emphasis or other similar effects. Tone. The author's voice in an essay through use of figurative language or a style of enunciation in writing (also known as a diction). The way the author expresses himself out loud or through a character. Topical systems. Methods for finding arguments. Topographia. The description of a place. Topothesia. The description of an imaginary or non-existent place. Topos. A line or specific style of argument. Toulmin Model. A method of diagramming arguments created by Stephen Toulmin that identifies such components as backing, claim, data, qualifier, rebuttal, and warrant. Translative issue. Dealing with procedure of an ensuing case. Tricolon. The pattern of three phrases in parallel, found commonly in Western writing after Cicero. For example, the kitten had white fur, blue eyes, and a pink tongue. Trivium. (Latin) Grammar, rhetoric, and logic taught in schools during the medieval period. Tropes. Figure of speech that uses a word aside from its literal meaning. U Understatement. A form of irony, also called litotes, in which something is represented as less than it really is, with the intent of drawing attention to and emphasizing the opposite meaning. Universal audience. An audience consisting of all humankind (most specifically of adult age and normal mental capacity). Utterance. Statement that could contain meaning about one's own person. V Validity. Apprehension over the structure of an argument. Validity claim. Claiming to have made a correct statement. Verba. The part of an argument that advances the subject matter. Verbum volitans. A word that floats in the air, on which everyone is thinking and is just about to be imposed. Visual rhetoric. A theoretical framework describing how visual images communicate, as opposed to aural or verbal messages. Vir bonus dicendi peritus. Latin: The good man skilled at speaking well. Vita activa. A life lived in active involvement in the political arena. W Warrant. term used by Stephen Toulmin to establish a link between data and a claim. Ways and means. One of the five main matters that Aristotle claims political speakers make speeches on. It consists of the speaker's country's revenue and sources, as well as the expenditures of the country. Z Zeugma. From the Greek word ζεύγμα, meaning 'yoke'. A figure of speech in which one word applies to two others in different senses of that word, and in some cases only logically applies to one of the other two words. This is a