ramparts, battlements, loopholes, and a catapult. The outer wall included an area between the two walls pierced with a double row of arrow loops, allowing both standing and kneeling archers to fire at the same time. The walls of the fort were about thick and high. The walls of Buhen were crafted with rough stone. The walls of Buhen are unique as most Egyptian fortress walls were constructed with timber and mud-brick. The fortress at Buhen is now submerged under Lake Nasser as a result of the construction of the Aswan Dam in 1964. Before the site was covered with water, it was excavated by a team led by Walter Bryan Emery. Buhen had a temple of Horus built by Hatshepsut, which was moved to the National Museum of Sudan in Khartoum prior to the flooding of Lake Nasser. Copper work at Buhen During 1962, an archaeological expedition of Buhen took place revealing a copper factory. During the excavation an unknown ore was found and analyzed further using modern techniques. The ore was originally made up of malachite however has become atacamite mixed with gold. With many factors going into a location being adequate for copper smelting, Buhen would have been an ideal location to produce small quantities of copper. An Egyptian device called, "Fire Dogs," were used to generally prepare food. The exact usage of a fire dog is not known however, there is evidence that fire dogs involved fire and burning. A large number of fire dogs were found a Buhen, this discovery has been associated with the potential generation of copper by using fire dogs. In order for a copper to be smelted in an area certain resources were necessary, and the availability of these resources determined if an area was suitable to copper smelting. These resources included human labor, water, clay, wood, a mineral-based flux, and large quantities of the ore. The mineral-based flux would be used to produce fluid slag during smelting. With Buhen's geographical location, during the time of the Old Kingdom, it would have met all of the requirements for a successful copper smelting location. Buhen is close in proximity to the Nile river, which would have provided the necessary supply water as well as clay. With Egypt having a many skilled workers, a sufficient amount of the skilled workers necessary could have been brought to Buhen. Although now there is not much