Afro-Asian Military history of the United States United States Colored Troops List of African American Medal of Honor recipients Frederick C. Branch Benjamin O. Davis Martin Delany Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr. National Association for Black Veterans List of African-American astronauts African-American discrimination in the U.S. Military Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps Notes References Bérubé, Allan (1990). Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two. New York, The Penguin Group. (Plume edition 1991). Jones, Major Bradley K. (January 1973). "The Gravity of Administrative Discharges: A Legal and Empirical Evaluation" The Military Law Review 59:1–26. McGuire, Phillip (ed.) (1993). Taps for a Jim Crow Army: Letters from Black Soldiers in World War II. University Press of Kentucky. . Morriss, Roger (1997). Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. Shilts, Randy (1993). Conduct Unbecoming: Gays & Lesbians in the U.S. Military Vietnam to the Persian Gulf. New York, St. Martin's Press. Further reading Dickon, Chris, and Kirkels, Mieke. (2020). Dutch Children of African American Liberators: Race, Military Policy and Identity in World War II and Beyond. United States: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. Dixon, Chris (2018). African Americans and the Pacific War, 1941–1945: Race, Nationality, and the Fight for Freedom. Cambridge University Press. Knauer, Christine (2014). Let Us Fight as Free Men: Black Soldiers and Civil Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Sutherland, Jonatha. (2004). African Americans at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. White, Steven (2019). World War II and American Racial Politics: Public Opinion, the Presidency, and Civil Rights Advocacy. Cambridge University Press. Navy specific Aptheker, Herbert. "The Negro in the Union Navy". Journal of Negro History (1947): 169–200. . Bennett, Michael J. Union Jacks: Yankee Sailors in the Civil War: Yankee Sailors in the Civil War (University of North Carolina Press, 2005) Bureau of Naval Personnel. The Negro in the Navy in World War II . Washington, 1947. 103 pp. Davis, Michael Shawn. "Many of Them Are Among My Best Men": The United States Navy Looks at Its African American Crewmen, 1755–1955. PhD dissertation, Kansas State University (2011). With detailed bibliography, pp. 216–241. Jackson, Luther P. "Virginia Negro Soldiers and Seamen in the American Revolution". Journal of Negro History (1942): 247–287. . Langley, Harold D. "The Negro in the Navy and