The moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) is a rare cyprinid fish of southern Nevada, United States, found only in the upper parts of the Muddy (formerly Moapa) River, and in the warm springs that give rise to the river. It is the only species of the monotypic genus Moapa. A small fish, with a maximum recorded length of 9 cm, its scales are small and embedded in the skin, resulting in a noticeably leathery texture (thus the species epithet, derived from Latin coriaceus "leathery"). General body shape is standard for cyprinids, with a vaguely conical head. Moapa dace require warm water, and can survive in a temperature range of 67 to 93 °F. They inhabit waters with abundant algae and shade over gravel, sand and mud, and have an omnivorous diet. Their reproduction cycle peaks in spring and is the lowest in fall, occurring in headwater tributaries. Spawning occurs within 150 m of headwaters springs, in water temperatures of 30-32° C. The Moapa Dace usually reproduce in areas where there are overhead instream cover and the water velocity is around 0.11 to 0.17 meters per second. The entire habitat of this species consists of less than 10 square kilometers within Clark County, Nevada. Moapa dace were first federally listed as endangered in 1967, then reclassified as vulnerable in 1986 and 1988. In 1994, a fire at the Moapa National Wildlife Refuge triggered a population decline, and by 1996 the species had been classified as critically endangered. Additional threats to this species include loss of habitat due to resort development, the introduction of non-native fish species, and capping or depletion of spring-fed headwaters. The Moapa National Wildlife Refuge was established solely to protect this species, and was the first National Wildlife Refuge created for the purpose of protecting an endangered fish species. Since then, researchers have created artificial streams mimicking the optimal conditions described above in hopes of spurring an increase in population. When analyzing the effects of stress on the fish, stressed fish experienced a high mortality rate of around 70% overall while the unstressed group of fish experienced around a 1.15% mortality rate per month. Notes References Ira La Rivers, Fishes and Fisheries of Nevada (University of Nevada Press, 1994) Leuciscinae Cyprinid fish of North America Endemic fauna of Nevada Fauna of the Mojave Desert Fish of the Western United States Freshwater fish of the United States Clark County, Nevada