metal, but the products they produced had no commercial value. The worth of the instruction lay mostly in mind-hand coordination. Woodward lectured extensively on manual training and his high school. Yet by the late 1890s, manual training was under greater criticism because of its apparent disconnection to workplace skills. Critics (such as the National Association of Manufacturers) began advocating a system of vocational education that trained students for specific jobs instead of giving students general tools training. He was a member of the school board of St. Louis 1878-80, and president of the St. Louis Engineer Club in 1883/4. Woodward was president of the industrial department of the National Educational Association 1882-84, and vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1888, presiding over the section on mechanical science. In 1885 he was invited to present a paper on "Manual Training" before the educational conference in Manchester, England, and afterward he visited the educational institutions of Europe. In 1882, Woodward was granted an honorary doctoral degree in Laws from Washington University. Calvin M. Woodward died in St. Louis on January 12, 1914. Works History of St. Louis Bridge (1881) The Manual Training School (1887) Manual Training in Education (1890) Rational and Applied Mechanics (1912) He wrote a large number of papers on mathematical subjects and manual training, which he contributed to scientific journals and other periodicals. Notes References Attribution: Further reading Knoll, M. (1988). Calvin M. Woodward und die Anfänge der Projektmethode. Ein Kapitel aus der amerikanischen Erziehungsgeschichte 1876-1900. Zeitschrift für Pädagogik 34 (Juli ), S. 501-517. Washington University in St. Louis faculty Washington University in St. Louis mathematicians Union Army officers People from Fitchburg, Massachusetts People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War Harvard College alumni American science writers 1837 births 1915 deaths