creation and evaluation of visual material for health promotion, medical education, and the process of scientific discovery. The Biomedical Communication Graduate Program at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center was the first school in the world to offer a graduate degree in medical illustration in 1945. Lewis Boyd Waters, who studied under Max Brodel at Johns Hopkins in the 1920s, was a founding member of the medical school and was responsible for starting the master's program. Waters died in 1969 and was later succeeded by several of his students who continued and expanded the program. The program was designed to be an interdisciplinary program that provides opportunities for development of the skills and knowledge needed in the application of communications arts and technology to the health sciences. The program closed in 2012. Technique Medical illustrators create medical illustrations using traditional and digital techniques which can appear in medical textbooks, medical advertisements, professional journals, instructional videotapes and films, animations, web-based media, computer-assisted learning programs, exhibits, lecture presentations, general magazines and television. Although much medical illustration is designed for print or presentation media, medical illustrators also work in three dimensions, creating anatomical teaching models, patient simulators, games, and facial prosthetics. The traditional tools of medical illustration are slowly being replaced and supplemented by a range of unique modern artistic practices. Three-dimensional renders and endoscopic cameras are replacing carbon dust and cadavers. Additional images See also Max Brödel Illustration Biological illustration Medical photography Anatomical fugitive sheet Embryo drawing Frank H. Netter, prolific medical illustrator Garnet Jex, (1895-1979) References Crosby, Ranice W. and John Cody. 1991. Max Brödel; The Man Who Put Art Into Medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag. Demarest, Robert J., editor. 1995. The History of The Association of Medical Illustrators, 1945-1995. Atlanta: The Association of Medical Illustrators. This article or a previous version of it contained material from http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/medart/; copied with permission. Notes External links Association of Medical Illustrators Medical Illustration & Animation Source Book Article about Medical Illustrators on mshealthcenteers A list of medical images and illustrations Stuttgart Database of Scientific and Medical Illustrators 1450-1950 (DSI) (with more than 6200 entries and 20 search fields) Anatomical Charts and Essays at the University of Virginia Courtroom Medical Illustration Medical Illustrations digital collection from the University at Buffalo Libraries Illustration Technical drawing