of Anu and Urash, and as a result the Old Babylonian Nippur god list associates him with Uruk. Martin Stol assumes that both Ištaran and Inshushinak were regarded as sons of Tishpak by the compiler of the god list An = Anum. A list of city gods from Ur groups them together. A late ritual known from Assur addresses Ishtar as Ištaran's sister. In the god list An = Anum, Ištaran appears without a wife, but in an inscription of Esarhaddon this role is assigned to the goddess Šarrat-Deri, "Queen of Der," or Deritum, "she of Der." There is also some evidence that Manzat, the goddess of the rainbow, was viewed as his wife. Frans Wiggermann identifies the source documenting this tradition as a "late theological text." Nirah was the messenger (šipru) of Ištaran. He could also be viewed as his son. The god Zīzānu was either another son of Ištaran or a son of Qudma, his sukkal (attendant deity). Further members of his court include the deities Rāsu, Turma and Itūr-mātiššu. An association between Ištaran and Utu/Shamash, based on both of them being deities of justice, is already attested in the oldest texts from Abu Salabikh, and later recurs for example in inscriptions of Gudea. Syncretism A bilingual Hurro-Akkadian version of the Weidner god list from Emar seemingly regards Ištaran, misspelled as dKA.DI.DI (possibly an example of dittography, an error involving reduplication of a sign) and Kumarbi (usually associated with Enlil or Syrian Dagan) as equivalents. Frank Simons assumes that this connection might be based on their shared association with the underworld, on shared perception as the "Father of Gods" (a prayer to Nisaba refers to dMUŠ as "father of the gods," though direct references to Ištaran in such a role are not known), or possibly on an unknown myth about Ištaran which resembled the Hurrian myths pertaining to Kumarbi's dethroning. It is possible that in the late first millennium, attempts at syncretising Istaran and Anu were made during a period of cooperation between the theologians from Uruk, Nippur and Der, but direct evidence is presently lacking. A late god list equating various deities with Marduk mentions Anu Rabû among them, but the translation of the explanatory line is uncertain. In tablet III of the "Myth of Anzû," Ištaran is given as one of the names of Ninurta along with other names of deities that are claimed to be