beneficial effect when used for local sewage treatment as well. Before the construction of the mill, sewage from the city of Fray Bentos was discharged to the river untreated. These claims were backed by neutral expert statements given to the IFC. The first protests On 30 April 2005, just two months after President Vazquez and his government took power in Uruguay and two months after the mills were publicly approved, a large group of 10,000–20,000 people (residents of Gualeguaychú and nearby, as well as environmental groups from Argentina) blocked the international Libertador General San Martín Bridge (between Gualeguaychú and Fray Bentos) protesting the installation of the pulp mills. These demonstrations were organized by the Environmental Assembly of Gualeguaychú and the goal was to bring attention to possible negative effects that the mills could bring to the environment. The people who participated in these demonstrations hoped that by bringing attention to the conflict, the construction of the mills would be interrupted. If this was not feasible they hoped that, at the very least, the actions taken by the mills would be changed so that the environment, specifically the river, would not be negatively affected. Demonstrators did not allow any cars to get through the bridge. The only vehicles that could drive through it were cars and trucks from farms, as well as Uruguayans who regularly shopped in Argentina due good exchange rates. However, these Uruguayans would have to park their vehicles near the roadblock and walk through the demonstration and people before they could get in a rental car that drove them to the markets. Protesters agreed that Uruguayan shoppers were allowed to walk through the demonstration safely and without maltreatment. Furthermore, their vehicles were not attacked. In September 2005, the Center for Human Rights and Environment (CEDHA) filed a complaint to the Compliance Advisory Ombudsman (CAO) of the World Bank (which oversees IFC project compliance with social and environmental norms). The CAO eventually released two reports, a preliminary report and an audit. The audit report was critical of the procedures the IFC followed pertaining to the project. A draft cumulative impact study of the two mills by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of the World Bank was released on 19 December. According to it, the technical requirements of the mills had been fulfilled and the quality of the water and the air in the region should not be harmed. The