Great Plains regions. During this period they participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. Spanish–American War After the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments continued to serve and participated in the Spanish–American War (including the Battle of San Juan Hill), where five more Medals of Honor were earned. They took part in the 1916 Punitive Expedition into Mexico and in the Philippine–American War. Units In addition to the African Americans who served in regular army units during the Spanish–American War, five African-American Volunteer Army units and seven African-American National Guard units served. Volunteer Army: 7th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 8th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 9th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 10th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 11th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) National Guard: 3rd Alabama Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 8th Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) Companies A and B, 1st Indiana Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 23rd Kansas Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 3rd North Carolina Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 9th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) 6th Virginia Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops) Of these units, only the 9th U.S., 8th Illinois, and 23rd Kansas served outside the United States during the war. All three units served in Cuba and suffered no losses to combat. Philippine–American War After the Treaty of Paris, the islands of the Philippines became a colony of the United States. When the U.S. military started to send soldiers into the islands, native rebels, who had already been fighting their former Spanish rulers, opposed U.S. colonization and retaliated, causing an insurrection. In what would be known as the Philippine–American War, the U.S. military also sent colored regiments and units to stop the insurrection. However, due to the discrimination of African-American soldiers, some of them defected to the Philippine Army. One of those that defected was David Fagen, who was given the rank of captain in the Philippine Army. Fagen served in the 24th Regiment of the U.S. Army, but on November 17, 1899, he defected to the Filipino army. He became a successful guerrilla leader and his capture became an obsession to the U.S. military and American public. His defection was likely the result of differential treatment by American occupational forces toward black