were doubts that it was his weapon that had killed the man. The Black Boys were similar to the earlier Paxton Boys in their hostility to the British Crown and the colonial government, but the Black Boys did not target Native Americans in their actions. According to historian Gregory Evans Dowd, a number of historians have confused the two movements. The Black Boys Rebellion has generally been forgotten, overshadowed in American historiography by the 1765 Stamp Act crisis. Nevertheless, some historians see the Black Boys Rebellion as a precursor to the American Revolution. A fictionalized version of the Black Boys Rebellion was depicted in the 1939 Hollywood film Allegheny Uprising, starring John Wayne as James Smith. The film was based on the 1937 boys' history The First Rebel: Being a lost chapter of our history and a true narrative of America's first uprising against English military authority, by Neil H. Swanson. References Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. . Dowd, Gregory Evans. War Under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. . Smith, James. Colonel James Smith's Life Among the Delawares, 1755-1759, in Captives Among the Indians: First-hand Narratives of Indian Wars, Customs, Tortures, and Habits of Life in Colonial Times, edited by Horace Kephart, Outing Publishing, New York, 1915. Available at Google Books Swanson, Neil H. The First Rebel: Being a lost chapter of our history and a true narrative of America's first uprising against English military authority. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1937. Available at Internet Archive External links "Captain James Smith and the Black Boys", Fort Loudon Monument Dedicatory Services, 1916 Pontiac's War History of Franklin County, Pennsylvania 1760s riots 1765 in Pennsylvania 1769 in Pennsylvania Rebellions in the United States Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania