captured and their bootlegging drew Native Americans under USIP jurisdiction into criminal activity as they consumed illegal goods the groups smuggled in. The outlaw problem became so dire that, in 1895, the Indian policy for officers included instructions for how to handle outlaws: "Arrest all outlaws, thieves, and murderers in your section, and if they resist you will shoot them on the spot." Sam Sixkiller Sam Sixkiller was a former High Sheriff of the Cherokee Nation who was recruited to become the Captain of the US Indian Police in 1880. In 1886 two Indians killed Sam Sixkiller, the Captain of the US Indian Police and a Deputy US Marshal commissioned by the Judicial District of Western Arkansas. He was known for surviving multiple gun battles over six years of service, he was unarmed when he was shot on a Christmas Eve. After the killers escaped indictment by the Creek and Cherokee, Congress passed a law (24 Stat., 463.) giving the United States district courts jurisdiction over any Indian who committed a crime against a federally appointed Indian police officer or United States Deputy Marshal. His death also resulted in a law making it a federal offense to kill an Indian police officer, which is still in effect. (18 U.S.C. 1114.) Other Indian police There were two other types of police officers on the reservations: Indian tribal police Several Indian tribes replaced hereditary chiefs with constitutional governments. These tribes hired police officers under a number of different titles—sheriffs, constables, regulators, lighthorsemen, etc.—to enforce tribal laws. Indian agency police Many tribes had no recognizable governments and therefore no tribal laws. On these reservations, the Indian agent assigned to the tribe hired Indian police from among tribal members to affect law and order according to Federal, agency, and treaty rules. These were considered federally appointed police officers. The Indian police that killed Sitting Bull were of this kind. See also List of federal law enforcement agencies Tribal sovereignty in the United States References Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. I, Laws (Compiled to December 1, 1902). Burton, A. T.: Oklahoma's Frontier Indian Police, LWF Publications. , Bureau of Indian Affairs , Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers , United States Indian Police Academy , US Department of the Interior , HISTORY (A+E Networks) Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma Native American tribal police