A large number of processes affect the realization of underlying sounds in Kashaya. A representative sample is given here. The glottalized nasals surface unchanged in the syllable coda, but change to voiced stops in the onset: cf. the root "see, look" in "if he sees" and "look!". The default vowel changes to after , and to after (from underlying ): cf. the imperative in "limp!", "punch him!", "look!". Any vowel changes to /a/ after a uvular: /ʔusaq-in/ → "while washing the face", /sima꞉q-eti/ → "although he's asleep". Plain stops are aspirated in the coda: /da-hyut-meʔ/ → "break it!" (formal imperative); cf. /da-hyut-i/ → "break it!" (informal). A uvular stop in the coda generally loses its place of articulation: /sima꞉q-ti/ → "about to fall asleep". Exceptions exist before certain suffixes and in loanwords such as "dress" (from Alutiiq). Debuccalization of other stops occurs in various contexts as well. An aspirated stop in a prefix dissimilates from an /h/ or an aspirated stop at the beginning of the root, similar to Grassmann's Law: cf. the prefix /pʰu/ "by blowing" with aspiration in "be blown along" but without it in "a windbreak". Morphology Kashaya can be classified as a polysynthetic language; it is primarily suffixing but has an important set of instrumental prefixes on verbs. Nouns Noun morphology is modest. The main examples are prefixes that mark possession of kinship terms. The first person has several allomorphs including the prefix and CV꞉ reduplication; the latter is informal and is associated with phonologically less marked stems, no doubt derived historically from child pronunciations. The prefixes , , mark second, third, and reflexive ("one's own"). These prefixes occur with the suffixes , depending on the stem and prefix. Examples with /qa/ "grandmother" are "your ~", "his/her/their ~", and informal "my grandma", based on /ka/ simplified from /qa/. Verbs Verbs take a great variety of suffixes divided into many position classes. There are also instrumental prefixes that figure crucially in the use of many verb stems. Position classes Oswalt (1961) identifies the following position classes; it can be seen that there is far more complexity in the set of suffixes than in the prefixes. Prefixes A — Instrumental B — Plural Act Root Inner Group Suffixes I — Plural Agent II — Reduplication III — Essive, Terrestrial IV — Semelfactive, Inceptive, Plural Act, Plural Movement Middle Group Suffixes Va — Directionals Vb — Directionals/Inceptives VI —