Winged monkeys are fictional characters that first appeared in the 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by American author L. Frank Baum. They are described as jungle monkeys with bird-like feathered wings. They are playful, intelligent, and speak English. The winged monkeys are initially under the control of the Wicked Witch of the West, but are later controlled by the protagonist, Dorothy Gale. They lift up Dorothy and fly her to two distant locations. Winged monkeys next appeared in the 1939 musical film adaption of the novel, The Wizard of Oz. In the film they have a much smaller role than in the book, and do not speak, but their appearance introduced the concept to a wider audience. After 1939, similar characters have appeared in numerous books, films, computer games and other popular media. Based on the description in the original book, the related term flying monkey has been adopted in psychology, where it refers to someone who performs enabling work on behalf of an abusive person. Wizard of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz book (1900) The winged monkeys started out as free creatures living in the jungles in the Land of Oz. They were a rather carefree but mischievous bunch, until their king, as a prank, tossed a richly dressed man into a deep river, ruining his velvet costume. His fiancée, Princess Gayelette, was furious since this was their wedding day. She had ruled Oz's northern quadrant, Gillikin Country, and was a sorceress. As punishment for the prank, she enslaved them and made them obey the Golden Cap. Any wearer of the cap could make three demands of the monkeys. Later, this cap fell into the hands of the Wicked Witch of the West, who used it to make the monkeys help her in conquering Oz's western quadrant (the Winkie Country), enslave the native Winkies, and drive the Wizard of Oz out of her territory when he attempted to overthrow her. After Dorothy Gale kills the Wicked Witch, she put on the cap, unaware of its power. When she learns its power, she uses it to influence the winged monkeys to transport her and her companions to the Emerald City. Then Dorothy asked them to carry her back to Kansas, but the winged monkeys could not leave the magical realm of Oz; thus the second request was wasted. Dorothy's third and final request was for them