the like). The proportion of net profits, net rents, net interest payments and net property income transferred to other nations or obtained from other nations, such as is shown for example by the discrepancy between GDP and GNI and by Balance of Payments data, and the difference between imports and exports of goods and services. Quantification of Unequal Exchange In a 2022 article for the journal Global Environmental Change, Jason Hickel et. al. approached to quantify the amount of unequal exchange between the global south and the global north between 1990 and 2015. They found unequal exchange to amount to over $10 trillion per year in Northern prices, constituting of drain of raw materials, energy and labor. See also Arbitrage Balanced trade Capital accumulation Fair trade Singer–Prebisch thesis Trade United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Value-form Ecologically unequal exchange References ; more extensive draft version available at http://www.kallebrolin.com/Local%20Images%20Folder/portfoliostills/0TheBiasoftheWorld.pdf New Internationalist, "Free or fair trade - the facts" With contributions by Samir Amin, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein. Gernot Köhler, "Surplus value and transfer value" Gernot Köhler, Unequal exchange 1965-1995 Gernot Köhler and Arno Tausch, Global Keynesianism: Unequal Exchange and Global Exploitation. Gernot Köhler, "Comparative advantage - comparative exploitation" Cem Somel, "Commodity chains, unequal exchange and uneven development", ERC working paper, September 2004. (PDF) Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal exchange; A study of the imperialism of trade. Ernest Mandel, Late Capitalism. Samir Amin, L'echange inégal et la loi de la valeur. Samir Amin, Unequal Development. Samir Amin, Imperialism and Unequal Development. Raúl Prebisch, The economic development of Latin America and its principal problems. Peter Bauer, Dissent on Development: Studies and Debates in Development Economics. Klaus Busch, "Ungleicher Tausch – Zur Diskussion über internationale Durchschnittsprofitrate, ungleichen Tausch und komparative Kostentheorie anhand der Thesen von Arghiri Emmanuel", in: Probleme des Klassenkampfs, Nr. 8/9, Berlin 1973. ECONOMARX bibliography Alejandro's reference list Christian Palloix,Inégalité des échanges mondiaux ou inégalité du développement des forces productives à l'échelle mondiale ?. La Pensée, n. 150, mars-avril 1970. Christian Palloix, "The question of unequal exchange", in: Conference of Socialist Economists Bulletin, Spring 1972 Michael Hudson, Trade, development and Foreign Debt (2 Vols). London: Pluto Press, 1992. Geoffrey Pilling, "Imperialism, Trade and 'Unequal Exchange': The work of Aghiri Emmanuel", Economy and Society, Vol. 2, 1973 Milton & Rose Friedman, Free to Choose. New York: Harcourt, 1979. Arndt Hopfmann, Entwicklung, Gerechtigkeit und Weltmarkt - fur und wider das Theorem von