sedentism led to the rise of population aggregation and formation of villages, cities, and other community types. In North America, evidence for sedentism emerges around 4500 BC. Forced sedentism Forced sedentism or sedentarization occurs when a dominant group restricts the movements of a nomadic group. Nomadic populations have undergone such a process since the first cultivation of land; the organization of modern society has imposed demands that have pushed aboriginal populations to adopt a fixed habitat. At the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century many previously nomadic tribes turned to permanent settlement. It was a process initiated by local governments, and it was mainly a global trend forced by the changes in the attitude to the land and real property and also due to state policies that complicated border crossing. Among these nations are Negev Bedouin in Jordan, Israel and Egypt, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Evenks, Evens, Sakha in the Soviet Union, Tibetan nomads in China, Babongo in Gabon, Baka in Cameroon, Innu in Canada, Gypsies in Romania and Czechoslovakia, etc. As a result of forced sedentarization, many rich herdsmen in Siberia have been eliminated by deliberate overtaxation or imprisonment, year-round mobility has been discouraged, many smaller sites and family herd camps have been shut down, children have been separated from their parents and taken to boarding schools. This caused severe social, cultural and psychological issues to Indigenous peoples of Siberia. See also Nacirema people Western culture Indian reservation Negev Bedouin Nomad Seasonal human migration Timeline of agriculture and food technology Transhumance References External links Emily A. Schultz, Robert H. Lavenda. The Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism. From a college textbook – Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition Second Edition. pp 196–200 Keith Weber, Shannon Horst. 2011. Desertification and livestock grazing: The roles of sedentarization, mobility and rest David Western, Rosemary Grooma, Jeffrey Worden. 2009. The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of pastoral lands on wildlife in an African savanna ecosystem Shuji Sueyoshi, Ryutaro Ohtsuka. 2007. LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF SEDENTARIZATION-INDUCED INCREASE OF FERTILITY ON LABOR FORCE PROPORTION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN AN ARAB : A CASE STUDY IN SOUTH JORDAN Fagan, Brian. 2005. Ancient North America. Thames & Hudson, Ltd.: London. Halén, Ove. 1994. Sedentariness During the Stone Age of Northern Sweden Almkvist & Wiksell, Stockholm. Sofer, Olga. 1981 Sedentism During the Paleolithic Habu, Junku. 2004 Ancient Jomon of Japan Cambridge University Press , a short film