36 weeks' post-menstrual age or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or breathing room air by 56 days' postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks' gestation. Moderate Need for <30% oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or need for <30% oxygen to 56 days' postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks' gestation. Severe Need for >30% oxygen, with or without positive pressure ventilation or continuous positive pressure at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born before 32 weeks, or need for >30% oxygen with or without positive pressure ventilation or continuous positive pressure at 56 days' postnatal age, or discharge (whichever comes first) for babies born after 32 weeks' gestation. Management Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia are often treated with diuretics that decrease fluid in the alveoli where gas exchange occurs and bronchodilators that relax the airway muscles to facilitate breathing. To alleviate bronchopulmonary dysplasia, caffeine is another commonly used treatment that reduces inflammation and increases lung volume thereby improving extubation success and decreasing the duration of mechanical ventilation. Viral immunization is important for these children who have a higher risk of infections in the respiratory tract. Corticosteroid treatment There is evidence that steroids (systemic corticosteroid treatment) given to babies less than 7 days old can prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This treatment increases the risk of neurodevelopmental sequelae (cerebral palsy) and gastrointestinal perforation. For babies 7 days old and older, "late systemic postnatal corticosteroid treatment" may reduce the risk of death and of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. There is some evidence that this treatment does not increase the risk of cerebral palsy, however, long-term studies considering the neurodevelopmental outcomes is needed to further understand the risk of this treatment option. Late systemic postnatal corticosteroid treatment is therefore only recommended for babies 7 days old or older who cannot be taken off of a ventilator. The benefit and risks of systemic corticosteroid treatment in older babies who are not intubated (on a ventilator) is not known. Vitamin A Vitamin A treatment in low birth weight babies may improve the 36-week mortality risk, decrease the days of mechanical ventilation, and decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Other Oxygen therapy at home is recommended in those with significant low oxygen levels. Hypercarbia (too much carbon