The Tournaisian is in the ICS geologic timescale the lowest stage or oldest age of the Mississippian, the oldest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Tournaisian age lasted from Ma to Ma. It is preceded by the Famennian (the uppermost stage of the Devonian) and is followed by the Viséan. Name and regional alternatives The Tournaisian was named after the Belgian city of Tournai. It was introduced in scientific literature by Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont in 1832. Like many Devonian and lower Carboniferous stages, the Tournaisian is a unit from West European regional stratigraphy that is now used in the official international time scale. The Tournaisian correlates with the regional North American Kinderhookian and lower Osagean stages and the Chinese Tangbagouan regional stage. In British and global stratigraphy, the Tournaisian contains two substages: the Hastarian (lower Tournaisian) and Ivorian (upper Tournaisian). Stratigraphy The base of the Tournaisian (which is also the base of the Carboniferous system) is at the first appearance of the conodont Siphonodella sulcata within the evolutionary lineage from Siphonodella praesulcata to Siphonodella sulcata. The first appearance of ammonite species Gattendorfia subinvoluta is just above this and was used as a base for the Carboniferous in the past. The GSSP for the Tournaisian is near the summit of La Serre hill, in the Lydiennes Formation of the commune of Cabrières, in the Montagne Noire (southern France). The GSSP is in a section on the southern side of the hill, in an 80 cm deep trench, about 125 m south of the summit, 2.5 km southwest of the village of Cabrières and 2.5 km north of the hamlet of Fontès. The top of the Tournaisian (the base of the Viséan) is at the first appearance of the fusulinid species Eoparastaffella simplex (morphotype 1/morphotype 2). The Tournaisian contains eight conodont biozones: the zone of Gnathodus pseudosemiglaber and Scaliognathus anchoralis the zone of Gnathodus semiglaber and Polygnathus communis the zone of Dollymae bouckaerti the zone of Gnathodus typicus and Siphonodella isosticha the zone of Siphonodella quadruplicata and Patrognathus andersoni (upper zone of Patrognathus andersoni) the lower zone of Patrognathus andersoni the zone of Patrognathus variabilis the zone of Patrognathus crassus Paleoenvironments The Tournaisian coincides with Romer's gap, a period of remarkably few terrestrial fossils, thus constituting a discontinuity between the Devonian and the more modern terrestrial ecosystems of the Carboniferous. The middle of the Tournaisian is marked by a southern glaciation