Historically, garden designers were trained under the apprentice system, such as André Le Nôtre with his father and Beatrix Farrand with Charles Sprague Sargent. Specialist university-level landscape planning and garden design courses were established in the twentieth century, generally attached to departments of agriculture, horticulture, or architecture. In the second half of the twentieth century many of these courses changed their scale of focus and their nomenclature, from garden design to landscape architecture. Towards the end of the twentieth century a number of BA garden design curricula were established with the emphasis more on design than horticulture. Horticultural colleges, in ornamental horticulture departments, and architecture colleges, in landscape architecture departments, continue to train contemporary garden designers. Notable garden designers Chris Beardshaw Adam Frost Diarmuid Gavin Dominique Girard Geoffrey Jellicoe Lawrence Johnston William Martin Shunmyō Masuno Russell Page Dan Pearson James Russell Diego Suarez Hirofumi Suga Joe Swift Roger Turner Andrew Wilson Emma Clark See also History of gardening Index of gardening articles References Additional sources Sylvia Crowe, Garden Design Antique Collector's Club, 2003. Marie-Luise Gothein A history of garden art (English edition) 1928. Tom Turner, Garden history philosophy and design 2000 BC to 2000AD Spon Press, 2005. Roger Turner, Better Garden Design Batsford Press, 1986. R. Turner, Design in the Plant Collector's Garden Timber Press. Design occupations Environmental design Designer .