types of PFGE methods, such as FIGE, TAFE, CHEF, OFAG, PHOGE and PACE, that are used for isolating and typing DNA with large pieces. The choice of which method to use depends on the financial resources available and the specific goals of the study. Field-Inversion Gel Electrophoresis (FIG) This is a technique that separates large segments of DNA by periodically flipping two fields at a straight angle. The movement of DNA molecules is facilitated by shorter time pulses or less force in the reverse direction. This method, first introduced by Carle, Frank and Olson in 1986, is known for its ease of use and popularity in separating smaller parts of DNA. It provides acceptable resolution of over 800 Kb. However, the movement of DNA molecules larger than 2mb may not be consistent and molecules of different sizes and labels may move and migrate together in FIGE. Orthogonal-Field Alternation Gel Electrophoresis (OFAGE) This system is a laboratory technique developed by Clark and Olsen in 1984. OFAGE uses non-uniform electric fields to separate large DNA fragments. This can cause variations in the migration of DNA throughout the gel, making it challenging to distinguish and map the different components of the genome, particularly in mammalian cells. The angle between the electric fields can vary, with a range between less than 180 degrees and more than 90 degrees. Despite this limitation, DNA molecules between 1000 kb and 2000 kb can still be separated using this method. Asymmetric Field Inversion Gel Electrophoresis (AFIGE) This is a method for detecting DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) using a reverse-asymmetrical field gel electrophoresis. The technique involves extracting DNA from cells, fixing it in agarose plugs, and transferring them into the AFIGE system. The rate of DNA breakage is then measured under an inverted and asymmetric electric field, allowing for quantitative measurement. This method involves exposing the DNA to restriction endonucleases, such as Xhol, for a longer period of time, resulting in an increase in the number of fractures. It is specific for detecting double-stranded DNA. Clamped Homogeneous Electric Field (CHEF) This system is a widely used method for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. It was developed by Clark et al. and creates distortion on the edge of the chamber and passive electrodes using a complex method. This allows for automatic control of the electrodes and a hexagonal arrangement of 24 electrodes. Unlike other systems, CHEF does not use non-passive electrodes, and