harness racing tracks, and later expanded with authorisation of a TAB in 1949. Notably, modern greyhound racing did not obtain totalisator betting until much later, with on-course so-called "equalisator" betting - with wagering permitted on a random drawn greyhound - permitted effective 1 August 1972, eventually leading to off-course TAB coverage in 1981. At times the government entity operating the TAB has also regulated the racing codes, such as the 2003 introduction of the New Zealand Racing Board. Following reforms to the operation of the racing industry in New Zealand in 2020, the organisation - now relieved of its regulation of the codes - is once again known as TAB New Zealand. TAB New Zealand's television service is TAB Trackside, consisting of two channels (previously separately branded Trackside and TAB TV). It commenced in 1992 as Action TV, assuming the Trackside name a year later, and originally operated as a single channel via UHF television - a method also used to broadcast the initial (pre-satellite) incarnation of New Zealand's Sky. However, unlike Sky's channel, Trackside was screened "in the clear" - meaning most New Zealanders could sit at their TV with a standard UHF aerial and watch racing. Since the wind-down and closure of the Sky UHF service, TAB Trackside on conventional television has now been limited to subscription platforms, originally via Sky (including Sky TV services formerly delivered through TelstraClear/Vodafone-owned HFC in certain cities), and more recently also via the streaming service Spark Sport. The former AM/FM radio service was most recently branded TAB Trackside Radio (previously Radio Trackside). The service had a history tracing back to Radio Pacific, and was later a part-time simulcast of Trackside TV on stations operated by MediaWorks New Zealand (namely the successors to Radio Pacific in BSport and later Radio Live Sport). The stations were sold to the TAB itself by MediaWorks in 2015. This radio network was closed in April 2020, at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand as racing was suspended. The frequencies were sold later that year to the Australian Sports Entertainment Network to launch general sport radio station SENZ - a localised version of a format used on their stations in Australia (such as SEN 1116). Unlike stations that previously took Radio Trackside part-time, SENZ does not transmit TAB Trackside content; however SEN continue to host an audio stream of TAB Trackside TV. South Africa The