engine driving your difficulties. If you renounce this helpless position, how are you truly feeling right now?" Both the CT and ISTDP therapist call the thought into question, with the goal of ultimately liberating the patient. The difference is that the ISTDP therapist sees the faulty cognition as preventing access to the true, buried feelings, while the CT therapist sees the faulty cognition as the cause of the painful emotions leading to the painful psychological state. It may well be the case that causality flows in both directions, dependent on the individual, the emotions, and the cognitions involved. As of this writing, though both CT and ISTDP show good evidence of clinical efficacy, the theoretical question of whether feelings drive thoughts or thoughts drive feelings remains unresolved; it could well be the case that thought and feeling are inextricably bound, and that we have not yet developed adequate psychological or neuroscientific concepts and tools to frame these sorts of questions properly. References Further reading Abbass, Allan. Reaching through Resistance: Advanced Psychotherapy Techniques. Seven Leaves Press, 2015. Coughlin Della Selva, Patricia. Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: Theory and Technique. Karnac, 2004. Davanloo, H. Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy. In Kaplan, H. and Sadock, B. (eds), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 8th ed, Vol 2, Chapter 30.9, 2628–2652. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. Davanloo, Habib. Basic Principles and Techniques in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy. Jason Aronson Publishers, 1994. Davanloo, Habib. Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy. Jason Aronson Publishers, 1992. Davanloo, Habib. Unlocking the unconscious: Selected papers of Habib Davanloo, MD. New York: Wiley, 1995. Davanloo, Habib. Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: Selected Papers of Habib Davanloo, MD. Wiley, 2000. Frederickson, Jon. Co-Creating Change: Effective Dynamic Therapy Techniques. Seven Leaves Press, 2013. Magnavita, Jeffrey. Restructuring Personality Disorders: A Short Term Dynamic Approach. New York: Guilford Press, 1997. Malan, David and Coughlin Della Selva, Patricia. Lives Transformed: A Revolutionary Method of Dynamic Psychotherapy. Karnac, 2006. Malan, David. Individual Psychotherapy and the Science of Psychodynamics. Oxford University Press, 1995. McCullough, Leigh. Treating Affect Phobia: a Manual for Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy. Guilford, 2003. McCullough Vaillant, Leigh. Changing Character: Short-Term Anxiety-Regulating Psychotherapy for Restructuring Defenses, Affects, and Attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1997. Messer, Stanley and Warren, C. Seth. Models of Brief Psychodynamic Theory: A Comparative Approach. Guilford Press, 1995. Sifneos, Peter. Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: Evaluation and Technique. Springer, 1987. Solomon, Marion et al. Short-Term Therapy for Long-Term Change. W.W. Norton and Company,