mean minimum daily distance of and dispersed seeds for up to from its nesting site. Home ranges of the wreathed hornbill and other hornbill species overlap in several range countries. Vocalizations The main call of the wreathed hornbill is a loud double yelp that has been described to sound like “coo-cuk” or “wuff-wurff”. This call is short and typically repeated in a sequence of three or more from a perching position or during flight. The second part of the call is higher pitched and louder than the first and can be heard from farther distances. When calling, the wreathed hornbill displays its brightly coloured throat sac by sharply thrusting its head backwards and upwards. This movement is thought to be a form of communication between individuals. It makes various other low-pitched, bisyllabic barking sounds. Diet and feeding The wreathed hornbill mainly feeds on large fruit with figs making up the majority of its diet. It consumes more drupaceous fruits than other hornbill species. It also occasionally eats small animals like insects, crabs, snails and reptiles, particularly during the breeding season. It forages in the forest canopy across its range, sometimes descending to eat small prey or to retrieve fallen fruit. Tropical fruit abundance can greatly vary by location and season, therefore the wreathed hornbill flies long distances to track areas with high fruit availability. As it moves across its range, it disperses the consumed seeds. The seed dispersal behaviour of the wreathed hornbill plays a critical role in maintaining tropical forest diversity. The feeding technique used by the wreathed hornbill is called ballistic food transport. It holds the large food item at the tip of its bill and throws its head back quickly, swallowing it whole. This behaviour is likely to reduce resource competition by exploiting fruit that is too large for smaller frugivores. Another advantage to ballistic food transport is that the fruit seeds are protected from damage when they are swallowed whole. The entire seed passes through the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted intact, increasing its chances of germination and forming a new plant. Reproduction The wreathed hornbill is a monogamous breeder that demonstrates biparental care. It nests in the cavities of large trees located in coastal forests, illegally logged areas, or among foothills up to an elevation of . It searches for existing oval-shaped tree cavities for nesting because it cannot excavate its own. The nest height