suggests that unusual visual effects could have resulted from temporary retinal distortion caused by staring at the intense light of the Sun, or have been caused by a sundog, a relatively common atmospheric optical phenomenon. Nickell also highlights the psychological suggestibility of the witnesses, noting that devout spectators often come to locations where Marian apparitions have been reported "fully expecting some miraculous event", such as the 1988 Lubbock apparition of Mary in Texas, the Mother Cabrini Shrine near Denver, Colorado, in 1992, and Conyers, Georgia, in the early to mid-1990s. See also Marian apparition The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima, 1952 film Fatima, 2020 film References Bibliography (Online Text) External links Newspaper article in Portuguese that came out shortly after the alleged miracle. Picture of the Sun during the alleged miracle. (archive) Phil Plait. "When self-fulfilling prophecies Knock" BBC News article on Sun miracles at Knock Fátima in Sister Lucia's own words – Free online version of the memoir book written by Sister Lucia, O.C.D. The True Story of Fatima – Free online version of the book written by Father John de Marchi, I.M.C. The Fatima Message books and documents Christian miracles Our Lady of Fátima 1917 in Portugal Forteana Solar phenomena 20th-century Catholicism 1917 in Christianity October 1917 events Saint Joseph (husband of Mary)