monocytogenes, Lactococcus garvieae and some clinical isolates of Bacillus cereus group isolated from diseases aquatic organisms and thus to link environmental or food isolates with clinical infections. It is now in the process of being superseded by next generation sequencing methods. So that Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is a powerful technique used for analyzing bacterial genomes when traditional genetic methods fall short. It is particularly useful for creating structural maps of various bacterial genomes by breaking them down into large chunks using restriction enzymes. These chunks are then separated and segregated, allowing for a detailed analysis of the genome. In other words, PFGE is an advanced technique that enables scientists to gain a deeper understanding of bacterial genomes, even when faced with difficult or complex questions. It has become a popular method for understanding the structure of bacterial genomes and can provide valuable insights into their behavior and characteristics. In summary, PFGE is a highly effective method for analyzing bacterial genomes that allows for a detailed and in-depth understanding of their structure and behavior. PFGE in Clinical Microbiology Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a powerful technique that is widely used in clinical microbiology for the characterization and identification of bacterial pathogens. This method is particularly useful for the typing of bacterial isolates from clinical specimens, such as blood, urine, and wound swabs. The ability of PFGE to separate large DNA fragments, often greater than 100 kb, allows for a high level of resolution and discriminatory power. One of the most important applications of PFGE in clinical microbiology is in the identification and tracking of nosocomial infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. For example, PFGE has been used to identify outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals and long-term care facilities. It has also been used to track the spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii In addition, PFGE has been used to monitor the emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens. For example, it has been used to track the spread of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Finally, PFGE is also used in the characterization of bacterial pathogens associated with foodborne illness. For example, it has been used to identify outbreaks of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes associated with contaminated food products. In conclusion, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a powerful technique that is widely used in clinical microbiology for the characterization