it has additional functions, which Lin (2014) broadly defines as "to mark an explicit or implicit adjustment" by the speaker to a given claim or assessment. In more specific terms, this use includes expression of impatience or displeasure (a, below); an imperative, such as a suggestion or order, especially a persistent one (b), and rejection or refutation (c). Wu (2006) argues lā is influenced by a similar la particle in Minnanyu. (Unlike in Putonghua, Guoyu speakers will use lā immediately following le, as seen in (a).) (a) Impatience or displeasure Go to sleep already! [You] have to go to class tomorrow! (b) Suggestion or order A: I'm so full! B: Don't be so polite, have another bowl! (c) Rejection or refutation A: He married so early, it has to be [because of] a pregnancy. B: There's no way. Taiwan Guoyu has functionally adopted some particles from Minnanyu. For example, the particle hoⁿh [] functions in Minnanyu as a particle indicating a question to which the speaker expects an affirmative answer (c.f. English "..., all right?" or "..., aren't you?"). Among other meanings, when used in Taiwan Guoyu utterances, it can indicate that the speaker wishes for an affirmative response, or may mark an imperative. Loan words and transliteration Loan words may differ between Putonghua and Guoyu. Different characters or methods may also be chosen for transliteration (phonetic or semantic), and the number of characters may differ. In some cases, words may be loaned as transliterations in one dialect but not the other. Generally, Guoyu tends to imitate the form of Han Chinese names when transliterating foreign persons' names. From MinnanyuGuoyu has borrowed words from Minnanyu, such as fānshǔ 'sweet potato' and 拜拜 bàibài 'to worship'. In Minnanyu, the prefix a (Guoyu: ā) carries an affection or intimate tone when referring to people, and this has been adopted into Guoyu. Thus, words like āmèi 'younger sister' may be used instead of the standard mèimèi, and public figures like Tsai Ing-wen may be referred to as Āyīng. Whether these loans are pronounced with their Minnanyu or Guoyu reading varies. In general, as a loan becomes more commonly recognized, it is more likely to be read as Guoyu. This may involve transformation of characters into their Guoyu counterparts. For example, the Minnanyu oo‑pe̍h kóng 'to talk nonsense' now exists in Guoyu as hēibáijiǎng (both literally translate as 'to talk black and white'; is