Tijaniyya during his hajj to Mecca. In his attempt to create a Tijani Islamic empire in Senegal, Tall is described as the "most eminent of the Muslim clerical warriors". The marabouts, leaders and sources of guidance in Sufi brotherhoods, became alternative sources of authority in dissidence from the French. Later, the Mouride brotherhood would serve this same role of resistance for the Senegalese. Many Mourides were former political authorities who lost their positions as the French took over, and were searching for a new source of power. The French felt threatened and targeted the leaders of these movements. The founder of the Mourides, Cheikh Amadou Bamba was arrested twice by the colonial administration. This injustice only furthered his popularity and the Mourides' extreme veneration of their leader. To this day, Cheikh Bamba is honored as an important leader of resistance in Senegal. Other Muslims chose to cooperate with the French, and even gain positions of power within the French government. Senegal was the only colony in Black Africa in which the French used "assimilationist tactics", allowing elite Senegalese citizenship and political power if they became assimilated into French culture. In the cities, especially the Four Communes the French created, Muslim Sufi marabouts, religious authorities, were involved in Senegalese politics. Some argue that the marabouts collaborated with the French out of best interests for Senegal, because they felt they had no other choice. However, Muslim Reform movements responded angrily to the marabouts' collaboration with French authorities, calling these moves hypocritical. The most common of these Reformists was the Union Culturelle Musulmane, founded by Cheikh Toure in 1953, led by religious scholars, some of whom studied in Cairo universities. These Reformists were responding to French colonial repression of Islamic culture in Senegal. As Mbacke states, the administration's "ultimate aim was to dominate minds" in order to take over the nation, and they saw Islam as standing in their way. Having enforced a secular state, the French also limited the establishment of Qur'anic schools, created secular rather than Islamic curriculum in public schools, restricted public access books on Islamic topics, limited contacts with Senegal and the Middle East, restricted hajj pilgrimages to Mecca, arrested and killed Muslim scholars. Sufi Islam Sufi brotherhoods In Senegal, 95% of Muslims belong to a Sufi brotherhood, more than any Muslim population in the world. The two largest orders are the Tijaniyyah and the Muridiyyah or Mourides, although