state senate. He served as the assistant secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson and was elected the 44th governor of New York. He won the 1932 presidential election and was inaugurated as the president in 1933. He was re-elected in 1936, and in 1940, he won an unprecedented third term. On December 7, 1941, the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Territory of Hawaii was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service aircraft in a surprise military strike at 7:48 a.m. HST (12:48 p.m. EST). Subsequently, 21 American ships and approximately 350 aircraft were destroyed, and more than 2,400 civilians and military personnel were killed. Roosevelt was informed of the attack shortly after 1:00 p.m. EST, while he was having lunch with Harry Hopkins. Frank Knox, the secretary of the Navy sent a phoned message which read: "Air raid on Pearl Harbor. This is not drill." Roosevelt soon ordered the mobilization of all military personnel. His secretary stated that the attacks were made "wholly without warning when both nations were at peace". Due to the delayed transmission of the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire, the text of the declaration was not received until 30 minutes after the attack. Roosevelt consulted with his cabinet and members of Congress. According to author George T. McJimsey, Roosevelt told them not to lay blame, but to concentrate on the fact that the United States was "in it". The British prime minister Winston Churchill telephoned Roosevelt from Chequers and said: "We are all in the same boat now." Though he was crippled by polio, Roosevelt was widely seen as a charismatic speaker. Laura Crowell of the University of Washington wrote that Roosevelt worked diligently on his speeches, and he "regularly provided the basic thoughts which he wanted to incorporate in an address ... [brought] the manuscript to the precise length; content and tone he desired in now widely understood." Roosevelt decided to deliver an address before the joint session of the Congress the next day. McJimsey wrote that the attack gave him a "definite direction and purpose". Address to the joint session The Infamy Speech was a brief address of approximately 6 minutes 30 seconds, delivered to a joint session of the Congress at 12:30 p.m. on December 8, 1941. Secretary of State Cordell Hull had recommended Roosevelt to devote more time to