are 'generally safe' for inexperienced visitors. They have no known threatened species within, nor any archaeological, geological, historical, or cultural values. Economic activities, such as collection of guano and edible bird's nest, are allowed in such caves. Homo luzonensis Homo luzonensis refers to human fossils first discovered inside Callao Cave in 2007 by a team made up of Filipino, French and Australian archeologists led by Armand Salvador Mijares. Although tentatively considered by the scientific community as remains of Homo sapiens, the find, that consisted of a single metatarsal (foot bone) was dubbed as Callao Man. When dated using uranium series ablation, it was found to be at least 67,000 years old. This significantly antedates the 47,000-year-old remains of the Palawan Tabon Man and represents the earliest human fossil yet found in the Philippines and it also ranks among the oldest traces of human presence in Southeast Asia and the entire Asia-Pacific region. In 2010, more fossils were unearthed and after Armand Salvador Mijares and his team discovered further material in 2015 (seven teeth and six small bones) a thorough anthropological and genetic study was undertaken. On April 10, 2019, the team of paleoanthropologists Florent Détroit and Armand Salvador Mijares published the conclusions in the journal Nature, announcing the taxon of this newly identified human species to be Homo luzonensis, which definitely lived on Luzon island between 50,000 to 67,000 years ago. As the discovery adds a new chapter to the complex history of human evolution, Armand Mijares remarked, that it puts the Philippines...which always had been peripheral in this debate...in the spotlight of human evolution. Anthropological studies suggested, that Callao Man, like Homo floresiensis from Indonesia was less than four feet tall. Researchers have also noted, that the indigenous Aeta people, who live in the mountains of Luzon Island, might be descendants of Callao Man. Other caves A rock art of a human-like figure is found in Hermoso Tuliao Cave. The rock art, about 3,500 years old, shows a human-like figure with arms up and legs spread open. It is believed to have been created by either early Austronesians or the Agta Negritos who migrated during the Ice Age. Other pristine and undisturbed caves with living rock formations in the Peñablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape include Jackpot, Laurente, Odessa-Tumbali, Quibal, Roc, San Carlos, and Sierra Caves, among others. These caves may be explored with guides from Sierra Madre Outdoor Club,