co-ordination needs, and needs related to the welfare and survival of groups. Schwartz's results from a series of studies that included surveys of more than 25,000 people in 44 countries with a wide range of different cultural types suggest that there are fifty-six specific universal values and ten types of universal value. Schwartz's ten types of universal value are: power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security. Below are each of the value types, with the specific related values alongside: Power: authority; leadership; dominance, social power, wealth Achievement: success; capability; ambition; influence; intelligence; self-respect Hedonism: pleasure; enjoying life Stimulation: daring activities; varied life; exciting life Self-direction: creativity; freedom; independence; curiosity; choosing your own goals Universalism: broadmindedness; wisdom; social justice; equality; a world at peace; a world of beauty; unity with nature; protecting the environment; inner harmony Benevolence: helpfulness; honesty; forgiveness; loyalty; responsibility; friendship Tradition: accepting one's portion in life; humility; devoutness; respect for tradition; moderation Conformity: self-discipline; obedience Security: cleanliness; family security; national security; stability of social order; reciprocation of favours; health; sense of belonging Schwartz also tested an eleventh possible universal value, 'spirituality', or 'the goal of finding meaning in life', but found that it does not seem to be recognised in all cultures. Criticism The Chinese Communist Party has listed universal value as one of seven forces that threaten the Party's power, along with Western constitutional democracy, neoliberalism, civil society, Western journalism, discussion that challenge the historical legitimacy of the Party, and questionings over China's political policies. See also Notes References External links Kofi Annan, 'Do We Still Have Universal Values'. Martha Nussbaum, (1999). 'In Defense of Universal Values', Women and Human Development; The 5th Annual Hesburgh Lectures on Ethics and Public Policy. Occasional Paper Series, 16:OP:1. Shalom H. Schwartz, 'Basic Human Values: An Overview'. (Accessed 6 Feb. 2016). Michael J. Zimmerman, (2007). 'Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Accessed 13 Nov 2007). Value (ethics)