pediatric brain tumors, classified as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the cerebellum. Mortality during the first few years after diagnosis is around 15%, although current therapeutic approaches have reached cure rates of up to 60%. The most common forms of therapy are surgical resection, aided by radiation and chemotherapy (before or after surgery), and the survival rates that this yields are between 50% and 90%, a wide range that is influenced by the age at diagnosis, metastasis and histologic variants of the medulloblastoma of each patient. However, despite the long-term survival achieved with current treatments, the neurologic, endocrinologic and cognitive effects are still a great concern in the treatment of medulloblastoma. Nephroblastoma The most common type of renal cancer in children is nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor. Nephroblastoma is also the fourth most common pediatric cancer form, and the most common pediatric abdominal cancer, typically diagnosed in children from zero to five years old. The name of this tumor type comes from the man who first described it in 1899, the German physician Dr. Max Wilms. Although the cause for the development of this tumor is still not fully understood, it is hypothesized that it is caused by genetic mutation that alter the embryological development of the genitourinary tract, and some of the genetic markers that have been associated with this process are WT1, CTNNB1, and WTX, which are found in around one third of reported Wilms tumors. There are other genetic markers that have been related to this disease, such as TP53 and MYNC, where TP53 correlates to an overall poorer prognosis. Neuroblastoma The most common form of extra-cranial solid tumor in children is neuroblastoma, which represents 8% to 10% of all childhood tumors. About 15% of all cancer-related deaths in the pediatric age group are related to this disease, with incidence of around 10.2 cases per million children younger than 15 years old and 500 new cases reported every year. 90% of these cases are diagnosed before 5 years of age, but 30% of them are found within the first year of life. The median age for the diagnosis of neuroblastoma is 22 months, being rare in adolescence and adulthood but showing poor prognosis when it does present in those age groups. The degree of differentiation of neuroblastoma is correlated to the prognosis, with a wide variety of outcomes (from tumor regression to recurrence and mortality).