The collared titi monkey (Cheracebus torquatus) is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to northern Brazil. Taxonomy At the end of the 1980s the genus Callicebus was revised from the Hershkovitz concept of three species to thirteen neotropical species, with the collared titi, Callicebus torquatus, having four subspecies. In 2001 Colin Groves elevated one of the subspecies, the Colombian black-handed titi, C. t. medemi, to Callicebus medemi and a year later Van Roosmalen et al. elevated the remaining subspecies to species. These last changes were made with few arguments to support the changes and were apparently influenced by the increasing use of the so-called phylogenetic species concept of Cracraft, which seeks to define species as the "smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent." The species complex was updated to Cheracebus in 2016. The recent discovery of a diploid number of 16 for the black titi, Cheracebus lugens, in Brazil suggested that (with the previously known 2n=20 of another, unidentified population of C. torquatus) there are at least two species in this complex. But whether the Lucifer titi, Cheracebus lucifer, or the Colombian black-handed titi, Cheracebus medemi, were good species from this complex was in doubt. However, a 2020 study prove them to be distinct species from C. torquatus. However, the same study found the Rio Purus titi (C. purinus), previously thought to be endemic to Brazil, to be conspecific with the collared titi, with the type locality and specimen of C. torquatus being from populations attributed to C. purinus; thus, C. purinus was synonymized with C. torquatus. The American Society of Mammalogists and ITIS follow this synonymization, but the IUCN Red List retains it as a distinct species, classifying it as a species of least concern. Physical description Five adults weighed an average of 1462 g (range 1410–1722 g) with a head-body length of around 290–390 mm and a tail length of about 350–400 mm. The face has very little hair, being limited to sparse short white hairs over a black skin. There is no sexual dimorphism, although the male has canines a bit longer than the female. The species has the smallest karyotype known for primates, 2n=16 recently described by Bonvicino et al. The pelage is typically uniformly reddish brown or blackish brown. The tail is blackish mixed with some reddish hairs