higher doctoral degrees at Oxford (D.D., D.M., D.C.L., D.Litt., D.Sc., D.Mus.), the D.Litt. comprised 27.5% of the higher doctorates awarded during this 93-year period. In June 2016, the Oxford D.Litt. was suspended, pending a reform of the higher doctorates. The reforms were completed in June 2018 and applications reopened in September 2018. The new regulations reduced the number of higher doctorates to five by dropping the Doctor of Medicine as a higher doctorate. The standards for the remaining doctorates, including the D.Litt. (now also referred to as "Doctor of Letters" rather than Doctor of Literature), require the judges "to consider whether the evidence submitted demonstrates excellence in academic scholarship and is: a) of the absolute highest quality; b) substantial in scale and in the contribution it has made to knowledge; c) sustained over time and showing current and continued contribution to scholarship; d) authoritative, being able to demonstrate impact on the work of others; e) of global reach and international importance within the field; and f) of such breadth or covering such branches of knowledge appropriate to the field and in line with disciplinary norms and expectations." United States In the United States, the degree may be conferred as an honorary degree or an earned degree. Numerous American universities regularly award the honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) degree, including Harvard University, Columbia University, and Yale University, among others. At Drew University, the earned Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) program requires the completion of 45 graduate credit hours beyond the master's degree, including the successful development and defense of a 150–220 page doctoral dissertation. France In France, the doctorat is awarded with a speciality, but there is no official list of these. Candidates for a doctorat in literature are awarded a Doctorat ès lettres, abbreviated Dr ès l. There is a higher degree, the Habilitation à diriger des recherches, which is obtained following different rules in each field. In literature, the candidates must also present a new and unpublished work. The habilitation (which is not followed by an indication of the field) allows holders to apply for a position of professor in French universities. Before the 1950s, the now-abolished Doctorat d'État degree was called Doctorat ès lettres (in France, "letters" is equivalent to "humanities"). India Mahakavi is the highest literary honour in India for published works in literature. The highest educational attainment at Sanskrit Colleges in India is the Vidya Vachaspati, legally