relations." Goodnow traveled to the dependencies, corresponded with colonial officials, and reviewed books on colonial administration by American and European scholars. Goodnow's course at Columbia University and the accompanying manuscript were concerned with principles for the design of "administrative systems" in the dependencies. Goodnow distinguished between "colonies of occupation" – those in temperate climates suitable for white settlement – and "colonies of production" that were established mainly for trade or extraction of raw materials. In colonies of settlement, Goodnow said, there was "no need of determining the question of how shall the native races be treated, inasmuch as that question is settled . . . by the admission of the fact that the native races will be destroyed." In colonies of production, like the Philippines, the handling of "native races" was more complicated. Democratic principles had to be put aside, because natives were not ready for self-rule. It would be "futile . . . to treat the Filipinos as anything but a dependent race," Goodnow said, "which must for long years be denied any great share in the government of the islands." Goodnow believed that humanity was divided by color and degree of civilization, and that there was competition among races. The white race, he said, had reached the highest stage of civilization, mainly through its mastery of science and technology. The brown and yellow peoples of India, China and Japan were less advanced but still had some degree of civilization, while in South America interbreeding had produced "a new race . . . vastly superior to the Indian race as the Spaniards found it." In the rest of the world, however, the colored races sometimes lived "in the depths of barbarism." In a 1921 paper, Goodnow worried about the "rising tide of color." Whites were already outnumbered, other races were breeding more rapidly, and colonization itself was improving ability of colored races to challenge white domination. Goodnow conceded that colonization served the economic interests of white countries. But he quoted Rudyard Kipling and wrote about "the white man's burden" -- the "duty or destiny" to bring "a higher and a better civilization" to "our less fortunate brothers." In the Philippines, Goodnow said that it would be misguided to "treat the Filipino as if he were a white man with centuries of experience and achievement back of him." He said that imperial states would be justified in applying "paternal and