The United Remnant Band of the Shawnee Nation (also called the Shawnee Nation, URB) is an unrecognized tribe located in Ohio who claims descent from the historic Shawnee before that Native American people's removal to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Three federally recognized tribes of Shawnee are based in Oklahoma. Despite using the word nation in its name, the group is neither a federally recognized tribe nor a state-recognized tribe. Ohio has no office to manage Indian affairs and no state-recognized tribes. The Ohio state legislature passed a 1979 joint resolution of the United Remnant Band, but the legal status of that resolution has been disputed. Thirty-five groups in Ohio claim to have Shawnee descent, such as the Vinyard Indian Settlement, but "Ohio has no state recognized tribes nor does it have a recognition process," wrote Mary Annette Pember (Red Cliff Ojibwe. History Prior to 1831, the Shawnee were relocated, band by band, to Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and other parts of the American Plains west of the Mississippi River as a number of Shawnee chiefs surrendered independently to the United States. Chief Black Hoof (Catahecassa, d. 1831) signed the 1817 Treaty of Fort Meigs and 1818 Treaty of St. Mary's, which ceded lands and created small reservations for the Shawnee. The Wapakoneta Shawnee, who followed Black Hoof, were removed to Kansas after his death in 1831. They signed the 1831 Treaty of Wapakoneta. In 1971, at a time of Indian activism across the United States, Shawnee people in Ohio organized the United Remnant Band of the Shawnee Nation as a 501(C)(3) nonprofit organization. In the latter part of the decade, the band filed historic and genealogical documents with the state to support their claim of descent from the historical Shawnee. The Ohio General Assembly held hearings and heard testimony from numerous groups. This legislature passed a joint resolution in 1979-1980 recognizing the United Remnant Band as an Indian tribe descended from the historic Shawnee and as Ohio's only state recognized tribe. The URB acknowledges that it is not a federally recognized tribe but points to this resolution as evidence of current state recognition. In 1989 the URB purchased 20 acres of land, three miles (6.4 km) south of Urbana, Ohio. According to the late Chief Hawk Pope, this was the only "tribally held piece of land" in Ohio since 1830. In 1995 the URB purchased the Zane Caverns between Zanesfield and