ranges from above ground. Females use droppings or mud to cover the nest hole to protect the clutch and fledglings from predators but leave a gap large enough for males to deliver food. They unload the mud when they need to leave the nest. The average clutch size of the wreathed hornbill is 1–3 eggs, which the female incubates and guards alone for 40 days. She raises only one of the chicks and remains with it in the nest until it fledges at the end of the nesting cycle, which lasts 111–137 days. Both parents remain with the juvenile for multiple months after it has left the nest. Threats Major threats to wreathed hornbill populations include hunting, use of pesticides, illegal logging and habitat fragmentation. In Arunachal Pradesh, the local Mishmi and Adi people shoot 50–70 wreathed hornbills during the migratory season; they eat their meat, use their gizzards as medicine to cure stomach problems, their feathers to decorate their homes and their casques to adorn their headgear. Local people also hunt wreathed hornbills for sport and use their fat for medical purposes. The wreathed hornbill has been listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List since 2018, as these threats will likely lead to a decline of the global population in the near future. Conservation The wreathed hornbill is internationally protected under CITES Appendix II and is a Class II national protected species in China. In Pakke Tiger Reserve, a community-based Hornbill Nest Adoption Program was initiated in collaboration with the Arunachal Pradesh Forest Department in 2011; local Nyishi people from nine villages worked as nest protectors and one youth as field coordinator; more than 90 urban citizens supported the project financially. In the breeding seasons of 2012 and 2013, the nest protectors located eight wreathed hornbill nests, of which two had fledgings. References External links Birds of Myanmar Birds of Northeast India Birds of Southeast Asia wreathed hornbill wreathed hornbill Taxa named by George Shaw