phenomena under confined conditions can be studied by variation of the internal ligands with hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic character, based on a variety of reactive substrates inside (for the interdisciplinary character of the whole compound class see Ref.). These single molecules are quite large; this can be shown by taking the length of an oxygen molecule with two atoms (length 0.12 nm) as a unit, then considering Mo368 which is 50 times larger. All the mentioned nanomaterials belong to a class commonly termed polyoxometalates and some special ones to the molybdenum blue family; the elucidation by Müller of the chemical nature of molybdenum blue was a real tour de force. There are two older synthetic topics where Achim Müller did pioneering work. This refers to basic simple transition metal sulphur compounds, including related hydrodesulfurization catalysis and a new type of host guest chemistry based on polyoxovanadates (for both topics see especially the three Honorary Issues under Bibliography). One paper about polyoxometalates was cited ca. 2000 times. The publications of Achim Müller were highlighted many times in the media and related magazines. Important last sentences: “Giant polyoxometalates (POMs) are of particular interest, as they are the largest inorganic molecules ever made, combined with fascinating structures and manifold applications in catalysis, medicine and material sciences. Typically, Müller‘s group has achieved great success in creating giant polyoxomolybdates (POMos) during the past two decades, establishing a series of incredibly large POMos with hundreds of Mo centers, such as {Mo132}, {Mo154}, {Mo176}, {Mo248} and {Mo368}. Especially {Mo368}, with more than 360 Mo atoms, still is the largest POM to date...“ Applications and Impact These are soluble in water and are very probably one of the most versatile materials regarding applications in nanoscience. It is evident that such applications are of interest not only for chemistry but also for biology, supramolecular chemistry and materials science as well as discrete mathematics. The applications include the following topics: Investigating processes, including catalytic ones, under confined conditions, especially in capsules with stepwise tunable pores and tunable internal functions Coordination chemistry at surfaces, in pores and in cavities of nanocapsules: sphere-surface supramolecular chemistry, controlled exchange of guests at different internal sites with each other and with the outside, nano ion-chromatography, nucleation processes under confined conditions Modelling ion transport across transmembrane channels New insights into hydrophobic interactions, e.g. thermodynamics of hydrophobic clustering, sequestration of hydrophobic organic pollutants, and nano-dewetting Structure and dynamics