and to just under 8500 in 2000–2001. In 2013 the population was reported at 5000, and in 2021 the local conservation status was "at risk". Characteristics The cattle are a solid deep cherry-red in color, with only minimal traces of white on the underline; they may be either polled or horned. They are hardy, with good resistance to ticks and bloat, and good tolerance of heat. Signs of their indicine heritage include a small hump in bulls, medium-large ears, and loose skin with heavy folds below the neck. The coat is smooth and short. Use The Santa Gertrudis is reared for beef. It was bred to be better adapted than imported British beef breeds to the environmental conditions of Texas – the semi-arid landscape, the sub-tropical climate and the abundance of ticks – and has been exported to a number of other countries where conditions are similar, including Australia, Brazil and South Africa. It has contributed to the development of a number of modern composite breeds, among them the Barzona (with Aberdeen Angus, Afrikander and Hereford in roughly equal proportions); the Brazos (with Hereford and Gelbvieh); the Droughtmaster (with Beef Shorthorn, Devon, Hereford, Red Brahman, Red Poll, and possibly Afrikander); and the Santa Cruz (with Gelbvieh and Red Angus). References Further reading Stephens, M (et al), Handbook of Australian Livestock, Australian Meat & Livestock Export Corporation, 2000 (4th ed), ISBN 1 74036 2160 Cattle breeds originating in the United States Cattle breeds