transit, cycle safely, walk to local shops and facilities, or choose to work or study from home. Transport systems are responsible for 23% of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, and are increasing at a faster rate than any other energy using sector. Demand management is central to the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from urban transportation, Increases in vehicle travel are linked to a range of health problems including poor urban air quality, road injuries and fatalities, and reduced physical activity. The World Health Organization stated in 2003: We are concerned that current patterns of transport, which are dominated by motorised road transport, have substantial adverse impacts on health. The efficacy of expanded roadways in managing traffic congestion is increasingly under challenge. Much of the traffic on new or expanded roads has been shown to be induced. A growing sustainable transport movement is mobilising public demand for investment in safer, more livable cities with a greater range of travel choices. Demand management toolbox There is a broad range of TDM measures, including: Transportation management associations: leverage public and private funds to increase the use of ridesharing and other commuting options that reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality Including or improving pedestrian-oriented design elements, such as short pedestrian crossings, wide sidewalks and street trees. Requiring users of parking to pay the costs directly, as opposed to sharing the costs indirectly with others through increased rents and tax subsidies. Including and improving public transportation infrastructure, such as subway entrances, bus stops and routes. Subsidizing transit costs for employees or residents. Bicycle-friendly facilities and environments, including secure bike storage areas and showers. See Bicycle transportation engineering Providing active transportation (AT) facilities including bike lanes and multi-use trails. Providing traveler information tools, including intelligent transportation system improvements, mobile and social applications, wayfinding tools, and other methods for promoting alternatives to single occupancy vehicle (SOV) modes Flex-time work schedules with employers to reduce congestion at peak times Active traffic management Congestion pricing during peak hours. Road space rationing or alternate-day travel by restricting travel based on license plate number, at certain times and places. Workplace travel plans Roadspace reallocation, aiming to re-balance provision between private cars which often predominate due to high spatial allocations for roadside parking, and for sustainable modes. Time, distance and place (TDP) road pricing, where road users are charged based on when, where and how much they drive. Some transportation