which extended over four weeks per film, he arranged the music in long suite-like pieces for the orchestra to go through during a day of playing, rather than short cues, making the score more cohesive. Only a few minutes of finalized music were recorded each day, to allow for input from director Peter Jackson and revisions to the music and performance. Shore began his work on the music early in the production of The Fellowship of the Ring, in late 2000. He recorded the first pieces of music, the Moria sequence, early in 2001. Shore's orchestration called for an immense ensemble: a core 96-piece orchestra and 100-piece choir, as well as additional instruments for select sections of the score, onstage instrumental "bands" and additional choirs: overall, over 330 players. Among the less-usual instruments are contrabass clarinet in B-flat for Gollum's theme, horns doubling on Wagner tubas and trumpets in C, F, Bb and rotary valve. Shore spent 4 years composing and recording the score, constantly referring to Tolkien's book. Use of Middle-earth languages The film score for The Lord of the Rings incorporates extensive vocal music blended with the orchestral arrangements. The great majority of the lyrics used in the libretto are in the invented languages of Middle-earth, representing the various cultures and races in Tolkien's writings. These languages include Quenya and Sindarin associated with Elves, Adûnaic and Rohirric for Men, and Khuzdul for the Dwarves. The score follows Tolkien's use of Old English as an analogue for Rohirric, while English is used as an analogue for the Common Tongue. Some of these languages had been developed extensively by Tolkien, while others were extrapolated by the linguist David Salo based on the limited samples of vocabulary and linguistic style available. For example, the "Footsteps of Doom" song, in Sindarin, is heard in the "Prologue: One Ring to Rule Them All" introductory chapter of the film trilogy, at the start of The Fellowship of the Ring. To a spoken narration by Cate Blanchett as the Elf-lady Galadriel, scenes of a long and violent history unfurl on screen, overlaid with several of Shore's themes, including "Lothlórien" for the Elves, "Threat of Mordor", "Sauron", "Evil of the Ring", "Ringwraith", and "Footsteps of Doom" for the forces of the Dark Lord; "Fall of Men", "Gondor in Decline", and "Minas Tirith" for the human allies of the Elves; and throughout the Prologue, the "History of