other allomorphs, such as -id, -cid, -med, depending on the preceding segment and the length of the stem. Evidentials include quotative -do, circumstantial -qa, and visual -ya. The /a/ of the evidentials deletes when no other suffix follows. Absolutive -w after vowels, -u after /d/, and -ʔ after other consonants. Position class XIV (Evidentials, Modals, Imperatives, Futures, Absolutive, Adverbializers) represents the largest set of suffixes and is the only slot that is obligatorily filled in every verb. A few examples of verbs with many affixes, the root shown in bold: pʰa-ʔdi-c-á꞉d-ala-w "to poke with the end of a stick while moving downhill" cʰi-ʔdí-ccicʼ-a꞉dad-u "to walk along picking up things and pulling them close to oneself" nohpʰo-yíʔ-ciʔ-do "it's said that those former people used to live (like that)" Syntax The basic word order of Kashaya is quite flexible in main clauses; however, the default location for the verb is final, and this position is required in subordinate clauses. A notable feature is that when a verb does occur in non-final position, depending on other suffixes present it takes the Nonfinal Verb ending -e꞉. Some possible orders are illustrated here with the simple sentence "I see that dog", containing the elements ʔa "I (subj)", mul "that (obj)", hayu "dog", canʼ- "see". hayu mul ʔa canʼ hayu ʔa mul canʼ hayu ʔa cade꞉ mul cade꞉ ʔa hayu mul Oswalt (1961) reports that younger speakers tend to favor the SVO order typical of English. Case marking The most important case markers are subjective and objective case. (Others are the vocative and comitative, of more limited application.) Most nouns are marked with the subjective ʔem or the objective ʔel; these are morphologically complex and contain the actual case markers /m/ and /l/, found with verbal expressions. ʔacacʼ em ʔima꞉ta ʔél cadu — "the man (ʔacac) sees the woman (ʔima꞉ta)" ʔahca qáwiwa-l cadé꞉ ʔa — "I see the house (ʔahca) he is building (qawiwa-)" Personal names take the suffix -to in the objective case, zero in the subjective. Pronouns have distinct forms in subjective and objective case; the forms are not easily analyzed but the objective case generally ends in -(a)l or -to. Demonstratives are also distinguished for case; they are given here as subjective/objective: mu(꞉) / mul — "that, this, it, those, these, they (vague demonstrative or anaphoric reference)" maʔu / maʔal — "this, these (the closer object)" haʔu / haʔal — "that, those (the