may avoid awkward translations such as translationese and Europeanization. Language therapy: Distinguishing the difference between language disorder patients from non-standard dialect speakers. This is essential in identifying speech pathology and their corresponding treatment. Criminal investigation: CA research offers insight to subtle differences among languages. Language patterns can be used as clues to investigate criminal activities, for example analyzing phishing texts designed to deceive users into giving away confidential information. See also Comparative linguistics Contrastive linguistics Pseudoscientific language comparison Lingoda (in German) Duolingo Software References Connor, Ulla M. (1996), Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-cultural aspects of second-language writing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language teachers. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor. Stern, H.H. 1983. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching Oxford: Oxford University Press. Discourse analysis