organizations still offer their own tokens for bus and subway services, toll bridges, tunnels, and highways, although the use of computer-readable tickets has replaced these in most areas. Car washes – Though their use has decreased in favor of coins and credit cards. Video arcades Parking garages Pay toilets Subways Shopping cart rental Public telephone booths in countries with unstable currency were usually configured to accept tokens sold by the telephone company for variable prices. This system was in effect in Brazil until 1997 when magnetic cards were introduced. The practice was also recently discontinued in Israel, leading to a trend of wearing the devalued tokens as necklaces. Fast food restaurants – Often given to children to collect and redeem for prizes. Commemorative coins have been produced with no monetary value to distribute by a company, country or organization. In North America tokens were originally issued by merchants from the 18th century in regions where national or local colonial governments did not issue enough small denomination coins for circulation. They were later used to create a monopoly; to pay labor; for discounts (pay in advance, get something free or discounted); or for a multitude of other reasons. In the United States, a well-known type is the wooden nickel, a five-cent piece distributed by cities to raise money for their anniversaries in the 1940s to 1960s. Churches used to give tokens to members passing a religious test prior to the day of communion, then required the token for entry. While mostly Scottish Protestant, some U.S. churches used communion tokens. Generally, these were pewter, often cast by the minister in church-owned molds. Replicas of these tokens have been made available for sale at some churches recently. See also References Further reading Angus, Ian. Coins & Money Tokens. London: Ward Lock, 1973. "Church Tokens", New York Times, 11 April 1993 External links New York City Subway Tokens Museum of English Rural Life Trade Tokens Fare collection systems Exonumia