is located in the estuary of a river that has been closed off by a barrage to keep the seawater out. Two similar barrages were completed in July 2011, forming the Punggol Reservoir and the Serangoon Reservoir. When the 1961 water agreement with Malaysia ended in August 2011, Singapore could thus afford to let it expire without any issues to its water supply. Singapore's water usage reaches a demand of about 430 million gallons per day. Of the Four Taps of Supply, Imported water from Johor satisfies about 50 percent of the demand, NEWater can meet up to 40 percent, Desalination up to 25, and the local catchments help to make up the rest. Furthermore, Singapore has become a global water research and technology hub with active support from the government. Self-sufficiency and outlook (2011–present) Shortly after its independence, Singapore has set a goal to be entirely water self-sufficient before the 1962 long-term water supply agreement with Malaysia expires in 2061. Nevertheless, a 2003 analysis by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies stated that such efforts made within the last few decades meant that Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency decades earlier beginning from 2011 and that "the 'water threat' is now significantly less than what it seemed to be". This analysis eventually proved true; a report in 2016 has shown that Singapore has achieved self-reliance with its water supply during the mid-2010s. Nevertheless, water demand in Singapore is expected to double from 380 to 760 million gallons per day between 2010 and 2060. Demand are to keep up with this increase. By the mid-21st century, water demand is expected to be met by reclaimed water at the tune of 50% and by desalination accounting for 30%, compared to only 20% supplied by internal catchments. In response, the government especially since the 2010s has constructed multiple desalination plants throughout the country to keep up with the demand. These include the Tuas South Desalination Plant, Tuas Desalination Plant, the Keppel Marina East Desalination Plant and the Jurong Island Desalination Plant, which began operations in 2013, 2018, 2020 and 2022 respectively. A Punggol Desalination Plant is also currently under construction. Water sources and integrated management The water resources of Singapore are especially precious given the small amount of densely settled land. Singapore receives an average of 2,400 mm of rainfall annually, well above the global average of 1,050 mm. The constraint is the limited