economic hardship for farmers and food shortages for the population and their livestock. Droughts can be accompanied by a heat wave, causing deaths and illness. Language and ethnicity The Karimojong are part of the Karimojong Cluster of Nilotic tribes (also known as the Teso Cluster). The languages of the Jie and Dodoth are not quite the same as, but mutually intelligible with Karimojong. The ethnicity of the Ethur is not entirely certain, but they are regarded as essentially Nilotic (if mixed) and their language is regarded as a Luo dialect. The Ik and Tepeth have their own languages, but these are under great pressure from the Karimojong language (Ŋakarimojong) around them. References Karamoja Microfinance Committee (KMFC): Karamoja Microfinance Strategy, AMFIU Working Paper No. 4, Kampala, 2006. Katalemwa M. / Mbabazi, J.: Microfinance Outreach: AMFIU backstops Karamoja DPC, partners to develop Microfinance strategy for the region, in: Supplement to The New Vision, The Daily Monitor, 6. December 2005. Knighton, Ben 2011: 'Disarmament: The end or fulfilment of cattle-raiding' Nomadic Peoples 14/2:123–46 2007c: 'Globalizing Trends or Identities through Time? The Longue Durée in Karamojong[1] Ethnography' Journal of East African Studies 1/3:466–83 2007a: 'Of War-Leaders and Fire-Makers: A rejoinder' History in Africa 34:411–20 2006c: 'Belief in Guns and Warlords: Freeing Karamojong identity from Africanist theory' African Identities 4/2:269–86 2006b: 'Orality in the Service of Karamojong Autonomy: Polity and performance' Journal of African Cultural Studies 18/1:137–52 Special Issue 'Language, Power, and Society: Orality and literacy in the Horn of Africa' 2006a: 'Multireligious Responses to Globalization in East Africa: Karamojong and Agĩkũyũ Compared' Transformation 23/2:71–85 2005: The Vitality of Karamojong Religion: Dying tradition or living faith? Aldershot: Ashgate http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?page=637&calcTitle=1&title_id=4401&edition_id=4620 This 366-page monograph includes a full bibliography. Launched at the 'Militarization, Violence, and livelihoods' Workshop, St Antony's College, University of Oxford 3.5.06 2003b: 'The State as Raider among the Karamojong: 'Where there are no guns, they use the threat of guns' Africa 73/3:427–55 2003a: Entry on 'the Karamojong, Uganda' in Hughes, Lotte The No-Nonsense Guide to Indigenous Peoples London: Verso pp. 67f. 2002: 'School for Progress: The re-routing of BCMS missionaries into education for the end of empire in Karamoja, Uganda' International Review of Mission 91/361: 256–77 2001d: 'Globalization: Implications of violence, the global economy, and the role of the state for Africa and Christian mission' Transformation 18/4:204–19 2001b: 'Forgiveness or Disengagement in a Traditional African Cycle of Revenge' Exchange 30/1:18–32; an earlier and unproofed version