Spain and France. The board of the University of Douai had relations with the courts of Louis XIV and Louis XV, including through Philip Cospéan and Bossuet, and was also related to Popes who originally contributed to the financial support of some of his colleagues. During the French Revolution in 1791, the clergy began university Douaisian conditions before considering to take an oath to the Civil Constitution of the clergy, following the brief quod aliquantum of March 10, 1791 and Caritas of April 13, 1791 issued by the Pope. These conditions were interpreted as a rejection of loyalty to Republican power. Humanities and modernity Even though many works of the 18th century encyclopaedists, such as the Encyclopedia of Diderot and D'Alembert, and later works, such as the Grand dictionnaire universal dictionary of the 19th century, were blacklisted, the university was gradually imbued with ideas of modernity, the scientific revolution and the great discoveries. Witness the early work in mathematics, and anatomy, setting default the system of Galen, and the accompanying changes in botanical and zoological classifications, respectively, studied at Douai by Richard Gibbons [53] and Charles Malapert, Ame Bourdon Jean-Baptiste Lestiboudois. Notable students and faculty William Allen William Bawden George Blackwell Amé Bourdon John Bowles Charles Carroll the Settler Richard Challoner François d'Aguilon Cornelis de Jode Thomas Dempster Franciscus Sylvius Grégoire de Saint-Vincent Olivier De Wree Nicholas Fitzherbert Edward Hawarden Giles Hussey Cuthbert Mayne Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai Daniel O'Connell Georges Palante John Payne Robert Southwell Honoré Tournély Charles Townley Nicolas Trigault Jean Vendeville Peter Wadding Notes Sources FASTI, a project on the history of universities H. de Ridder-Symoens, "The Place of the University of Douai in the Peregrinatio Academica Britannica", in Lines of Contact: Proceedings of the Second Conference of Belgian, British, Irish and Dutch historians of universities held in St Anne's College, Oxford, 15–17 September 1989, edited by Hilde De Ridder-Symoens and John M. Fletcher (Ghent, 1994), pp. 21–34. Andreas Loewe, "Richard Smyth and the Foundation of the University of Douai", Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis, 79 II (1999). Andreas Loewe, Richard Smyth and the Language of Orthodoxy : Re-Imagining Tudor Catholic Polemicism, Brill, Leiden, 2003 (= Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions). See also List of early modern universities in Europe Acknowledgment University of Douai Defunct universities and colleges in France History of Nord (French department) Universities in Hauts-de-France 1562 establishments in France Educational institutions established in the