on recordings from Tropillo's studio. Tropillo’s distribution method usually consisted of handing ten master copies on reel-to-reel tapes to recording cooperatives, which then re-copied and distributed the tapes to other cooperatives and cities. In 1986, Red Wave, a compilation album featuring tracks from several bands associated with the Leningrad Rock Club, was released in the U.S. by Big Time Records. The album contained tracks from magnitoal’bomy originally recorded in Tropillo’s studio and brought out of the Soviet Union by Joanna Stingray. Punk The first punk recording in the Soviet Union has been attributed to the band Avtomaticheskie Udovletvoriteli. One of their performances in Moscow was recorded with a single microphone and released as magnitizdat in 1981. The Siberian punk group Grazhdanskaya Oborona recorded songs on minimal equipment in Egor Letov's home studio. Letov would then send his albums to acquaintances across the country, who made further copies of the tapes. Other Siberian punk bands followed Letov's example by limiting their live performances to apartment concerts and making recordings with reel-to-reel tape recorders and microphones. See also Samizdat Roentgenizdat Notes References Bibliography Underground culture Smuggling Soviet culture Music industry Tape recording