The Trans-Fly – Bulaka River South-Central Papuan languages form a hypothetical family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages west of the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinea into southern Indonesian West Papua, plus a pair of languages on the Bulaka River a hundred km further west. The family was posited by Stephen Wurm as a branch of his 1975 Trans–New Guinea proposal. Wurm thought it likely that many of these languages would prove to not actually belong to Trans–New Guinea, but rather to have been heavily influenced by Trans–New Guinea languages. Malcolm Ross (2005) concurred, and removed most of them. Classification None of the families are closely related; indeed, it is difficult to demonstrate a link between any of them. Wurm's 1975 TNG branch included the following eight demonstrated families: Kiwaian, on the banks and east of the Fly River Waia, north of the Fly delta Tirio, on the western bank of the Fly River Eastern Trans-Fly languages, south of the Fly delta Pahoturi, west of the Eastern languages Yam, up to and just across the Indonesian border Moraori, between Upper Maro and the Marind language Bulaka River, west of Marind Ross (2005) accepted the TNG identity of Tirio, Moraori, and, tentatively, Kiwaian. He split off the four Eastern Trans-Fly languages as an independent family. The remainder of the family, which he calls South-Central Papuan, is only tentatively retained: their pronouns are suggestive of a relationship, but this has not been demonstrated. A more conservative approach would break up Wurm's Trans-Fly – Bulaka River entirely, with two or three of the families remaining within Trans–New Guinea, and five or six being independent. Evans (2012), for example, argues that the inclusion of the Yam language at least is not justified on present evidence. Timothy Usher treats the Bulaka River and Yam languages as separate families, and links the Pahoturi– clade to the Eastern Trans-Fly languages. Southern New Guinea linguistic area A Southern New Guinea linguistic area, which spans both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, consisting of the following families is mentioned in Evans (2018). Yelmek-Maklew - 500 speakers Yam (Morehead-Upper Maro) - 3,000 speakers Pahoturi River - just over 4,000 speakers Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) - 6,500 speakers Trans-New Guinea (TNG) Kolopom - just over 7,000 speakers Marori - fewer than 20 elderly speakers Gogodala-Suki - 30,000 speakers Kiwaian - 37,000 speakers Anim Marindic - 10,000 speakers Tirio