in an attempt to protect a building from witches and other evil influences. However, Historic Scotland Technical Advice Note 1, regarding use of lime mortars, 1995, CLEARLY states "...numerous small pinning stones which contributed to the overall stability of the masonry, reduced the quantity of expensive lime required and minimised the effects of drying shrinkage in the mortar". Location In England, galleting can be found almost exclusively in the South East between the North and South Downs, where sandstone is common, and in the county of Norfolk, where flint is common. Given that these locations are not contiguous, much has been debated about the origin and spread of the practice, with some attributing its geographical prevalence to the particularities of the stonemason trade. Most scholarship focuses on the use of galleting in England. However, there is evidence that it was used in rural Pennsylvania and Maryland as well as in Philadelphia, Vienna, Austria, the Azores, Paris, and Barcelona. Period of use There is some debate about when galleting was most commonly practiced. Some sources associate the technique with late medieval building construction, while others suggest that galleting was used mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries before declining in popularity over the course of the 19th century. Historical records indicate that parts of Windsor Castle (n.d.), Eton College (c. 1441), and the Tower of London (c. 1514) were galleted with flint or oyster shells. This suggests that galleting may have been first used in more prestigious buildings and was later adopted in less prestigious buildings once timber framing was supplanted by masonry construction. Examples Sevenoaks School Knole House Ightham Mote Tigbourne Court Norwich Guildhall Strangers' Hall in Norwich The village of Heacham in Norfolk boasts examples of a wide variety of types of galleting. St James' Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, PA (U.S.) Hancock's Resolution, Anne Arundel County, MD (U.S.) The greenhouse at Bartram's Garden, Philadelphia, PA (U.S.) Bradford Friends Meeting House, West Bradford Township, Chester County, PA (U.S.) Sully Stone Dairy, Sully Historic Site, Chantilly, Virginia (U.S.A.) References Architectural elements Masonry