Turkistan Region (), formerly South Kazakhstan Region () (, ) from 1992–2018 and Chimkent Region (, ) from 1963 to 1991 is the southernmost region of Kazakhstan. Population: 2 088 510 (2022 estimate); Its capital is Turkistan, formerly Shymkent until 2018. Other cities in Turkistan include Sayram, Kentau, Arys, Shardara, Zhetisai, Saryagash, and Lenger. This region and Atyrau Region are Kazakhstan's two smallest regions; both are about 117,300 square kilometers in area. Turkistan Region borders the neighboring country of Uzbekistan (and is also very near the Uzbekistan capital Tashkent), as well as three other Kazakhstan regions: Karaganda Region (to the north), Kyzylorda Region (to the west), and Jambyl Region (to the east). The Syr Darya passes through the region, on its way to the Aral Sea. An oil pipeline runs from Turkmenabat, Turkmenistan to Omsk, Russia (where it connects with a larger, Siberian pipeline) through South Kazakhstan. Oil, lead and zinc are refined in Shymkent. The Region was created as South Kazakhstan Oblast in Kazakh SSR of Soviet Union. Between 1962 and 1992 it was named Chimkent Oblast. The administrative center of the Region was Shymkent. On 19 June 2018 Shymkent was taken out of the Region and subordinated directly to the government of Kazakhstan, the administrative center moved to Turkistan, and the Region renamed Turkistan Region. Administrative divisions As of 2013, the region was administratively divided into eleven districts and the cities of Shymkent, Arys, Kentau, and Turkistan. Baydibek District, with the administrative center in the selo of Shayan; Kazygurt District, the selo of Kazygurt; Maktaaral District, the town of Zhetisay; Ordabasy District, the selo of Temirlan; Otyrar District, the selo of Shauldir; Saryagash District, the town of Saryagash; Sayram District, the selo of Aksukent; Shardara District, the town of Shardara; Sozak District, the selo of Sholakkorgan; Tole Bi District, the town of Lenger; Tulkibas District, the selo of Turar Ryskulov. Archaeology Excavations of the Kul-Tobe settlement near the village of Saryaryk on the terrace of the Arys River (N 42`29.532'E 068`57.756`) on the territory of the South Kazakhstan region in 2006, made by Kazakh archaeologists led by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor A. N. Podushkin, according to some statements, allow to identify the culture of Kangju with the peoples of the Scythian circle. Ceramics (large jugs or persimmons) and weapons (arrowheads, knives, bows and daggers) were found in three graves of nomad warriors who lived about two thousand