A vacuum furnace is a type of furnace in which the product in the furnace is surrounded by a vacuum during processing. The absence of air or other gases prevents oxidation, heat loss from the product through convection, and removes a source of contamination. This enables the furnace to heat materials (typically metals and ceramics) to temperatures as high as with select materials. Maximum furnace temperatures and vacuum levels depend on melting points and vapor pressures of heated materials. Vacuum furnaces are used to carry out processes such as annealing, brazing, sintering and heat treatment with high consistency and low contamination. Characteristics of a vacuum furnace are: Uniform temperatures in the range. Commercially available vacuum pumping systems can reach vacuum levels as low as Temperature can be controlled within a heated zone, typically surrounded by heat shielding or insulation. Low contamination of the product by carbon, oxygen and other gases. Vacuum pumping systems remove low temperature by-products from the process materials during heating, resulting in a higher purity end product. Quick cooling (quenching) of product can be used to shorten process cycle times. The process can be computer controlled to ensure repeatability. Heating metals to high temperatures in open to atmosphere normally causes rapid oxidation, which is undesirable. A vacuum furnace removes the oxygen and prevents this from happening. An inert gas, such as Argon, is often used to quickly cool the treated metals back to non-metallurgical levels (below ) after the desired process in the furnace. This inert gas can be pressurized to two times atmosphere or more, then circulated through the hot zone area to pick up heat before passing through a heat exchanger to remove heat. This process continues until the desired temperature is reached. Common uses Vacuum furnaces are used in a wide range of applications in both production industries and research laboratories. At temperatures below 1200 °C, a vacuum furnace is commonly used for the heat treatment of steel alloys. Many general heat treating applications involve the hardening and tempering of a steel part to make it strong and tough through service. Hardening involves heating the steel to a predetermined temperature, then cooling it rapidly in water, oil or suitable medium. A further application for vacuum furnaces is Vacuum Carburizing also known as Low Pressure Carburizing or LPC. In this process, a gas (such as acetylene) is introduced as a partial pressure into the hot