is a table of relatively common characters pronounced differently in Guoyu and Putonghua in most or all contexts (Guoyu/Putonghua): Note that many of the above include tonal differences where a first tone in Putonghua is pronounced second tone in Guoyu. Some pronunciation differences may only appear in certain words. The following is a list of examples of such differences (Guoyu/Putonghua): 'and' — hé, hàn / hé. In Guoyu, the character may be read as hàn when used as a conjunction, whereas it is always read hé in Putonghua. This pronunciation does not apply in contexts outside of as a conjunction, e.g. compound words like hépíng 'peace'. 'to expose' — pùlù / bàolù. The pronunciation bào is used in all other contexts in Guoyu. () 'quality; mass' — zhíliàng / zhìliàng. is pronounced zhí in most contexts in Guoyu, except in select words like rénzhì 'hostage' or zhìyā 'to pawn'. Zhíliàng means 'mass' in both Guoyu and Putonghua, but for Guoyu speakers it does not also mean 'quality' (instead preferring pǐnzhí for this meaning). () 'unhurried, calm' — cōngróng / cóngróng. cóng is only pronounced cōng in this specific word in Guoyu. 'stutter' — kǒují / kǒuchī. is only read jí when it means 'to stammer' (as opposed to 'to eat', the most common meaning). Vocabulary differences from mainland Putonghua Guoyu and Putonghua share a large majority of their vocabulary, but significant differences do exist. The lexical divergence of Guoyu from Putonghua is the result of several factors, including the prolonged political separation of the mainland and Taiwan, the influence of Imperial Japanese rule on Taiwan until 1945, and the influence of Minnanyu. The Cross Strait Common Usage Dictionary categorizes differences as "same word, different meaning" ( tóngmíng yìshí — homonyms); "same meaning, different word" ( tóngshí yìmíng); and "Taiwan terms" ( Táiwān yòngyǔ) and "mainland terms" ( dàlù yòngyǔ) for words and phrases specific to a given side. Same meaning, different word The political separation of Taiwan and mainland China after the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 contributed to many differences in vocabulary. This is especially prominent in words and phrases which refer to things or concepts invented after the split; thus, modern scientific and technological terminology often differs greatly between Putonghua and Guoyu. In computer science, for instance, the differences are prevalent enough to hinder communication between Guoyu and Putonghua speakers unfamiliar with each other's respective