his findings in his paper "Experimental Investigations into the Functions of the Human Brain" in April 1874. The paper was favorably reviewed by Ferrier, who found Bartholow's observations "quite in accordance" with the results of his own experiments when applying current to the brains of monkeys. Opponents noted that it was impossible to verify that the applied current was localized to specific sections of Rafferty's brain. Though Bartholow claimed that he received consent from Rafferty, critics pointed out that Bartholow himself described Rafferty as "feeble-minded", which cast doubt on her ability to understand the proposed experiments. It was also known that Rafferty had sustained injuries to her brain from her ulcer, as well as from surgical incisions made to remove pus from her skull. He was also heavily criticized for carrying out the experiments with no intention of healing the patient, and for proceeding without administering anesthesia until after Rafferty experienced several seizures and was nearly unconscious. Bartholow maintained that his actions were not the ultimate cause of Rafferty's death, though he did admit that he had caused some injury. Although he was censured by the American Medical Association following the experiments, his career did not suffer. Bartholow continued to publish books and articles, and his practice remained highly popular. In 1893 he attained the title of Professor Emeritus at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia. In the aftermath of the controversy, the American Medical Association banned any human experimentation that disregards saving the life of the patient. The anti-vivisectionist movement in Great Britain cited Bartholow's unethical treatment to successfully lobby bills restricting experiments on animals. He died at his home in Philadelphia in 1904. Bibliography Hypodermic Medication Treatise on Therapeutics and Materia Medica Practice of Medicine Experimental Investigations into the Functions of the Human Brain Observations, pathological and experimental, on cholera See also Unethical human experimentation in the United States References Sources The Concept of Bioelectromagnetism Mind as Mosaic {The Robot in the Machine} pp. 113–114; Bruce H. Hinrichs External links 1831 births 1904 deaths American neurologists Thomas Jefferson University faculty University of Cincinnati faculty University of Maryland School of Medicine alumni