allies of Llywelyn, who had initiated hostilities against John earlier in the year. In 1211, John of England summoned the Welsh leaders to meet him at Chester, demanding expressions of loyalty. Most acceded. It was possibly on this occasion that Robert refused to meet him, giving John's excommunication as an excuse. In May John invaded north Wales, driving Llywelyn's forces back into Gwynedd. Overstretched supply lines forced John to withdraw, but in July he returned with his army. John retaliated against the recalcitrant Robert by sending a troop of soldiers from Brabant to Bangor. They burnt the city and on this occasion Bishop Robert was present in his cathedral. They abducted him from the high altar. Robert had to pay a fine of two hundred hawks, then an important Welsh export, to recover his liberty. Lloyd comments: "it is hardly fanciful to suppose that it was the result of this outrage that Robert died in the following year." Robert certainly died in 1212, although some older sources say 1213. He was buried at Shrewsbury. Footnotes References Brewer, John Sherren (editor) (1861-). Giraldi Cambrensis Opera, Longman, Green et al., Retrieved 14 November 2014 at Internet Archive. Volume 1 (1861) Volume 3 (1863) Eyton, Robert William (1854-). The Antiquities of Shropshire, John Russell Smith, Retrieved 17 November 2014 at Internet Archive. Volume 1 (1854) Volume 2 (1855) Volume 6 (1858) Volume 7 (1858) Volume 8 (1859) Volume 9 (1859) Volume 10 (1860) Giles, I.A. (1847). Petri Blesensis Bathoniensis archidiaconi opera omnia, Volume 2, J.H. Parker, Oxford, Retrieved 14 November 2014 at Internet Archive. Le Neve, John, corrected and continued by Hardy, Thomas Duffus (1854). Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, Volume 1, Oxford university Press, Retrieved 14 November 2014 at Internet Archive. Lloyd, John Edward (1912). The history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest, Volume 2, Longmans, Green & Co., Retrieved 14 November 2014 at Internet Archive. Owen, Hugh, and Blakeway, John Brickdale, (1825). A History of Shrewsbury, Volume 2, Harding and Lepard, London, Retrieved 16 November 2014 at Internet Archive. Williams, John (1860). Annales Cambriae, Longman, Green et al., Retrieved 14 November 2014 at Internet Archive. 1212 deaths 12th-century English Roman Catholic bishops 13th-century English Roman Catholic bishops Bishops of Bangor People from Wolverhampton Clergy from Shrewsbury Year of birth unknown