was is a convergence of many of the discursive elements mentioned above, the Prime Minister Michel Rocard announced on 2 December 1989, that France cannot be 'a juxtaposition of communities', must be founded on common values and must not follow the Anglo-Saxon model which allows ethnic groups to barricade themselves inside geographical and cultural ghettos leading to 'soft forms of apartheid' (quoted in Le Monde, 7 December 1989). Minette Marrin of The Sunday Times, while recognizing that "poverty and rejection" have "played a significant part" in the problem, also believes that some French Muslims have "retreat[ed] into more extreme forms of Islam and into the arms of fundamentalists", and that Westerners have been unwilling to recognize this as "deliberate separatism — apartheid." The French periodical Le Monde Diplomatique, however, disagrees with this assessment, and devoted two entire articles to the discussion of "urban apartheid" and "educational apartheid" in France, citing them as the two main factors in the explosive 2005 French youth riots. Stating that the controversy of Islamic headscarves was a "smokescreen", it argues that "[a] few villains or a handful of Muslim "brothers"" cannot be held responsible for "the ghettoization of more than 700 (ZUS, "sensitive urban areas": government-designated problem areas) and their 5 million inhabitants." The authors agree with Laurent Bonelli that the violence was the result of "a process of urban apartheid" as well as "discrimination and racism that afflict young Berber, Arabs and Blacks". Terminology Montpellier's socialist mayor, Hélène Mandroux objects to the term "apartheid" in relation to France's treatment of African minorities, arguing that "Terms like urban apartheid are over-dramatic. We recognize the problem and we are trying to deal with it, but this is not Johannesburg in the 1980s." See also 2005 civil unrest in France Islam in France Demographics of France Aire urbaine French hip hop Caisse d'allocations familiales Neither Whores Nor Submissives Notes References French language reports from SOS Racisme (Analysis report about the job segregation followed by SOS racisme, PDF file, 39p), March 21, 2005 (Activity report of SOS racisme against the discrimination in the access to private housing, PDF file, 37p), June 1, 2003 (Racial and ethnic discriminations in the access to social housing) France Will Continue to Mirror Apartheid-Era South Africa, DiverseEducation.com, May 4, 2006. La droite organise un apartheid social, l'Humanité, June 5, 2007. Bell, David Scott. Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France, Berg Publishers, 2000. Benguigui,