Waskia language (of the Madang family, Trans–New Guinea). In Ross' terminology, Takia is the modified language and Waskia is the inter-community language. Waskia, however, does not seem to have been significantly influenced by Takia. Both languages are spoken on Karkar Island. The end result of the metatypic change leaves Takia usually having a word-for-word Waskia translation such as the following: {| cellspacing="5" ! English transl.: | colspan="4" | "the man is hitting me" |- ! Takia: | tamol | an | ŋai | i-fun-ag=da |- | | man | DET | me | he-hit-me=IMP |- ! Waskia: | kadi | mu | aga | umo-so |- | | man | DET | me | hit-PRES.he |} The pairing of syntactic and semantic structures makes this word-for-word translation possible. Some of the grammatical changes that Takia has undergone include the following: {| border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid #ccc; line-height: 1.2em;" |- style="background: #efefef;" ! Metatypic Change ! Early Western Oceanic ! ! Papuanised Takia |- ! style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" | word order: | SVO | → | SOV |- ! style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" | non-deictic determiner: | precedes head noun | → | follows head |- ! style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" | attributive noun: | precedes head | → | follows head |- ! style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" | conjoined noun phrase: | Noun Phrase + Conjunction + Noun Phrase | → | Noun Phrase + Noun Phrase + Postposition |- ! style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" | adposition: | preposition | → | postposition |} The diffusional changes of Takia are only in terms of metatypy: Takia has not altered its phonology and has virtually no loanwords borrowed from Waskia. See also Calque Mixed language Language change Language contact Loanword Multilingualism Language transfer Relexification Hybrid language (disambiguation) Sources Historical linguistics