against Chang'an, and as Fu Jian, anticipating the Jin attack, had already harvested all of the wheat, Jin forces began to run out of food supplies and was forced to withdraw in late summer 354. The success against Huan came at a price, however, as Fu Jian's crown prince Fu Chang suffered an arrow wound in the campaign against Huan, and died in winter 354. Fu Jiàn's wife Empress Qiang wanted to create their youngest son Fu Liu (苻柳) the Prince of Jin crown prince, but Fu Jiàn, believing in a prophecy that appeared to indicate that he should create Fu Sheng crown prince, did so in 355—notwithstanding Fu Sheng's violent and capricious nature. In summer 355, Fu Jian grew ill. During his illness, his nephew Fu Qing the Prince of Pingchang, believing that Fu Jian had already died, made a surprise attack on Fu Sheng's palace, intending to kill Fu Sheng and take over as emperor. Fu Jian, in his illness, quickly emerged and showed himself to the guards; as soon as Fu Qing's army saw Fu Jian as well, the soldiers panicked and abandoned Fu Qing. Fu Jian executed Fu Qing but no one else. He died five