and has a long association with Shakespeare. It was altered to show a higher forehead. It is no longer believed to be by Johnson. Name The large number of variants of his name has led to some controversy over the correct form. Johnson himself must take some responsibility for this since he frequently changed his signature. Hearn has argued that in his later years in the Netherlands, he added the words "van Ceulen" ("from Cologne") to his signature as a marketing technique to emphasize his foreign origins. He had previously added "Londines" (London) to his signature, but stopped using this form following the outbreak of the first Anglo-Dutch war in 1652. Finberg says "I think I may take this opportunity to protest once again against the prevalent habit of calling this artist Janssens. In spite of Walpole's unfortunate remark that this is the correct form of the name, there is no excuse for using it. While in England the artist invariably spelt his name Cornelius Johnson, and when he left England he changed the form to Jonson. The usual form of his signature when the name is given in full is invariably, in all the pictures painted after 1643 which I have seen : ' Cornelius Jonson van Ceulen.' He appears never to have adopted the form of Janson, Jansen, or Janssens. But so long as auctioneers are born with an ingrained conviction that a foreign-looking name gives greater value to a picture than an English name, so long may we expect to find Cornelius Johnson or Jonson masquerading in catalogues as Cornelius Janssens." Some portraits Notes References Finberg, AJ, (1918). Two Anonymous Portraits by Cornelius Johnson Walpole Society Finberg, Alexande Joseph, (1922). A Chronological List of Portraits by Cornelius Johnson, Or Jonson, Walpole Society Hearn, Karen, (2003). "The English Career of Cornelius Johnson" in Roding, Juliette Dutch and Flemish Artists in Britain 1550–1800, Primavera Pers Further reading Ellis Waterhouse, "Painting in Britain, 1530–1790", 4th ed., 1978, Penguin Books (now Yale History of Art series) External links 1593 births 1661 deaths Dutch Golden Age painters Dutch male painters British Baroque painters 17th-century English painters 17th-century Dutch painters English portrait painters English people of Dutch descent English people of Flemish descent English emigrants to the Netherlands