produce a white wine made with very little skin contact. Usually blended with Clairette, Bourboulenc, Marsanne, Sauvignon blanc or Trebbiano, Barbaroux can add deep gold color and aromatics to the blend. In Corsica it is used in red and rosé wines where it is permitted in the Ajaccio and Vin de Corse AOCs. Here it is blended with Sciacarello, Nielluccio, Rolle, Carignan, Syrah, Grenache and Cinsault. For both Ajaccio and Cassis, Barbaroux grapes destined for AOC wine production must be harvested to yields no greater than 45 hectoliters/hectare with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 12% in Ajaccio and 11% in Cassis. For the larger Vin de Corse AOC, Barbaroux can be harvested to yields up to 50 hectoliters/hectare with the finished wines needing an alcohol level of at least 11.5%. Confusion with other grapes While long thought to be the same variety, in 2009 DNA testing showed that the Barbaroux vine of Provence was different from the Barbarossa vines grown in Liguria and Piedmont and likely different from the other Italian varieties also known as Barbarossa. As of 2012, it had not yet been determined if the Barbaroux vine grown in Corsica is different from the Provençal variety and what relationship, if any, that the Corsican Barbaroux may have with any of the Italian Barbarossa varieties. Despite having several synonyms similar to Gänsfüssler, the Provençal and Corsican Barbaroux vines are not related to red German wine grape of the same name that grows in the Rheinland-Pfalz region of Germany. Synonyms Over the years Barbaroux has been known under a variety of synonyms recognized by the Vitis International Variety Catalogue. However, as more DNA research leads to the proper identification of Barbaroux vines some of these synonyms may be found to belong to completely separate varieties such as the Italian Barbarossa grapes. But as of 2012, the current list of recognized synonyms for Barbaroux include: Aronova Boroda, Barbaraise de Provence, Barbarons, Barbarossa, Barbarossa Rose, Barbaru, Barbi Rossa, Barbirossa, Barbirossu, Roter Calebstraube, Candolle Roth, Roter Candollo, Cardeina, De Kandol, Gänsefüssler, Hellroter Gänsfüssler, Grappe de Cinq Kilos, Gray Rouge, Grec Rose, Grec Rouge, Gromier du Cantal, Gros Barbaroux, Gros Gommier du Cantal, Roter Hammelshode, Kanaani, Kanaantraube, Limdi Kana, Malaga Rose, Merveille, Monstrueux de Candolle, Murcentin, Pepin Isfaganskii, Perle Rose, Roter Perltraube, Plant du Pauvre, Pompeiana, Prun Gentile, Rabigato Franco, Raisin du Pauvre, Raisin Grec, Raisin