The Izod impact strength test is an ASTM standard method of determining the impact resistance of materials. A pivoting arm is raised to a specific height (constant potential energy) and then released. The arm swings down hitting a notched sample, breaking the specimen. The energy absorbed by the sample is calculated from the height the arm swings to after hitting the sample. A notched sample is generally used to determine impact energy and notch sensitivity. The test is similar to the Charpy impact test but uses a different arrangement of the specimen under test. The Izod impact test differs from the Charpy impact test in that the sample is held in a cantilevered beam configuration as opposed to a three-point bending configuration. The test is named after the English engineer Edwin Gilbert Izod (1876–1946), who described it in his 1903 address to the British Association, subsequently published in Engineering. The need for Impact tests Impact, by definition, is a large force applied for a very short time, resulting in a sudden transfer of momentum and energy, and its effect is different when the same amount of energy is transferred more gradually. Everyday engineering structures are subjected to it and may develop cracks that, over time, propagate to a point where catastrophic failure would result. Impact tests are used in comparing the shear fracture toughness of various materials under the same test conditions, or of one material versus temperature to determine its ductile-to-brittle transition temperature where a steep descent in impact strength with decreasing temperature is observed. A material's toughness is a factor of its ability to absorb energy during relatively slow plastic deformation, though the rate at which strain occurs matters. Brittle materials have low toughness as a result of the small amount of plastic deformation they can endure at any rate. However, ductile materials may behave like brittle materials under high-energy impact, hence the need for this kind of test. The test conditions are governed by many variables, most importantly: the dimensions of the usually rectangular cross section of the sample below the notch; the height of the hammer at the start position, determining its velocity at impact; the mass of the hammer which together with the velocity determines its kinetic energy at impact; the sharpness, or tip curvature, of the notch; the temperature of the sample. ASTM test for plastics The ASTM International standard for Izod Impact testing