caterpillar, then when the caterpillars become pupae, they will fail to develop into adults; instead, the fungi kill and eat the caterpillar flesh from within, and grow a spore bud out of the dead caterpillar corpse. The fungi known as dōng chóng xià cǎo are thought to have medicinal properties in China, and are known in English as caterpillar fungus. In India, these braconid wasp parasitoids are known to parasitize P. demoleus larvae: Apanteles species including Apanteles papilionis Habrobracon hebetor In Thailand, a number of organisms have been recorded attacking immature stages of P. demoleus: Egg parasites – Ooencyrtus malayensis Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Tetrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Larval stage – Erycia nymphalidophaga Baronoff (Diptera: Tachinidae) (parasite) Cantheconidea furcellata (Wolff) (Pentatomidae predator Other natural enemies of larvae included reduviid bugs; birds; spiders; sphecid wasps; and chameleons. Pupal parasites – Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) Pteromalus puparum Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Ophiocordyceps In Jamaica, an encyrtid egg parasitoid and a chalcidoid parasitoid have been reported. Food plants The larval food plants of P. demoleus in Asia are from the family Rutaceae, while in Australia and Papua New Guinea, the butterfly also feeds on host plants of family Fabaceae. Family Rutaceae Cultivated lime, orange and lemon. C. aurantifolia, C. grandis, C. limon, C. sinensis, Atalanta racemosa Glycosmis pentaphylla Ruta graveolens Bael (Aegle marmelos) Murraya koenigii (curry tree) Chloroxylon swietenia Acronychia pedunculata Microcitrus australis (Australian round-lime, Australian lime) Family Rhamnaceae Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) Family Fabaceae They have been observed on: Many species of Cullen: Cullen australasicum, C. badocanum, C. balsamicum, C. cinereum, C. patens (spreading scurf-pea, native verbine), C. pustulatum, and C. tenax (tough scurf-pea, emu-foot, emu grass), and C. leucanthum. Psoralea pinnata (fountain bush) Economic significance The lime butterfly is an economic pest on many cultivated citrus species in India, Pakistan, Iraq, and the Middle East. Due to its history of successful dispersal and range extension, the lime butterfly is likely to spread from its original point of introduction in Hispaniola in the Caribbean to neighbouring Florida, Central America, and South America. Due to its capability for rapid population growth under favourable circumstances and its having been recorded to have five generations in a year in temperate regions of China, it is considered a serious potential threat. The caterpillars can completely defoliate young citrus trees (below 2 feet) and devastate citrus nurseries. In mature trees, caterpillars may prefer young leaves and leaf flush. Hand-picking of