(Salaire minimum interprofessionnel de croissance, Smic); there is therefore limited incentive to seek paid employment. (Critics of this perspective have noted that it implies a shortage of willing workers, which has been demonstrated to be the case only in certain fields, such as construction and public works.) These policies are a way to buy social peace (Panem et circenses), but do not solve underlying social problems. Criminal behavior does not require social treatment but rather, stricter law enforcement. Statistics Poverty rates are higher than the national average in the cités; those for 2005 are shown below (national averages in parentheses): Unemployment: 20.7% (8.6%); Poverty: 26.5% (6%); Single-parent families: 15% (8%). The cités contain a higher proportion of children and adolescents than in the rest of France: 31.5% of their population is 19 or younger, compared with 24.5% nationwide. Urban violence and nonviolent demonstrations The first suburban violence is believed to have occurred in 1979 in Vaulx-en-Velin in suburban Lyon. The first event to receive wide media coverage, however, was that in the Minguettes at Vénissieux, also near Lyon. After another violent episode in Vénissieux in March 1983, the Front National improved its standing in local elections, tapping into widespread fears that the violence would continue. Since then there have been both violent and nonviolent events in the cités, including: Events such as the "March for equality and against racism" (Marche pour l'égalité et contre le racisme) in 1983 and the women's movement Ni putes ni soumises ("Neither whores nor submissive"), formed in 2003 after the murder of Sohane Benziane, 17 years old, burnt alive by a young man. Riots, chiefly involving arson and stone throwing, usually provoked by the killing or wounding of a resident during a police operation. Riots in the banlieues have tended to last a few days. They have also tended to take place on New Year's Day. Policymakers have used two different approaches to curb violence in the French suburbs. Some have advocated the management of poverty and social isolation by deploying social workers, forming school aid associations, and instituting crime prevention programs (the 'soft' approach). Others have taken a more hard-line stance, asserting that the best way to curb the violence is to increase the police presence in poor and violence-prone neighborhoods (the 'stick' approach). Suburbs and the "quasi-apartheid" Although there is no legal apartheid in France, in the sense there is no official will