though Stanyon et al. (1995) concluded the number of chromosomal differences between A. s. sara and A. s. arctoidea (which resulted in A. s. sara being a considered a full species) was on a similar scale to that found between A. s. sara and A. s. seniculus by Minezawa et al. (1986). Colombian red howler, Alouatta seniculus seniculus Ursine howler, A. s. arctoidea Juruá red howler, A. s. juara A. s. juara has been described as a different species Alouatta juara. References Further Reading Heatwole, Alan M.. Monkeys and Apes. 1st. New York: Gallery Books, 1990. External links Primate Info Net Alouatta seniculus Factsheet Venezuelan red howler Mammals of Brazil Mammals of Peru Mammals of Colombia Mammals of Ecuador Mammals of Venezuela Venezuelan red howler Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus