class, as was the Stockton and Darlington Railway's Swift from 1836, where the crankshaft was directly between the driving axles. Both of these examples used vertical cylinders, with the crankshaft in the plane of the driving axles. The former used a geared drive to the first driving axle, the latter used side rods for this linkage. In the latter case, the reason inferred for using a crankshaft distinct from the driven axles was "to take the shocks of working away from the power shaft." Several locomotives have been built with horizontal cylinders driving a crankshaft directly above the rear driving axle, with a common spring supporting both the shaft and axle so that they could move vertically together. Ross Winans designed a series of 0-8-0 locomotives starting in 1842, launching what became the B&O Mud Digger class of engines. Like the Grasshopper locomotives before them, the crank shafts on these engines were geared to the driven shafts. In his 1843 patent, Winas referred to the crankshaft as a fifth shaft, or axle. In 1880, the Fowler Steam Plough Works of Leeds England received a patent on a similar 0-4-0 locomotive design with vertical side rods between the crankshaft and rear axle. Here, the motivation was to get the cylinders and piston rods up away from dust and dirt on an engine with diminutive drive wheels. One such Fowler locomotive survives, a very small narrow-gauge 0-4-2T. Early designers of steam turbine locomotives did not understand the need for reduction gearing or sprung suspensions. Once these problems were understood, jackshafts emerged as one alternative for linking the output gearbox of the turbine to the driving wheels. Giuseppe Belluzzo, of Italy, was granted several US patents on variations of this idea. Alternatives to jackshaft drives included use of a quill drive with the turbine above the drive axle, or a combination of a quill drive with a gearbox suspended horizontally between a locomotive driving axle and the turbine shaft. Electric locomotives Many early electric locomotives were also equipped with jackshafts. A general survey of electric locomotive design from 1915 shows 15 distinct jackshaft-drive arrangements out of 24 distinct locomotive designs. Some early locomotives used small diameter DC traction motors mounted on individual axles, but the majority, especially for AC powered locomotives, had only one or two large diameter motors. These large diameter motors were larger than most driving wheels and so were mounted