and named Flaget's co-adjutor in 1817, but he tried to refuse the difficult position. Badin returned to France in 1819, perhaps after continuing controversy concerning land titles near Bardstown or anti-Catholicism or race and the eviction of the Choctaw Native Americans (since the Choctaw Indian Academy was established at White Sulfur Springs in 1825, perhaps succeeding an earlier school there). While there Badin ministered to two parishes, Millaney and Marreilly-en-Gault, near Orléans, the city of his birth, for several years. However, he also worked constantly to secure gifts of money and church furniture to send to the Kentucky mission churches. In 1822, he published a "Statement of the Missions in Kentucky" (Etat des Missiones du Kentucky). Badin returned to resume his missionary activity in the America in 1828, first to Detroit and other early settlements in what became Michigan, then returning to Kentucky in 1829. In 1830 Badin offered his services to Bishop Edward Fenwick of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, which oversaw missionary work with the Potawatomi Indians. The Potawatomi Chief Leopold Pokagon, who had converted to Catholicism, traveled to Detroit in 1830 to ask a priest be sent among his tribe. Badin, who was in Detroit visiting his brother, was asked to accept. In administering to the Potawatomi, Badin employed a translator as he considered himself too old to learn the language. He unsuccessfully tried to found a school and an orphanage, and then in 1832 he purchased 524 acres of land around South Bend, half from the government and half from two landowners. He then built a log chapel to serve as chapel and residence, and later gave the land to the bishop on condition that an orphanage and school be built. The log chapel eventually burned down in 1856, but a replica was built in 1906. From this outpost, Badin visited Fort Dearborn (the future Chicago) in October 1830, and possibly several other times (writing during an 1846 visit that such marked the fiftieth anniversary of his first visit). In 1836, given his advanced age, Badin decided to leave his Indian mission to his successor, Father Louis Desaille. After most of the Potawatomi were relocated west to Council Bluffs, Iowa (despite their non participation in the Black Hawk War) and pursuant to a treaty signed in Chicago in 1833, Badin was named vicar of the diocese of Bardstown in 1837. He continued missionary work as well as