equal temperament.The entire cadenza is played over a pedal note in the strings. The cadenza material later reappears on the natural horn in F, gently accompanied by a returning theme now played on the cor anglais. The movement ends with a quiet chord in the violins' high register. Moderato pesante – Vaughan Williams described this movement, the symphony's scherzo function, as a "slow dance".The trio, introduced by the brass section, has a quicker, brighter quality but retains some of the heaviness of the earlier music.After the shortened return of the main material there is a coda with some fugal writing. This is the only time truly fast music appears in the symphony. A theme from the main section of the movement creeps into this fugue. The movement ends in a major chord. Lento – the final movement returns to the contemplative manner of the first two movements, and functions as a summing-up and coda to the rest of the symphony. It begins with a pentatonic passage for a wordless soprano voice (silent until this point), sung over a soft drumroll.The orchestra then begins an elegiac rhapsody. The high point of the symphony comes when the violins all state the opening soprano melody appassionato. At the very end of the symphony, the soprano returns to sing the music into silence. Instrumentation A typical performance of the symphony lasts about 35 minutes. It is scored for a large orchestra including: 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 3 clarinets (in B and A; 3rd doubling on bass clarinet), 2 bassoons, 4 horns (in F), 3 trumpets (in C, 1 doubling on natural trumpet in E), 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, cymbals, bass drum, celesta, harp, and strings, plus a wordless soprano in the 4th movement. Recordings Notes Sources Howells, Herbert. "Vaughan Williams's 'Pastoral' Symphony". Music & Letters 3, no. 2 (April 1922): 122–132. Kennedy, Michael. The Works of Ralph Vaughan Williams. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1964. . New edition, London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. (cloth); . First edition reprinted Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. . Lambert, Constant. Music Ho!. London: Penguin Books, 1948. Smith, Barry. Peter Warlock: The Life of Philip Heseltine. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. . Vaughan Williams, Ralph. Letters of Ralph Vaughan Williams 1895–1958, edited by Hugh Cobbe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. (cloth); (pbk). Further reading Blom, Eric (December 1931). "Vaughan