end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Janet L. Nelson. "Kingship, Law and Liturgy in the Political Thought of Hincmar of Rheims". English Historical Review 92 (1977), 241–79. Reprinted in Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe (London: Hambledon, 1986), 133–72. Alfred Richard. Histoire des Comtes de Poitou, vol. 1 Paris: Alphonse Picard, 1903. Julia M. H. Smith. Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Former monarchies of Europe 843 establishments 987 disestablishments States and territories established in the 840s States and territories disestablished in the 980s West Franks Establishments in the Carolingian Empire 9th century in France 10th century in France Former countries