referrals and request diagnostic pathology and radiology investigative services, however not access full Medicare billing benefits. Medical practitioners who could demonstrate that they practiced for at least 5 years in General Practice prior to 1995 were not required to complete a specialty training program nor required to be awarded a fellowship by RACGP or ACRRM in order to be recognised as Specialist GPs by AHPRA and Medicare; these GPs were effectively 'grandfathered' onto the vocational/specialist register. Medical practitioners who practice in General Practice without specialist registration and who are not formally enrolled as registrars are known as non-vocationally registered (non-VR) GPs and may only practice in areas-of-need and invoice reduced and limited Medicare billings. As of 2018, the non-VR GPs ceased to be recognised and will no longer be able to invoice for Medicare billings unless they formally enrol in a formal registrar training program to attain fellowship and be recognised as a Specialist GP. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Continuing professional development (CPD) ensures clinicians remain up-to-date and evidence-based in their medical practice as mandated and audited by the Medical Board of Australia: Medical practitioners with Specialist registration (that is, Specialist Medical Practitioners; General Practitioners and Consultants) must continue to meet the CPD requirements set out and logged by their relevant speciality college. Medical practitioners with General registration only and not enrolled (nor have intentions to enrol) in a specialty-vocational training program (that is, Other Non-Specialist Medical Practitioners; Hospitalists) must continue to complete a minimum of 50 hours CPD per year to be facilitated at their own discretion and a logbook to be kept; notwithstanding, these clinicians may elect to enrol into a relevant specialty college CPD program as a non-fellow affiliate member and have their educational activities logged through that college. Medical practitioners with General registration only and enrolled in specialty-vocational training program (that is, Registrars) must attend relevant educational activities and complete assessment requirements as part of their training obligations as monitored and facilitated by their specialty college and clinical supervisors at their teaching hospital or clinic. Medical practitioners with General registration only and working in a pre-vocational training capacity (that is, Residents) must attend relevant educational activities and complete performance reviews as facilitated by clinical supervisors at their teaching hospital or clinic. Medical practitioners with Provisional or Limited registration (that is, Interns or International Medical Graduates), must complete a term of supervised practice, meet the educational standards