is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises in the manner described. By extension, an argument can contain a formal fallacy even if the argument is not a deductive one; for instance an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or causality can be said to commit a formal fallacy. Affirming the consequent Any argument that takes the following form is a non sequitur: If A is true, then B is true. B is true. Therefore, A is true. Even if the premise and conclusion are both true, the conclusion is not a necessary consequence of the premise. This sort of non sequitur is also called affirming the consequent. An example of affirming the consequent would be: If Jackson is a human (A), then Jackson is a mammal. (B) Jackson is a mammal. (B) Therefore, Jackson is a human. (A) While the conclusion may be true, it does not follow from the premise: Humans are mammals. Jackson is a mammal. Therefore, Jackson is a human. The truth of the conclusion is independent of the truth of its premise – it is a 'non sequitur', since Jackson might be a mammal without being human. He might be an elephant. Affirming the consequent is essentially the same as the fallacy of the undistributed middle, but using propositions rather than set membership. Denying the antecedent Another common non sequitur is this: If A is true, then B is true. A is false. Therefore, B is false. While B can indeed be false, this cannot be linked to the premise since the statement is a non sequitur. This is called denying the antecedent. An example of denying the antecedent would be: If I am Japanese, then I am Asian. I am not Japanese. Therefore, I am not Asian. While the conclusion may be true, it does not follow from the premise. The statement's declarant could be another ethnicity of Asia, e.g., Chinese, in which case the premise would be true but the conclusion false. This argument is still a fallacy even if the conclusion is true. Affirming a disjunct Affirming a disjunct is a fallacy when in the following form: A or B is true. B is true. Therefore, A is not true.* The conclusion does not follow from the premise as it could be the case that A and B are both true. This fallacy stems from the