noun phrase is encoded by suffixation of the verb with a third-person singular affix -a. The accusative marking is optional for noun phrases with given information. Japanese soldiers represent the new information. The beneficiary or source noun phrases must precede the patient in a sentence, the two not being in the same sentence. "The patient case appears in the nominal slot mmediately following the verb, and potentially preceded by accusative suffix -a on the verb. This is the statistically most frequent occurrence of Patient." Beneficiary These represent the animate beneficiary of the action or state identified by a verb. They are an inalienable possession marking agreeing with the beneficiary in number and person inclusiveness. Occurs mostly in ditransitive clauses, where it must occur in the nominal slot immediately following the verb: Instrument For intransitive clauses they may represent: the inanimate force the independent non-volitional cause, animate inanimate For transitive clauses, "[the] instrument is the case of the object accessory or tool involved in performing the action of the verb." They are always inanimate. With an actor, it appears as the last noun phrase in the clause, marked with post-verbal ablative particle . Without an actor, it may appear as the clause topic. "it is not a plausible analysis to regard marking Instrument-NP as signalling Instrument outranked by another role (Patient), like English with, since this alternative does not explain the invariant ordering of the instrumental clause." Sources In ditransitive clauses, the source "represents the animate origin of an action in which a patient is moved away from source-entity by [an] actor" source marked by ablative particle , appears post-verbally in first nominal slot." Goal Goals are encoded by the free particle . It is the case of the entity toward which the action is directed. It includes: destination, purpose, place, extent, or reason or topic of conversation. It is usually the last noun phrase in the clause. Location "Location may be optionally encoded by preposition in addition to the coverb encoding Locative. Preposition indicates that the embedded locative clause contains a nuclear case, viz. goal. Depending on involvement of motion or whether the verb is transitive or not, there may be coreferential actor or patient deletion. Coreferential topic deletion of actor noun phrase is not obligatory in the presence of motion verbs with the root 'to proceed'. " Range Range is encoded as the goal of the direction verb 'until/as