recertify annually in an advanced first aid course, which includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), automated external defibrillation (AED), oxygen therapy, and WHMIS training. Following successful completion or recertification of their training, each member is certified in advanced first aid and rescue procedures as an advanced first aid responder. This training and certification are both recognized by the federal government. The initial certification course is a minimum of 60 hours, while annual recertification courses are a minimum of 16 hours. Successful completion of a certification course also requires successful completion of written, skills, diagnostic and CPR/AED testing. The advanced first aid and CPR certification provided by the CSP is recognized by most workplace safety agencies across Canada. On snow and accident scene management Members participating in alpine and nordic disciplines are required to maintain their on-snow certification, which consists of being able to demonstrate intermediate-level skiing or snowboarding skills, the ability to properly and safely handle a toboggan, with and without being loaded with a patient, and effectively manage an accident scene. During on snow training, patrollers are often introduced to local protocols, which might differ from those used in other ski resorts. Recertification is required every 3 years, although many zones rectify their members annually during recruit training. Some areas also accept patrollers who are on foot or snowshoeing. Skill maintenance Throughout the year, members of the CSP organize training sessions in order to maintain their skills with regard to advanced first aid, accident scene management, rescue operations, and avalanche control. Although some exercises are reserved for CSP members, many take place with partner organizations, such as local emergency medical services, police, and search and rescue groups. Indeed, any significant incident that occurs within a ski resort, such as a multi-casualty incident or major avalanche, requires multi-agency response in order to ensure a safe and effective rescue operation. Services provided On snow The CSP provides the full range of services which would be needed by an alpine or nordic facility: advanced first-aid and emergency response, patient extrication and transportation, safety initiatives, and avalanche mitigation and response which may include the use of explosives and helicopters. At some resorts, patrollers also provide lift evacuation services when needed, mostly as assistance to mountain operations teams. Members of the CSP typically perform an opening sweep before the official opening of the resort for the general public in order to mark possible hazards and close