The Border or Upper Tami languages are an independent family of Papuan languages in Malcolm Ross's version of the Trans–New Guinea proposal. Unlike the neighboring Sepik languages and many other Papuan language families of northern New Guinea, Border languages do not have grammatical gender or number (dual and plural forms). Name The Border family is named after the Indonesia – Papua New Guinea border, which it spans. Other than the Border languages, the Skou, Senagi, Pauwasi, Anim, and Yam families also span the Indonesia – Papua New Guinea border. Classification history Cowan (1957) tentatively proposed a "Tami" family, named after the Tami River, that included the modern Border and Sko language families. Some of the previously unclassified languages did turn out to be Sko, and were added to that family; the remainder (including the languages of the upper Tami) constitute the Border family. Languages Laycock classified Morwap as an isolate, but noted pronominal similarities with Border. Ross included Morwap in Border but noted that they do not appear to share any lexical similarities. However, his Morwap data were quite poor. Usher included it as a branch of Border. Foley (2018) Foley (2018) provides the following classification. Border family Taikat: Auyi, Taikat Bewani: Ainbai, Kilmeri, Ningera, Pagi Waris: Amanab, Auwe (Simog), Daonda, Imonda, Manem, Senggi (Viid), Waina (Sowanda), Waris Usher (2020) The Border languages are: He does not mention Ningera, subsuming it into another language. Pronouns The pronouns that Ross (2005) reconstructs for proto-Border are the following: {| class=wikitable |- | rowspan=2| I || rowspan=2| *ka || exclusive we || *kia- ? |- | inclusive we || *bile ? |- | thou || *je || you || ? |- | s/he || *ihe || they || *ihe- ? |} Foley (2018) lists pronouns for the following five Border languages. {| |+ Border family pronouns ! !! Taikat !! Kilmeri !! Amanab !! Waris !! Imonda |- ! 1incl | || nuko || bi || pi || pəl |- ! 1excl | ku || ko || ka || ka || ka |- ! 2 | kebe || de ~ ne || ne || ye || ne |- ! 3 | yɛ || ki || ehe || hi || ehe |} Cognates Border family cognates (Awyi, Taikat, Kilmeri, Waris, Imonda) listed by Foley (2018): {| |+ Border family cognates ! gloss !! Awyi / Taikat !! Kilmeri !! Waris / Imonda |- |