(UES) and the social, economic and environmental impacts of eco-cities Eco-cities have also been criticized to have biases towards the economic and environmental pillars of sustainability while neglecting the social pillar. The practical translations of the concept have faced criticism as eco-cities have been driven by the demand for bounded ecological security. By offering "premium ecological enclaves" factoring ecological security as an outcome of private investments driving the construction of eco-cities, the existing examples of eco-cities are criticized for not being truly sustainable solutions. On the contrary, by placing this concept in the meta-narrative of sustainable cities, these have also been further criticized for celebrating this fragmentation of society through the development of gated communities and premium ecological enclaves isolated from the real global scale of issues in today's ecological crisis. For instance, the eco-cities of Masdar and Hong Kong pose homogeneous visions, but have been criticized to be the source of fragmentation of urban society. The term "Frankenstein Urbanism" was used by Federico Cugurullo to metaphorically symbolize this criticism of the concept that increases social stratification in exchange for ecological security, creating isolated entities that could work perfectly within themselves, but fall apart when brought in a larger view. See also Building insulation Energy-plus building Environmental planning Green building Green infrastructure Green urbanism Inclusive Development List of low-energy building techniques Low-energy house Low impact developments (LIDs) Passive solar building design Quadruple glazing Small wind turbine Solar architecture Sustainability measurement Sustainable city Urban farming Urban vitality Zero-carbon city Zero-energy building Zero heating building References Sustainable design Sustainable urban planning Cities by type