was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets. Through the transfer camp in Putyvl, he was interned in the NKVD camp in Kozelsk, together with several thousand other Polish officers, professors, border guards and policemen. Interrogated by kombrig Vasili Mikhaylovich Zarubin, Swianiewicz spoke fluent Russian, which he was apparently found useful. After the start of the Katyn Massacre in the spring of 1940, he was attached to a group of about 100 Polish officers being moved by train to a small station in Gniezdovo, near Katyn. There, all of his comrades were massed in buses with blindfolded windows and transported to the mass murder site, but Swianiewicz himself was withdrawn from the transport. He was then transferred to the prison in Smolensk, the NKVD Lubyanka Prison, and then to Moscow's Butyrki Prison. After roughly a year of interrogation, he had his prewar books on the Soviet economy become interpreted as espionage for which he was sentenced to eight years in the gulag. Transported to Ust-Vym Camp in Komi Republic, he was released from the prison camp after the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement in August 1941. However, he was soon again arrested and sent back to the camp. After the intervention of numerous Polish politicians, he was finally released soon afterwards, and he joined the Polish Army, which was being formed by General Władysław Anders in the south of Soviet Union. He was one of the first witnesses to inform the Polish authorities of the number of Polish prisoners-of-war held in Soviet camps until the spring of 1940. He remained in the Polish embassy in Moscow as one of the officials entrusted with searching for the roughly 22,000 missing Polish officers. He left Russia in July 1942 and reached the United Kingdom, where he remained active in the Polish government-in-exile. He was also co-author of The crime of Katyn; Facts & Documents; one of the first monographs on the mass murder of Polish officers by the Soviets, it was published in 1948. After the war, he had to remain in exile in London and started giving lectures at numerous universities around the world, including the United States, Indonesia and Canada. He was a notable economist, and also testified at various occasions on the massacre. Since his family had to stay in Stalinist Poland, during the hearing before Madden Committee of the Congress, he testified in a mask and under a false name. He