position by the Dubliners during the regime of Toirdelbach and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill. Dúnán's title could indicate that he held episcopal authority in the Irish Sea region outwith the bounds of Dublin. As such, there is reason to suspect that he was Roolwer's antecessor in the Isles. When Dúnán died in 1074, only a few years after Toirdelbach's takeover of Dublin, it is possible that the latter seized this opportunity and oversaw the ecclesiastical separation of Dublin from the Isles through the creation of a new episcopal see in Dublin. If so, Roolwer's episcopacy in the Isles may well have begun in 1074 after Dúnán's death—just like Gilla Pátraic's episcopacy in Dublin—and perhaps ended at some point during Godred's reign. The chronicle reveals that Roolwer's successor was a certain William, whose Anglo-Norman or French name may cast light on his origins, and may in turn evince Godred's links with the wider Anglo-Norman world. Indeed, such connections would seem to parallel those between Dublin and the Archbishop of Canterbury, forged by Godred's contemporaries in Dublin, Toirdelbach and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill. William appears to have died in or before 1095, as the chronicle states that he was succeeded, during Godred's lifetime, by a Manxman named Hamond, son of "". Involvement in Wales One of the most significant eleventh- and twelfth-century Welsh figures was Gruffudd, a man who fended off fellow dynasts and Anglo-Normans alike to establish himself in northern Wales. Throughout much of the last two decades of the eleventh century Gwynedd was occupied by ever encroaching Anglo-Normans; and it is apparent that Gruffudd enjoyed close connections with the Norse-Gaelic world. Specifically, the thirteenth-century Historia Gruffud vab Kenan reveals that, not only was Gruffudd born and raised in Dublin, he was yet another distinguished descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, and that on several occasions Gruffudd availed himself of Norse-Gaelic military assistance. After an apparent lull of about two decades, there was a remarkable increase in Norse-Gaelic predatory raids upon Wales throughout the 1070s and 1080s. In fact, this resurgence coincides with Gruffudd's struggle for power, and may not be an unrelated coincidence. At one point in his career, after briefly gaining power in 1081, Gruffudd was captured by Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester, and appears to have been held captive for over a decade, perhaps twelve years. According to Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, Gruffudd managed to escape his captors