all untreated cases (usually in 2–4 days from complications following blood volume deficit and disseminated intravascular coagulation), although some reports show that severe envenomations have a 52% mortality rate. Most fatalities are associated with poor clinical management and neglect. References Further reading Access Professional Development. 2022. Puff Adder (Bitis arietans). [Online] Available: https://accesspd.co.za/species/PuffAdder (Accessed: 02/02/2022) Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Bitis arietans, pp. 493–495.) Branch, Bill. 2004. Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Bitis arietans, pp. 114–115 + Plates 3, 12.) Broadley DG, Cock EV. 1975. Snakes of Rhodesia. Zimbabwe: Longman Zimbabwe Ltd. 97 pp. Broadley DG. 1990. FitzSimons' Snakes of Southern Africa. Parklands (South Africa): J Ball & AD Donker Publishers. 387 pp. Merrem B. 1820. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien: Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. J.C. Krieger. Marburg. xv + 191 pp. + 1 plate. ("Vipera. Echidna. arietans", p. 152.) Pienaar U de V. 1978. The reptile fauna of Kruger National Park. National Parks Board of South Africa. 19 pp. Sweeney RCH. 1961. Snakes of Nyasaland. Zomba, Nyasaland: The Nyasaland Society and Nyasaland Government. 74 pp. Turner RM. 1972. Snake bite treatment. Black Lechwe 10 (3): 24–33. External links Accessed 9 December 2006. . Accessed 1 March 2007. Image of B. arietans bite that resulted in fasciotomy at South African Vaccine Producers. Accessed 26 July 2008. Birds mob Puff Adder - paper in ejournal Ornithological Observations Bitis Snakes of Africa Reptiles of North Africa Reptiles of Ethiopia Reptiles of Uganda Reptiles described in 1820 Taxa named by Blasius Merrem Articles containing video clips