of the harm walnut trees caused certain crops and trees, there was backlash from the scientific community to refute these findings. On one account, A.G. Miller claimed that the trees that Schneiderhan observed to be harming the apple trees in Virginia were not in fact walnut trees. By 1942, B.I. Brown showed that tomato and alfalfa germination and seedling growth was slowed down by being in contact with pieces of walnut roots, adding further scientific evidence to the biological damage of juglone. The walnut tree has historically been used within the field of traditional medicine. In America during the early 1900s, doctors prescribed juglone for the treatment of various skin diseases. Chemistry Synthesis Juglone is derived by oxidation of hydrojuglone, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, after enzymatic hydrolysis. It can also be obtained by oxidations of 5,8-dihydroxy-1-tetralone with silver oxide (Ag2O), manganese dioxide (MnO2), or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). Extraction Juglone has been extracted from the husk of walnut fruit of which it contains 2-4% by fresh weight. Degradation Before oxidization, juglone exists in plants such as walnuts in the form of colorless hydroxyjuglone, with both O groups replaced with OH groups. This is rapidly oxidized to juglone once exposed to air. The evidence that hydroxyjuglone is readily degraded is most apparent in the color change of walnut hulls from yellow to black after being freshly cut. Indigenous bacteria found in the soil of black walnut roots, most notably Pseudomonas putida J1, are able to metabolize juglone and use it as their primary source of energy and carbon. Because of this, juglone is not so active as a cytotoxin in well-aerated soils. Biological effects Juglone is an allelopathic compound, a substance produced by a plant to stunt the growth of another plant. Juglone affects germination of plants less than it affects growth of the root and stem systems. In below average concentrations, it has increased the rate of germination in some coniferous seeds. Juglone exerts its effect by inhibiting certain enzymes needed for metabolic function. This in turn inhibits the effects of respiration of mitochondria and inhibits photosynthesis found in common crops such as maize and soy at juglone concentrations that are at or below those common in nature. In addition to these inhibitions, juglone has been shown to alter the relationship between plants and water because of its effect on stomatal functioning. The rise in popularity of alley cropping with black walnut trees and maize