Reflexive, Reciprocal VII — Causative VIII — Locomotory IX — Durative X — Distributive Outer Group Suffixes XI — Defunctive XII — Negative XIII — First Person Object, Remote Past, Inferential XIV — Evidentials, Modals, Imperatives, Futures, Absolutive, Adverbializers XVv — Nonfinal Verb, Responsive, Interrogative XVn — Subjective, Objective XVb — Explanatory Only a few of the most important categories can be illustrated here. Instrumental prefixes Many verbs cannot occur without a prefix that provides information about the manner of the action described. These 20 instrumental prefixes, all of the shape CV, are the following. ba- "with the lips, snout, or beak; by speech (or hearing)" bi- "by encircling, e.g. with the arms; by sewing, eating (esp. with a spoon)" ca- "with the rear end, a massive or bulky object, a knife" cu- "with a round object, flowing water, the front end; by shooting" cʰi- "by holding a small part of a larger object, e.g. a handle" da- "with the hand (palm), paw; by waves" du- "with the finger" di- "by gravity, falling, a heavy weight" ha- "with a swinging motion" hi- "with the body" ma- "with the sole of the foot, claws, the butt of the hand" mi- "with the small end of a long object, the toes, nose; by kicking, smelling, counting, reading" mu- "with a quick movement, heat, light, mind or emotions" pʰa- "with the end of a long object, the fist; by wrapping" pʰi- "with the side of a long object, the eyes, an ax, a hammer" pʰu- "by blowing" qa- "between forces: with the teeth, by chewing, eating" si- "by water: wetting, dissolving, slipping, floating, rain, tongue" ša- "by a long object moving lengthwise; with a mesh" šu- "by pulling, pushing and pulling; with a long flexible object" For example, the root /hcʰa/ "knock over" can occur unprefixed as "fall over" where no agency is indicated, but is typically prefixed to expand upon the meaning: "knock over with snout", "throw someone in wrestling", "knock over by backing into", "push over with the hand", "push over with the finger", "be knocked over by a falling object", etc. Suffixes A sampling of verb suffixes: Directionals include -ad "along, here", -mul "around", -mad "in an enclosed or defined place", -aq "out from here; north or west from here". Directionals/Inceptives -ala "down" and -ibic "up, away" also mark the beginning of an action. Causative -hqa. Durative -ad with many