exhibition spaces on rails Telco hubs Bank vaults Medical clinics Radar stations Shopping malls Sleeping rooms Recording studios Abstract art Transportable factories Modular data centers (e.g. Sun Modular Datacenter, Portable Modular Data Center) Experimental labs Combatant temporary containment (ventilated) Bathrooms Showers Starbucks stores (e.g. 6350 N. Broadway, Chicago, IL 60660 USA) Workshops Intermodal sealed storage on ships, trucks, and trains House foundations on unstable seismic zones Elevator/stairwell shafts Block roads and keep protesters away, as photo journalized during the Pakistan Long March Hotels Construction trailers Mine site accommodations Exploration camp Aviation maintenance facilities for the United States Marine Corps when loaded onto the SS Wright (T-AVB-3) or the SS Curtiss (T-AVB-4) RV campers Food trucks Hydroponics farms Battery storage units Temporary prisons Intensive-care units in temporary hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic For housing and other architecture Containers are in many ways an ideal building material because they are strong, durable, stackable, cuttable, movable, modular, plentiful, and relatively cheap. Architects, as well as laypeople, have used them to build many types of buildings such as homes, offices, apartments, schools, dormitories, artists' studios, and emergency shelters; they have also been used as swimming pools. They are also used to provide temporary secure spaces on construction sites, and other venues on an "as is" basis, instead of building shelters. CONEX containers were developed by Malcolm MacClean to standardize the intermodal shipping unit. CONEX containers may or may not meet the requirements of local building codes. As they are not field erected, a registered engineer or architect must verify that the containers comply with the structural requirements of the building code. The 2021 ICC code was amended to address CONEX containers. Phillip C. Clark filed for a United States patent on November 23, 1987, described as "Method for converting one or more steel shipping containers into a habitable building at a building site and the product thereof". This patent was granted August 8, 1989 as patent 4854094. The patent documentation shows what are possibly the earliest recorded plans for constructing shipping container housing and shelters by laying out some very basic architectural concepts. Regardless, the patent may not have represented novel invention at its time of filing. Paul Sawyers previously described extensive shipping container buildings used on the set of the 1985 film Space Rage Breakout on Prison Planet. Other examples of earlier container architecture concepts also exist, such as a 1977 report entitled