their usage in other Sinitic vocabularies. For example: bác sĩ () is widely used with the meaning 'physician' or 'medical doctor', while in Chinese it refers to a doctoral degree; tiến sĩ (進士) is used to refer to 'doctoral degree', whilst in Chinese it is used to refer to 'successful candidate in the highest imperial civil service examination'. bạc 'silver' is the Old Sino-Vietnamese reflex of Old Chinese *bra:g 'white', cognate with later Sino-Vietnamese bạch 'white', yet in Chinese means 'thin sheet of metal' (variants: , ) and 鉑 (pinyin: bó) has also acquired the meaning 'platinum', whose Sino-Vietnamese name is bạch kim, literally 'white gold'; luyện kim () means 'metallurgy' instead of its original meaning, 'alchemy'; giáo sư () means 'teacher' in Chinese, but is now associated with 'professor' in Vietnamese. English "club" became kurabu in Japan, was borrowed to China, then to Vietnam, is read as câu lạc bộ, and abbreviated CLB, which can be an abbreviation for club. linh miêu () means 'civet' in Chinese but means 'lynx' in Vietnamese. ân nghĩa ~ ơn nghĩa () not only retains its original Chinese meaning "feeling of gratitude" but also acquires the extended meaning "favor, kindness". Some Sino-Vietnamese compounds are entirely invented by the Vietnamese and are not used in Chinese, such as linh mục 'pastor' from 'soul' and 'shepherd', or giả kim thuật ( 'art of artificial metal'), which has been applied popularly to refer to 'alchemy'. Another example is linh cẩu (, 'alert dog') meaning 'hyena'. Others are no longer used in modern Chinese or have other meanings. More examples include trang trại (莊寨, 'farm'), thành phố (城庯, 'city'), hiện diện (現面, 'to be present at'), giải trí (解智, 'to entertain'), ngoạn mục (玩目, 'pleasant to the eyes'), cổ truyền (古傳, 'traditional'), thoả mãn (妥滿, 'to satisfy'), nhiệt kế (熱計, 'thernometer'), đăng quang (登光, 'to be crowned/enthroned'), and hệ quả (係果, 'consequence/corrolary'). Proper names Since Sino-Vietnamese provides a Vietnamese form for almost all Chinese characters, it can be used to derive a Vietnamese form for any Chinese word or name. For example, the name of Chinese leader Xi Jinping consists of the Chinese characters . Applying Sino-Vietnamese reading to each character yields the Vietnamese translation of his name, Tập Cận Bình. Some Western names and words, approximated in Chinese or in some cases approximated in Japanese and then borrowed into Chinese, were further approximated in Vietnamese. For