heuristics on how to determine the linear density force. Nonlinear placement presents better performance over other categories of algorithms. The approach in first models wirelength by exponential (nonlinear) functions and density by local piece-wise quadratic functions, in order to achieve better accuracy thus quality improvement. Follow-up academic works mainly include APlace and NTUplace. ePlace is the state of the art global placement algorithm. It spreads instances apart by simulating an electrostatic field, which introduces the minimum quality overhead thus achieves the best performance. See also Electronic design automation Design flow (EDA) Integrated circuit design Floorplan (microelectronics) Place and route References Further reading/External links IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD) ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES) IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems (TVLSI) Integrated circuits Electronic design automation Electronics optimization