studied. As with any trade, the inclusion of the drill would come at the mass expense available for other payload elements. Analytical laboratory biosignature measurements require the pre-selection and identification of high-priority samples, which could be subsequently subsampled to maximize detection probability and spatially resolve potential biosignatures for detailed analysis. Payload The conceptual payload included a Precision Sample Handling and Processing System to replace and augment the functionality and capabilities provided by the Sample Acquisition Sample Processing and Handling system that was part of the 2009-configuration of Mars Science Laboratory rover (the system is known as SAM (Sample Analysis at Mars) in 2011-configuration of Mars Science Laboratory). The AFL payload was to attempt to minimize any conflicting positive detection of life by including a suite of instruments that provide at least three mutually confirming analytical laboratory measurements. For the purpose of discerning a reasonable estimate on which to base the rover mass, the conceptual payload was to include: Precision Sample Handling and Processing System. Forward Planetary Protection for Life-Detection Mission to a Special Region. Life Detection-Contamination Avoidance. Astrobiology Instrument Development. MSL Parachute Enhancement. Autonomous safe long-distance travel. Autonomous single-cycle instrument placement. Pinpoint landing (100–1000 m) (if necessary to reach specific science targets in hazardous regions). Mobility for highly sloped terrain 30° (if required to reach science targets). Power source It was suggested that the Astrobiology Field Laboratory use radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) as its power source, like the ones to be used on the Mars Science Laboratory. The radioactive RTG power source was to last for about one Martian year, or approximately two Earth years. RTGs can provide reliable, continuous power day and night, and waste heat can be used via pipes to warm systems, freeing electrical power for the operation of the vehicle and instruments. Science Though the AFL science justification did not include a pre-definition of potential life forms that might be found on Mars, the following assumptions were made: Life utilizes some form of carbon. Life requires an external energy source (sunlight or chemical energy) to survive. Life is packaged in cellular-type compartments (cells). Life requires liquid water. Within the region of surface operations, identify and classify Martian environments (past or present) with different habitability potential, and characterize their geologic context. Quantitatively assess habitability potential by: Measuring isotopic, chemical, mineralogical, and structural characteristics of samples, including the distribution and molecular complexity of carbon compounds. Assessing biologically available