Giovanni Battista Guarneri (Joseph filius Andreae) (1666–1739), Pietro Guarneri (of Venice) (1695–1762), and Giuseppe Guarneri (del Gesu) (1698–1744) Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737) of Cremona, Italy. Rugeri family of violin makers of Cremona, Italy. Francesco Rugeri (1628-1698), and Vincenzo Rugeri (1663-1719). Carlo Bergonzi (luthier) (1683-1747) of Cremona, Italy. Jacob Stainer (1617–1683) of Absam in Tyrol Transition from Baroque to modern form Between the 16th and 19th centuries, several changes occurred, including: The fingerboard was made a little longer to be able to play even the highest notes (in the 19th century). The fingerboard was tilted a little more, to produce even more volume as larger and larger orchestras became popular. Nearly all old instruments were modified, including lengthening of the neck by one centimeter, in response to the raising of pitch that occurred in the 19th century. The bass bar of nearly all old instruments was made heavier to allow a greater string tension. The classical luthiers "nailed" and glued the instrument necks to the upper block of the body before gluing on the soundboard, while later luthiers mortise the neck to the body after completely assembling the body. The chinrest was invented in the early 19th century by Louis Spohr. The results of these adjustments are instruments that are significantly different in sound and response from those that left the hands of their makers. Regardless, most violins nowadays are built superficially resembling the old instruments. Trade violins In the 19th and 20th centuries numerous violins were produced in France, Saxony and the Mittenwald in what is now Germany, in the Tyrol, now parts of Austria and Italy, and in Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic. About seven million violin family instruments and basses, and far more bows, were shipped from Markneukirchen between 1880 and 1914. Many 19th and early 20th century instruments shipped from Saxony were in fact made in Bohemia, where the cost of living was less. While the French workshops in Mirecourt employed hundreds of workers, the Saxon/Bohemian instruments were made by a cottage industry of "mostly anonymous skilled laborers quickly turning out a simple, inexpensive product." Today this market also sees instruments coming from China, Romania, and Bulgaria. Recent inventions More recently, the Stroh violin used mechanical amplification similar to that of an unelectrified gramophone to boost sound volume. Some Stroh violins have a small "monitor" horn pointed at the player's ear, for audibility on a loud