This list includes Asian countries and regions that were part of the Roman Empire, or that were given Latin place names in historical references. Background Until the Modern Era, Latin was the common language for scholarship and mapmaking. During the 19th and 20th centuries, German scholars in particular made significant contributions to the study of historical place names, or Ortsnamenkunde. These studies have, in turn, contributed to the study of genealogy. For genealogists and historians of pre-Modern Europe, knowing alternate names of places is vital to extracting information from both public and private records. Even specialists in this field point out, however, that the information can be easily taken out of context, since there is a great deal of repetition of place names throughout Europe; reliance purely on apparent connections should therefore be tempered with valid historical methodology. Caveats and notes Latin place names are not always exclusive to one place — for example, there were several Roman cities whose names began with Colonia and then a more descriptive term. During the Middle Ages, these were often shortened to just Colonia. One of these, Colonia Agrippinensis, retains the name today in the form of Cologne. Early sources for Roman names show numerous variants and spellings of the Latin names. The modern canonical name is listed first. Sources are listed chronologically. In general, only the earliest source is shown for each name, although many of the names are recorded in more than one of the sources. Where the source differs in spelling, or has other alternatives, these are listed following the source. As an aid to searching, variants are spelled completely, and listed in most likely chronology. Superscripts indicate: Latinized form of the Greek-derived name. Latinized form of the Asian-derived name via Greek. Altered Latinized form of the Greek-derived name. Cities and towns in Anatolia (Turkey) Cities and towns in Afghanistan Cities and towns in Cyprus Cities and towns in Georgia Cities and towns in Iran Cities and towns in Iraq Cities and towns in Israel Cities and towns in Lebanon Cities and towns in Pakistan Cities and towns in the Palestinian territories Cities and towns in Russia Cities and towns in Syria Cities and towns in Tajikistan Cities and towns in Turkmenistan Cities and towns in Uzbekistan See also Chemical elements named after places (several element names employ Latin place names) List of Latin place names used as specific names