behind is signalled with one finger. Then, the goal umpire at each end of the ground signals and acknowledges the score to the other by simultaneously waving two white flags for a goal or one for a behind: the goal umpires also serve as official scorekeepers for the game, so this communication ensure that their scorecards are consistent. Goal umpires may officially cancel the most recently recorded score by crossing their flags over their heads. It is conventional in both spoken and written circles to list the goals, behinds and total when reporting an Australian rules football score. As an example, in a match in which the home team scores 11 goals and 12 behinds, totalling 78 points, and the away team scores 8 goals and 8 behinds, totalling 56 points, the result would usually appear like this: Home Team 11.12 (78) def. Away Team 8.8 (56). The exact convention for punctuation can vary. When spoken, the above result would be reported as: Home Team, eleven twelve seventy-eight, defeated Away Team eight eight fifty-six. The final result of a match is determined only by the total score: a team may win the game despite scoring fewer goals (e.g. 13.21 (99) def. 14.9 (93)); and, if two teams finish with the same total score, the match is considered a draw even if the teams kick a different number of goals (e.g. 12.10 (82) drew 11.16 (82)). Some experimental rule changes in the Australian Football League pre-season competition relate to scoring. Restart After a goal, the game restarts with another centre bounce. If a behind is scored, the opposing team receives the ball and must kick from inside the goal square inside the 50 metre arc. Officiation Umpires The game is controlled by a number of field umpires (at elite level, three), two boundary umpires (now four at elite level) whose main job is to conduct throw-ins when the ball leaves the field of play and two goal umpires who judge which scores are recorded, and are the official score-keepers of the game. In addition, there are two emergency umpires, one to replace an injured field umpire and one to replace an injured goal umpire. Each of the eleven umpires may report players, but only field umpires may award free kicks. In addition to these umpires, some leagues, like the AFL, also have a Steward who monitors interchanges and substitutions to ensure