standard reference to Latin placenames, with their modern equivalents, is Dr. J. G. Th. Grässe, Orbis Latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (1861), an exhaustive work of meticulous German scholarship that is available on-line in the second edition of 1909. To use it, one must understand German names of countries, as they were in 1909. The original was re-edited and expanded in a multi-volume edition in 1972. External links Grässe, Orbis Latinus Grässe, Orbis Latinus Hofmann: Lexicon Universale Place Names of Europe Pliny the Elder: the Natural History Ptolemy: the Geography Latin in Italy Italy Italy Latin, Italy Latin place names Latin place names Latin