as Black Christian Churches proliferated, they became centers of hope and resistance, incorporating traditional African call-and-response techniques as a way to unite preacher and congregation with spirit. Others created a syncretic Christianity which held on to earlier African practices and beliefs. In the United States and Haiti, this blend of Christianity and African traditions created new spiritual practices, like Hoodoo, Louisiana Voodoo and Voudoo. Historians have estimated that somewhere between 10% and 30% of the enslaved people brought to America between 1711 and 1808 were Muslim. These people brought practices of prayer, fasting, diet, naming traditions and knowledge of the Qur'an with them. The Yoruba religion of Western Nigeria and of Dahomey has continued in religious practices in the Americas that survived the Transatlantic Slave Trade and are still practiced in Havanah, Salvador, Brazil, and in Hispanic barrios of certain cities of the United States, especially Miami and New York. Candomble is a Brazilian religion that combines Yoruba, Fon and Bantu beliefs. Santeria in Cuba combines Yoruba and Catholic beliefs and practices. Cattle raising and cowboy culture Initially, European descendants in Colonial America raised their cattle in small herds confined to pastures. Texas longhorn cattle came to the Americas on the first slave ship to Mexico. Enslaved Fulani herdsmen and their descendants were expert cattlemen who were responsible for introducing the practice of open cattle grazing which is practiced today. As a result of their expertise, the American colonial cattle herd grew from 500 in 1731 to 6,784 30 years later. Historian Peter Wood says the word 'cowboy' originally referred to these enslaved cattlemen, just as a 'houseboy' was someone who worked in the home. After emancipation, Black cowboys continued to play an important role in American cowboy culture; at one point, one in five cowboys in the American West was Black. Words with African origins that made their way into American cowboy culture and songs include bronco, buckra, Buckaroo, and dogie. Medicine The Akan of Ghana and the people of Gambia were observed in Africa by Europeans using small doses of smallpox serum to inoculate patients against smallpox. That practice, previously unknown to Europeans, was brought by Africans to the Americas. An enslaved man named Onesimums explained the procedure to Cotton Mather, which led to the development of the smallpox vaccine in the United States. Scholar Joseph E. Holloway claims that the medical practices of the enslaved herbalists and