Brennan writes that both Mary and Jimmie are the driving forces of Maggie's prostitution, but condemn her when she becomes one, blind to their own faults and part in her downfall. Determinism In Maggie, Don Dingledine believes Crane employs determinism, a theory that everything happening to individuals in the world has already been determined or predestined. Crane uses this theory through demonstrating that Maggie and those around her cannot escape the poverty of living in the Bowery. Paul Stasi adds that according to the theory of determinism, Maggie's poverty, downfall and death are inevitable, and her environment becomes her identity. Since Maggie receives no love from her mother or society, she seeks a better life with Pete. However, her attempts to improve her circumstances fall to pieces as she inevitably cannot succeed, pushing her farther into poverty and into prostitution and showing that her hope is inevitably false. Jordan Von Cannon emphasizes that while her beauty allows her to stand out from the other inhabitants of the Bowery, she cannot move social classes because she is predestined by her environment to remain in her class. Maggie is represented as forced by her environment into prostitution rather than by sexual desires; prostitution is not a choice. Marcus Cunliffe explains that Maggie depicts an environment which shapes lives without permission. Paul Stasi adds that this philosophy of determinism is evident in the style of Crane's writing as well. Crane begins every chapter in Maggie with a wide-scale scene description, giving readers a bird's eye perspective which eliminates individuality in the Bowery, showing the residents only as a collective whole. This style of writing reinforces the idea that Maggie is not an individual who can move from her life in the Bowery. Naturalism Maggie is "regarded as the first work of unalloyed naturalism in American fiction." According to the naturalistic principles, a character is set into a world where there is no escape from one's biological heredity. Additionally, the circumstances in which a person finds oneself will dominate one's behavior, depriving the individual of personal responsibility. Although Stephen Crane denied any influence by Émile Zola, the creator of Naturalism, examples in his novella, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, indicate that he was inspired by French naturalism. The characters in Maggie are stuck in their class without a way out, due to their heritage and their inability to see other perspectives besides their