all electrodes are connected to the power supply through a series of identical ring resistors. These rings regulate the voltage on all electrodes, creating a unit electric field. The CHEF system voltage is set at 24 points and uses a 120 degree angle orientation from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. This system can separate molecules over 7000 kb in size. The precision in controlling the size, location, coordination, stability and continuity of the electric field allows for the separation of DNA fragments of different sizes. Programmable Autonomously-Controlled Electrodes(PACE) The PACE electrophoresis system is a highly efficient and flexible method for DNA separation. It utilizes 24 electrodes arranged in a closed contour and allows for independent adjustment of voltage, giving complete control over all parameters of the electric field. The system can produce an unlimited number of controlled homogeneous electric fields, voltage gradients, flow direction and duration, making it superior to other methods such as FIGE, OFAG, and PHOGE. The PACE system can separate DNA fragments from 100 bp to more than 6Mb and its ability to change the angle among the reorientation of alternating currents increases the speed of separation for large DNA molecules. It's the best option for reliable and efficient DNA separation. Rotating Gel Electrophoresis (RGE) The Southern method, introduced in 1987, is a technique used for DNA separation. It involves rotating a gel between two angles while the power supply is turned off. The method, also known as Rotating Gel Electrophoresis (RGE), utilizes a monotonous electric field and direct separation is achieved through the use of a single set of electrodes. The rotation of the gel allows for an increased intensity of voltage to be applied, resulting in a shorter isolation time. Additionally, the angle of rotation can easily be adjusted to suit the specific needs of the separation. This method is considered easy to use and is suitable for DNA with a size range of 50 to 6000 Kb. Pulsed-Homogeneous Orthogonal Field Gel Electrophoresis (PHOGE) The 90 degree angle orientation method, also known as Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), stands out from other methods of PFGE that utilize homogeneous fields. This system utilizes an orientation angle of 90 degrees, resulting in DNA molecules being moved four times per cycle instead of the standard two. The use of multiple electric fields also causes DNA lines to not follow a straight line, making this method even