officers were ordered to be executed by Gerard Lake on the basis that they had previously been British subjects. Later service Humbert was shortly repatriated in a prisoner exchange and appointed in succession to the armies of Mainz, the Danube and Helvetia, with which he served at the Second Battle of Zurich. He then embarked on an expedition to Saint-Domingue, which was in the midst of a slave rebellion, to restore French control over the colony and reestablish slavery. Humbert was accused of looting in Saint-Domingue by Jean Baptiste Brunet, and was also rumored to be having an affair with Pauline Bonaparte, the wife of his commanding officer Charles Leclerc. He was sent back to France by order of Leclerc in October 1802, for "prevarications, and liaison relationships with organisers of the inhabitants and with leaders of brigands". A committed republican, his displeasure at Napoleon's imperial pretensions led to him being dismissed in 1803 and he retired to Morbihan, Brittany. In 1810, after briefly serving in the Army of the North, Humbert emigrated to New Orleans, where he established a relationship with French pirate Jean Lafitte. In 1813, Humbert joined the revolutionary Juan Bautista Mariano Picornell y Gomila in an unsuccessful attempt to foment rebellion in New Spain. In 1814, Humbert left New Orleans again to join the Patriot cause in the Argentine War of Independence, briefly commanding a corps before returning home. A year later, Humbert enlisted in the U.S. Army as a private and fought in the Battle of New Orleans while wearing his old French uniform during the War of 1812. General Andrew Jackson thanked him for his assistance there after the American victory in January 1815, and thereafter Humbert lived peacefully as a schoolteacher until his death. Commemoration In 1989, sculptor Carmel Gallagher unveiled a bust of General Humbert in Killala, Ireland, to mark the upcoming bicentennial of the 1798 Rebellion. Notes References Thomas Bartlett, 'Général Humbert takes his leave', in 'Cathair na Mart, xi (1991) 98-104. Marie-Louise Jacotey, Un Volontaire de 1792 Le Général Humbert ou la passion de la Liberté (Mirecourt, 1980). Sylvie Kleinman, Entry, 'Jean-Joseph Amable Humbert (1767–1823), Dictionary of Irish Biography (Royal Irish Academy/Cambridge University Press, 2009). External links Author and historian Stephen Dunford discusses his book and documentary " In Humbert's Footsteps" at 1767 births 1823 deaths People from Remiremont French generals Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars People of