trying to conserve (Landres 1999)." He continued,"Without a baseline we have no target. Without a target, every kind of management, including those that result in lost native species, is arguably a success. I fear such success. Intentional introduction of species outside their current distributions in an effort to conserve them detracts from and trivializes this baseline and threatens to discount standards for conservation." The authors on both sides of the debate continued their advocacy. Barlow founded the citizen group Torreya Guardians in 2005, with Paul Martin's encouragement until his death in 2010. Media attention of the group (and of the assisted migration controversy) ramped up when their first northward plantings began in July 2008. As of 2022, Barlow was still the webmaster of the group's domain and, in her retirement, had more time to document achievements and network for the group. As well, in 2022 she wrote of her experience with Torreya Guardians in her supportive comment filed in response to the proposed federal regulation that would eliminate "historical range" as the sole locus for endangered species recovery. Schwartz is now emeritus professor, and his homepage lists as one of his foci of continuing research: "Establishing policy for emerging conservation strategies such as assisted migration (mostly in the form of constraining unsanctioned private action)." During the preceding two decades, he had become one of the most prolific authors of academic papers and advice to natural area managers pertaining to both "establishing policy" and "constraining unsanctioned private action." Publications in which he was lead or coauthor include "A Framework for Debate of Assisted Migration in an Era of Climate Change" (2007), "The Precautionary Principle in Managed Relocation Is Misguided Advice" (2009), and "Multidimensional Evaluation of Managed Relocation" (2009). His early leadership in conservation biology policy development culminated in 2012, when he served as first author, with 31 coauthors, of a paper in process since the 2008 meeting of the Ecological Society of America: "Managed Relocation: Integrating the Scientific, Regulatory, and Ethical Challenges." Schwartz and his academic colleagues also began to advise and coauthor papers with management staff of U.S. national parks and wildlife refuges, culminating in a 2021 paper by a dozen coauthors titled, "Co-development of a Risk Assessment Strategy for Managed Relocation." Strong disapproval of citizens taking action on their own was expressed by Schwartz (and his 31 coauthors) in the 2012 paper referenced above. Action already undertaken by Torreya