The brown-mantled tamarin (Leontocebus fuscicollis), also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This omnivorous member of the Callitrichidae family is usually found in smaller groups ranging between 4 and 15 individuals. This species communicates vocally and largely rely their olfactory system. The brown-mantled tamarin is considered as a species of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, despite a decreasing population and being threatened by poaching, habitat loss and capture for the illegal pet trade. Taxonomy There are 4 subspecies: L. f. avilapiresi, Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin L. f. fuscicollis, Spix's saddle-back tamarin L. f. mura, Mura's saddleback tamarin L. f. primitivus, Lako's saddleback tamarin Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin, Lesson's saddle-back tamarin, Illiger's saddle-back tamarin, the red-mantled saddle-back tamarin, the Andean saddle-back tamarin, Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin and Weddell's saddle-back tamarin were all formerly considered subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin. Habitat Brown-mantled tamarins occupy an extensive area of northern Amazonia. The brown-mantled tamarin is found within South America with their geographic range from Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. This primate species is found predominantly in the Andes Mountains throughout the Amazon River Basin, they tend to inhabit primary and secondary lowland tropical forests. The brown-mantled tamarin typically remains at a lower altitude of the canopy than other species of primates. The brown-mantled tamarin is sympatric with the pygmy marmoset, sharing the same habitat in South American countries, and will often raid the gum holes of this species. It sometimes associates with the red-bellied tamarin. Characteristics The brown-mantled tamarin has an average height between and an average body weight between . Sexual dimorphism is not pronounced in this species. Both females and males have long non-prehensile tails which are between long. Brown mantled tamarins usually have a lifetime between 8 to 13 years but some have been reported to live up to 25 years in captivity. They typically have orange-yellow fur with black patches and narrow hands which helps this small statured primate reach into small crevices when foraging. This species is diurnal and arboreal meaning that they spend most of their time within the trees and are most active throughout the day. Diet This species is eats both plant and animal matter, feeding on fruits, flowers, nectar, eggs, and smaller animals including snails, lizards, tree frogs and insects.