has a voiced allophone , which occurs whenever is followed by a voiced obstruent (even across a word boundary), in accordance with the rules given under § Voicing and devoicing below. For example, klechda 'legend, myth' is , dach ('roof') is , but dach domu ('roof of the house') is . before are postpalatal . If are acknowledged as phonemes they are as well, but their distribution is limited to contexts before . A postpalatal allophone of appears only in front of . is apical alveolar and becomes denti-alveolar before a following denti-alveolar consonant . A palatalized laminal or alveopalatal is used before . is apical alveolar. It has been traditionally classified as a trill , with a tap supposedly only occurring as an allophone or in fast speech. However, more recent studies show that is predominantly realized as a tap , sometimes as an approximant or a fricative, but almost never as a trill. One study found that in an intervocalic context a trilled occurs in less than 3% of cases, while a tapped occurred in approximately 95% of cases. Another study by the same researcher showed that in a postconsonantal position, is realized as a tapped in 80–90% of cases, while trilled occurs in just 1.5% of articulations. A palatalized laminal tap is used before in recent loanwords. is a palatal approximant . According to , is reduced and very short after consonants before vowels, for example miasto ('city') , piasek ('sand') . is a velar approximant . According to , is most commonly non-labialized ; a labialization being typical only before . A palatalized allophone before is given by . The approximants may be regarded as non-syllabic vowels when they are not followed by a vowel. For example, raj ('paradise') , dał ('he gave') , autor ('author') . are regularly devoiced after a voiceless obstruent and optionally after a voiced obstruent which was devoiced. For example, wiatr ('wind') is pronounced , while kadr ('a frame") can be pronounced or . (See § Voicing and devoicing below.) Distribution Polish, like other Slavic languages, permits complex consonant clusters, which often arose from the disappearance of yers (see § Historical development above). Polish can have word-initial and word-medial clusters of up to four consonants, whereas word-final clusters can have up to five consonants. Examples of such clusters can be found in words such as bezwzględny ('unconditional' or 'heartless', 'ruthless'), źdźbło