area. At Mlimba DC, there is the smallest water area (70 km2). According to topographical and ecological zones, the region's soils differ. The predominant type of soils in mountainous and hilly places are oxisols, which are often poor in nitrogen and phosphorus. Alluvial soils, which are naturally fertile, are typically what define valleys and lowlands. Woodlands and grasslands frequently have sandy and clay soils. Numerous crops, including maize, paddy, beans, several cassava species, sweet and round potatoes, amaranths, vegetables, sugarcane, simsim, cocoa, cotton, cashew nuts, etc., are produced in the area due to the soil conditions. There are 143 rivers inside and traversing the region. The Morogoro region is traversed by a number of rivers and tributaries that come from the mountains. Many rivers that flow from hills to lowlands in the valleys make up the region's drainage system. Kilombero, Great Ruaha, Wami, Luwegu, Ruvu, Ngerengere, Mkata, Mkondoa, and Mkindo are a few of the important rivers. Climate The Morogoro Region has a tropical savannah climate with regular rainfall. In lowlands, the annual average temperature ranges from 18 °C to 30 °C. Nearly the entire year, the Region receives moderate temperatures of about 25 °C. Typically, the cooler season lasts from July to September. The Region typically experiences a bi-modal rainfall pattern, with long rains from March to May and short rains from November to January. The yearly rainfall ranges from 600 to 1800 millimeters. While the leeward sides of the Uluguru Mountains often remain dry with yearly rainfall of less than 600mm, the eastern parts of the mountains receive extremely high rainfall of up to 2,850mm. The Gairo and Mamboya divisions in the North of Kilosa District and the Ngerengere division in the Morogoro District are those that receive the least rainfall. The Mahenge and Udzungwa mountain ranges, which are high in elevation and include substantial forest reserves, also have a significant impact on the region's climate, particularly in the southern Ulanga and Kilombero Districts. Economy Agriculture and related industries make up the bulk of the region's economy. The main pursuits are small-scale agriculture (production of food and cash crops for sustenance), cattle raising (mostly with indigenous livestock), and plantations and estates (sisal, sugar). The modest, capital-intensive urban sector is expanding, though, and its primary activities include manufacturing and providing services like offices, hotels, petty trade, and traditional fishing, which is done along the Kilombero and Wami rivers as