vowel. The Double Vowel system used today employing / for long nasal vowels is sometimes called "Fiero-Nichols Double Vowel system" since John Nichols popularized this convention. The affricates and are written and , and the fricatives and are written and . The semivowels and are written and . The lenis obstruents are written using voiced characters: The fortis consonants use voiceless characters: . The remaining consonants are written , in addition to the glottal stop , which is written . Although the double vowel system treats the digraphs each as single sounds, they are alphabetized as two distinct letters. The long vowel written with double symbols are treated as units and alphabetized after the corresponding short vowel. The resulting alphabetical order is: a aa b (ch) d e g h ' i ii j k m n o oo p s t w y z The consonant clusters that occur in many Ojibwe dialects are represented with the following sequences of characters: mb, nd, ng, nj, nz, ns, nzh, sk, shp, sht, shk The consonant cluster represents syllable onset [] followed by a syllable medial [], while the rare consonant cluster represents a nasaled vowel followed by ; in some varieties of Southwestern Ojibwe, the rare nasaled vowel followed by a glottal stop is represented with , in words such as niiyawen'enh "my namesake" and aan'aan'we "pintail duck". Ottawa-Eastern Ojibwe double vowel system A minor variant of the double vowel system is used to write the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe varieties spoken in Michigan and southwestern Ontario, as exemplified in a prominent dictionary. Other publications making use of the same system include a reference grammar and a collection of texts dictated by an Ottawa speaker from Walpole Island First Nation, Ontario. The two dialects are characterized by loss of short vowels because of vowel syncope. Since vowel syncope occurs frequently in the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, additional consonant clusters arise. The letter h is used for the glottal stop , which is represented in the broader Ojibwe version with the apostrophe. In Ottawa, the apostrophe is reserved for a separate function, as noted below. In a few primarily expressive words, orthographic h has the phonetic value [h]: aa haaw "OK". The apostrophe ’ is used to distinguish primary (underlying) consonant clusters from secondary clusters that arise when the rule of syncope deletes a vowel between two consonants. For example,