questioning or otherwise attempting to elicit evidence from the detainee until he has had a reasonable opportunity to retain and instruct counsel." The right to silence will only be effective if the accused is able to be informed of his or her rights by a lawyer prior to any questioning, and so ceasing questions is integral to the right to silence. Lamer briefly considered whether Manninen had implicitly waived his rights at any time but found no such act. Given the violation, Lamer held that it should be excluded as the statement's inclusion would bring the administration of justice into disrepute under the Collins test. The violation was severe as it proved the basis of his conviction. As well, there was no justification as there was no urgency. Final Decision The appeal was later dismissed with a vote of 8 to 1. External links Canadian criminal procedure case law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1987 in Canadian case law Supreme Court of Canada case articles without infoboxes Canadian evidence case law