his estates to peasants in the 1920s, as most of the violence was directed towards the peasants living on his former estate. The Ip massacre. In similar circumstances, 159 local villagers were killed on 13 and 14 September 1940 by Hungarian troops in the village of Ip (). The commander of the Hungarian troops who perpetrated the massacre of civilians was Lieutenant Zoltán Vasváry. On September 14, on the order of Vasvári, a pit 24 m by 4 m wide was dug in the village cemetery; the corpses of those killed in the massacre were buried head-to-head in two rows, with no religious ceremony. The Nușfalău massacre occurred in the village of Nușfalău () on 8 September 1940, when a Hungarian soldier with the support of some natives tortured and killed eleven ethnic Romanians (two women and nine men) from a nearby village who were passing through the area. The exact number of casualties is disputed among some historians, but the existence of such events cannot be disputed. The retreat of the Romanian Army was also not free from incidents, which were mostly damaging infrastructure and destroying public documents. Carol II line The Carol II fortified line () had been built by Romania in the late 1930s at the order of King Carol II to defend the western border with Hungary. Stretching across , the line itself was not continuous but protected only the most likely routes towards inner Transylvania. It had 320 casemates: 80 built in 1938, 180 built in 1939 and the rest built in the first half of 1940. There was a distance of about 400 m between each casemate, all of which were made of reinforced concrete, with varying sizes, but all were armed with machine guns. The artillery was placed between the casemates themselves. In front of the casemates, there were rows of barbed wire, mine fields and one large antitank ditch, which in some places were filled with water. The firing from the casemates was calculated to be very dense and crossed to cause as many losses as possible to the enemy infantry. The role of the fortified line was not to stop incoming attacks but to delay them, to inflict as many losses as possible and to give time for the bulk of the Romanian Army to be mobilized. After the Vienna Award, the entire line fell in the area allotted to Hungary.