as an economic venture, since the tone appealed to the largely uneducated common audiences for whom players performed. Eccles notes that Mankind is the first English play to "mention gathering money from an audience". Indeed, the play calls for a relatively significant amount of audience participation, as in the scene where New Guise, Nowadays and Naught cajole the audience into singing obscene carols with them. Ashley notes that in this way, "the audience itself is tricked into complicity with the devil’s machinations against Mankind." Notes References Ashley, Kathleen and NeCastro, Gerard, eds. Mankind. Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 2010. Baker, Donald. The Date of Mankind. Beadle, Richard and Piper, A.J. eds. "Monk Thomas Hyngham's hand in the Macro Manuscript", New Science out of Old Books: Studies in Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1995, pp. 315–41. Bevington, David, ed. The Macro Plays: A Facsimile Edition with Facing Transcription. New York: Johnson Reprint, 1972. Coldewey, John, ed. Early English Drama: An Anthology. New York: Garland, 1993. Davenport, William. Fifteenth-Century English Drama: The Early Moral Plays and Their Literary Relations. Boydell & Brewer, 1982. Eccles, Mark, ed. The Macro Plays. EETS o.s. 262. London: Oxford University Press, 1969. Egan, Clare. 'Reading Mankind in a Culture of Defamation', Medieval English Theatre 40 (2019) Fifield, Merle. The Rhetoric of Free Will: The Five-action structure of the English Morality Play. Leeds Texts and Monographs New Series 5, University of Leeds School of English, 1974. Furnivall, Frederick James and Pollard, Alfred William eds. The Macro Plays. For the Early English Text Society, 1904. Gibson, Gail McMurray. The Theater of Devotion: East Anglian Drama and Society in the Late Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press, 1994. Greene, Darragh. '"Mysse-masche, driff-draff": Wittgenstein's Language-Games, Nonsense and the Grammar of the Soul in Mankind.' Selim, 22 (2017): 77-99. Lester, G. A., ed. Three Late Medieval Morality Plays. The New Mermaids ser. London: A&C Black, 1981. Riggio, Milla Cozart, ed. The Play of Wisdom: Its Texts and Contexts. New York: AMS Press, 1998. Smart, Walter. Some English and Latin Sources and Parallels for the Morality of Wisdom. 1912. Spector, Stephen. "Paper evidence and the genesis of the macro plays", Mediaevalia 5: 217-32. 1979. Spivack, Bernard. Shakespeare and the Allegory of Evil. 1957. Southern, Richard. The Staging of Plays Before Shakespeare. London: Faber, 1973. Walker, Greg, ed. Medieval Drama. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. Wickham, Glynne, ed. English Moral Interludes. London: Dent, 1976.