be both versatile and more economic than conventional operations, for which the resources were not available to the Allies at that time. Regardless, this success came at a high price and included the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 Timorese and Portuguese civilians during the Japanese occupation. Total Allied casualties included around 450 killed, while more the 2,000 Japanese were believed to have died in the fighting. Ultimately, Japanese forces remained in control of Timor until their surrender in August 1945, following the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 5 September 1945, the Japanese commanding officer met Portuguese Governor Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de Carvalho, effectively returning power to him and placing the Japanese forces under Portuguese authority. On 11 September, the Australian Timorforce arrived in Kupang harbor and accepted the surrender of all Japanese forces on Timor from the senior Japanese officer on Timor, Col. Kaida Tatsuichi of the 4th Tank Regiment. The commander of the Timorforce, Brig. Lewis Dyke, a senior diplomat, W. D. Forsyth, and "as many ships as possible" were dispatched to Dili, arriving on 23 September. Ceremonies were then held with Australians, Portuguese and other local residents. Australian troops then supervised the disposal of arms by Japanese work parties before returning to West Timor for the surrender of the commander of the 48th Division, Lt. Gen. Yamada Kunitaro. On 27 September, a Portuguese naval and military force of more than 2,000 troops arrived to an impressive ceremony of welcome by the Timorese people. These troops included three engineering companies along with substantial supplies of food and construction materials for the reconstruction of Timor. Equipment Primary weaponry 2 × 6-in. Mk XI coastal artillery, taken from store, ex-HMS Hibernia s.n. 2046 & 2047. Gun mounts s.n. AN27 & AN15 ex-HMAS Sydney. 8 × Bofors 40 millimetre automatic anti-aircraft artillery 4 × Ordnance QF 2-pounder anti-tank guns 6 × 3 inch mortar 16 × Mk 1 or 2 Bren Guns, came with British Bofors troops 40 × Lewis guns, 16 came with British Bofors troops Secondary weaponry No.1 Mk III* SMLE Lee–Enfield rifles 2-in. Discharger cups, 42 × Thompson submachine gun No. 23 Mills bomb grenades .455 Webley revolvers (used by officers) Primary transport 8 × Chevrolet 5 tonne trucks/tractors 20 × Chevrolet 3 tonne trucks 10 × LP1 Universal Carriers plus 4 × Dutch armoured cars Secondary transport 8 × Chevrolet 1.5 tonne utility trucks 3