government implemented harsh penalties against civilians who kept copies of these leaflets. On the other hand, US soldiers could pick up leaflets from Japan freely and some of them took away leaflets as a souvenir. During the Pacific War, US psychological strategy was to divide Japanese commanders and soldiers, and to decrease morale of them. There were several types of leaflets produced by OWI (Office War Information) in the US. One of the famous leaflets is Kirihitoha (桐一葉) [One leaf of paulownia] which was suggested by Ayako Ishigaki who was a Japanese critic and conducted anti-Japan war movement in the US before the war. This leaflet was a transformation of a famous Japanese poem. When it was designed, Ayako Ishigaki seemed to have hoped for the end of the war. However, according to W. H. de Roos, who was in charge of Australia's propaganda to Japan in the Far East Liaison Bureau, due to a choice of words that were not appropriate and the design could be seen not as autumn leaves but tobacco leaves, Kirihitoha was not able to appeal to the Japanese people. Another famous leaflet is Unga-naizō (運賀無蔵) [Unlucky man] which is consisted as one story. The designer was Tato Yajima, who was a painter and a communist. The story of this leaflet illustrates the idea that soldiers die meaninglessly but the military commander earns well. Furthermore, there is a statement that "who took away the sons from mothers? Who uses their lives as stepping stones?". However, the leaflet was assessed badly by the Japanese leaflet design department. It was pointed out that the picture style is outdated, the core of the story should not be clarified, and the background of the story is not suitable for the present. In addition, according to Linebarger who wrote "Psychological war", there was no remarkable effect by this leaflet. The US side also created leaflets which utilized Japanese superstition. Gyoen-no-asa (御苑の朝) [Morning in the imperial garden], one of the leaflets, attempted to persuade Japanese people by their loyalty for the emperor. It was well known that if the emperor's honor was damaged, Japanese people would be infuriated, so the US side was careful for that aspect. The leaflet is written that "even though the emperor hopes for peace, Japanese military leaders focus on their self-interests and deceive the emperor" and it is aimed at Japanese civilians losing their motivation toward