however, proposed mechanisms for ED of elemental metal have remained elusive. The first mechanisms proposed focused on the formation of a Ni-P code position nanoparticles onto a substrate. These mechanisms were proposed based on their redox reactions which is highlighted in each subsection. Electroless nickel plating uses nickel salts as the metal cation source and either hypophosphite (H2PO2-) (or a borohydride-like compound) as the reducer. A byproduct of the reaction is elemental phosphorus (or boron) which is incorporated in the coating. The classical deposition methods follows the following steps: 1) Diffusion of reactants (Ni2+ , H2PO2-) to the surface 2) Adsorption of reactants at the surface 3) Chemical reaction at the surface 4) Desorption of products (H2PO2-, H2, H+, H-) from the surface 5) Diffusion of the product from the surface or adhesion of the product onto the surface Atomic hydrogen mechanism Brenner and Riddle first proposed the atomic hydrogen mechanism for evolution of Ni and H2 from a Ni salt, reducing agent, complexing agent, and stabilizers. They used a nickel chloride (NiCl2), sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2), commonly used complexing agents (e.g. citrate, EDTA, and tridentate), and stabilizers such as CTAB (cethyltrimethyl ammonium bromide). The redox reactions [4]-[6] proposes that adsorbed hydrogen (Had) reduces Ni2+ at the catalytic surface and has a secondary reaction where H2 gas evolves. In 1946 it was discovered that a Ni-P alloy and hydrogen gas was formed instead due to a secondary reaction of hypophosphite with atomic hydrogen to form elemental phosphorus. However, the atomic hydrogen mechanism did not account for the co-deposition of Ni-P. The hydride transfer mechanism was proposed by Hersh in 1955 which accounted for the deposition of elemental phosphorus. The hydride transfer mechanism Hersh proposed the hydride transfer mechanism which was expanded in 1964 by R.M. Lukes to explain the deposition of elemental P. Hydride transfer in a basic environment was purported [7] to form the hydride (H-) which reduced the Ni2+ to Ni0[ 8], and combines with water to form H2 gas [9]. Lukes reasoned that the hydride ion came from the hypophosphite and thus accounts for the Ni-P codeposition through a secondary reaction. Electrochemical mechanism The electrochemical mechanism was also proposed by Brenner and Riddell but was later modified by others including scientist Machu and El-Gendi. They proposed that an electrolytic reaction occurred at the surface of the substrate, and H2 [11] and P [13] are by products of the