greater than ; however, if , then the effect of the INIC will be negligible. However, when the circuit is unstable (e.g., when in an unloaded system). In particular, the surplus current from the INIC generates positive feedback that causes the voltage driving the load to reach its power supply limits. By reducing the impedance of the load (i.e., by causing the load to draw more current), the generator–NIC system can be rendered stable again. In principle, if the Norton equivalent current source was replaced with a Thévenin equivalent voltage source, a VNIC of equivalent magnitude could be placed in series with the voltage source's series resistance. Any voltage drop across the series resistance would then be added back to the circuit by the VNIC. However, a VNIC implemented as above with an operational amplifier must terminate on an electrical ground, and so this use is not practical. Because any voltage source with nonzero series resistance can be represented as an equivalent current source with finite parallel resistance, an INIC will typically be placed in parallel with a source when used to improve the impedance of the source. Negative impedance circuits The negative of any impedance can be produced by a negative impedance converter (INIC in the examples below), including negative capacitance and negative inductance. NIC can further be used to design floating impedances - like a floating negative inductor. See also Miller theorem applications Gyrator References External links Introduction to Negative Impedance Converters Nonlinear Circuit Analysis Electronic amplifiers