Anna Kuliscioff (; ; born Anna Moiseyevna Rozenshtein, ; 9 January 1857 – 27 December 1925) was a Russian-Italian revolutionary of Jewish origin, a prominent feminist, an anarchist influenced by Mikhail Bakunin, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant. She was mainly active in Italy, where she was one of the first women to graduate in medicine. Biography Anna Kuliscioff was born in 1857 near Simferopol, in Crimea. Her father, Moisei, was one of the five hundred privileged Jewish "merchants of the first guild" who were permitted to reside anywhere in the Russian Empire. Persecuted by the Imperial Russian authorities, Kuliscioff took refuge in Paris, where she met the Italian anarchist Andrea Costa, her future partner. After being expelled from France in 1878, she settled in Italy and became the editor of Critica Sociale, a major socialist paper, in 1891. An activist for causes such as women's suffrage, Anna Kuliscioff was tried and imprisoned on several occasions. Her real name was Anna Moiseevna Rozenstejn and she was the daughter of a wealthy Jewish family of merchants who guaranteed her a happy and dedicated childhood, so much so that she attended courses in philosophy at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. She was endowed with an extraordinary memory and an exceptional predisposition to logical and rigorous reasoning. Encouraged from childhood to pursue studies with private teachers and rulers, she became interested in politics very early on. In 1871, after studying foreign languages with private tutors, Kuliscioff was sent to study engineering at the Zürich Polytechnic, where she additionally took courses in philosophy. Political outcasts, in whom the city flourished, acquainted her with rebel and egalitarian thoughts. Deserting her investigations, in 1873 she married Pyotr Makarevich, an individual progressive of honorable birth, and together they went back to Russia. There they worked for progressive groups, first in Odessa and afterward in Kiev. In 1874, Makarevich was condemned to five years of hard labor for his revolutionary activity. He died in jail. To avoid arrest. Anna escaped Odessa to live clandestinely, first in Kiev and then in Kharkov, frequently singing in public parks to make money. In Kiev she aligned herself with revolutionaries associated with the Land and Freedom party, who engaged in terrorist acts against the tsarist authorities. When her colleagues in this armed group were arrested, she managed to escape. In April 1877, using a false passport, she left Russia and moved