end is (Pull Force) / (piston area - piston rod area): where P is the fluid pressure, Fp is the pulling force, Ap is the piston face area and Ar is the rod cross-section area. For double-acting, double-rod cylinders, when the piston surface area is equally covered by a rod of equal size on both sides of the head, there is no force difference. Such cylinders typically have their cylinder body affixed to a stationary mount. Applications Hydraulic cylinders are used in earth-moving equipment such as excavators, back hoes and tractors to lift or lower the boom, arm, or bucket. These cylinders are also used in hydraulic bending machines, metal sheet shearing machines, particle board or plywood making hot press. Parts A hydraulic cylinder has the following parts: Cylinder barrel The main function of the cylinder body is to contain cylinder pressure. The cylinder barrel is mostly made from honed tubes. Honed tubes are produced from Suitable To Hone Steel Cold Drawn Seamless Tubes (CDS tubes) or Drawn Over Mandrel (DOM) tubes. Honed tubing is ready to use for hydraulic cylinders without further ID processing. The surface finish of the cylinder barrel is typically 4 to 16 microinch. Honing process and Skiving & Roller burnishing (SRB) process are the two main types of processes for manufacturing cylinder tubes. The piston reciprocates in the cylinder. The cylinder barrel has features of smooth inside surface, high precision tolerance, durable in use, etc. Cylinder base or cap The main function of the cap is to enclose the pressure chamber at one end. The cap is connected to the body by means of welding, threading, bolts, or tie rods. Caps also perform as cylinder mounting components [cap flange, cap trunnion, cap clevis]. Capsize is determined based on the bending stress. A static seal / o-ring is used in between cap and barrel (except welded construction). Cylinder head The main function of the head is to enclose the pressure chamber from the other end. The head contains an integrated rod sealing arrangement or the option to accept a seal gland. The head is connected to the body by means of threading, bolts, or tie rods. A static seal / o-ring is used in between head and barrel. Piston The main function of the piston is to separate the pressure zones inside the barrel. The piston is machined with grooves to fit elastomeric or metal seals