modern populations, and they may not be indicative of actual shared ancestry. Ainu people It is generally agreed that the Ainu people are the descendants of the Hokkaido Jōmon. A recent genetic study (Gakuhari et al. 2020) suggests about 79.3% of the ancestry of the Ainu comes from the Hokkaido Jōmon. A study by Kanazawa-Kiriyama et al. (2019) suggests about 66% Hokkaido Jōmon ancestry in the Ainu people. Emishi The Emishi, a former non-Yamato group in central Honshu, are often linked to the Ainu people, but several historians suggest that they either their own Jōmon group and did not share close cultural connections to the Ainu, or they consisted of several different tribes. The Satsumon culture of northern Honshu, one of the cultures that merged to later form Ainu culture, is often speculated to be related to the Emishi culture. Other historians suggest that the Emishi were in fact largely Japanese people who spoke the Izumo dialect of the Japonic languages, and resisted the imperial rule of the Yamato Dynasty. Yamato (Japanese) people The Yamato Japanese are mostly descended from the Yayoi/Kofun period people but also have admixture from the Jōmon period population. It is estimated that the Jōmon ancestry found in the Yamato Japanese is less than 20%. Another study estimates the Jōmon ancestry in people from Tokyo at approximately 12%. One study estimates about 10% of Jōmon ancestry in modern Yamato people. Another study on autosomal DNA by Kanazawa-Kiriyama et al. (2019) finds about 9-13% Jōmon ancestry in the modern Japanese (with the remainder being from the Yayoi). Ryukyuan people According to several studies, the Ryukyuan people share more alleles with the Jōmon period (16,000–3,000 years ago) hunter-gatherers and Ainu people than do the Yamato Japanese and have smaller genetic contributions from Asian continental populations. Within the Japanese population, the Ryukyuans form a separate genome-wide cluster as one of two along the main island of Honshu. The local Jōmon ancestry is estimated at approximately 28% or 50-60%, depending on various studies. The admixture event which formed the admixed Ryukyuans was estimated to be at least 1100–1075 years ago, which corresponds to the Gusuku period, and is considered to be related to the arrival of migrants from Japan. Thus, the Ryukyuans appear to be genetically closest to the Ainu from the Ainu viewpoint, whereas it is exactly the opposite from the Ryukyuans' viewpoint, who are closest to the Yamato