El Cuartelejo, or El Quartelejo (from Spanish cuartelejo, meaning old building or barracks), is a region in eastern Colorado and western Kansas where Plains Apache cohabited with Puebloans. Subject to religious persecution, Puebloans fled the Spanish Nuevo México territory and cohabitated with the Cuartelejo villagers in the 1600s. Some people fled to the Arkansas River area of present-day Kiowa County, Colorado. Juan de Ulibarri came to the Arkansas River area of Colorado in 1706 to capture and return Pueblo Native Americans who fled Nuevo Mexico in 1680. In Kansas, an archeological district is the site of a Plains Apache and Puebloan village. It is the northernmost Native American pueblo and the only known pueblo in Kansas. Located in Lake Scott State Park, the remains of the stone and adobe pueblo are situated 13 miles north of Scott City, Kansas, in Ladder Creek Canyon. It is also known as The Scott County Pueblo. In 1964, El Cuartelejo Archaeologist District (14SC1) was designated a National Historic Landmark. Of the 26 archaeological sites, most are from Apache of the Dismal River culture of prehistoric, proto-historic and early historic periods from about 1450 until the mid-1700s. This group of Apache are called the Cuartelejo band. Puebloan and Apache people People of the Dismal River culture lived at the Kansas site from about 1450. The semisedentary western Apache people lived in huts in El Cuartelejo in what is now eastern Colorado by 1640. Silvestre Vélez de Escalante of the Domínguez–Escalante expedition wrote in 1778: In the 1600s, Puebloan Native Americans revolted against Spanish priests and rulers of Nuevo México, who had instituted encomienda, which was a form of slavery. Spanish landholders were given people from the pueblo to work and live with them, during which they would cultivate crops or generate other products. In exchange, the landholder was responsible for their welfare, which included suppressing their spiritual practices. Indigenous spiritual leaders were enslaved, imprisoned, flogged, and killed by hanging. There were sporadic uprisings against the Spanish. Fray Pedro de Miranda, the Taos mission priest, was killed in 1640. Throughout the 1600s, Puebloans moved north from what is now New Mexico to live in the Great Plains of western Kansas and eastern Colorado with the Cuartelejo Apache, perhaps as early as 1620. People from the Taos Pueblo met up with the Cuartelejo Apache after the pueblo revolt of 1640 and in 1664, followed in 1696 by