of April 2, 2017. Known as Security 2 (or S2), it provides advanced security for smart home devices, gateways and hubs. It shores up encryption standards for transmissions between nodes, and mandates new pairing procedures for each device, with unique PIN or QR codes on each device. The new layer of authentication is intended to prevent hackers from taking control of unsecured or poorly-secured devices. According to the Z-Wave Alliance, the new security standard is the most advanced security available on the market for smart home devices and controllers, gateways and hubs. The 800 series chip, released in late 2021, continues to support standard S2 security capabilities, as well as Silicon Labs Secure Vault technology, enabling wireless devices with PSA Certification Level 3 security. In 2022, researchers published several vulnerabilities in the Z-Wave chipsets up to the 700 series, based on an open-source protocol-specific fuzzer. As a result, depending on the chipset and device, an attacker within Z-Wave radio range can deny service, cause devices to crash, deplete batteries, intercept, observe, and replay traffic, and control vulnerable devices. The related CVEs (CVE-2020-9057, CVE-2020-9058, CVE-2020-9059, CVE-2020-9060, CVE-2020-9061, CVE-2020-10137) were published by CERT. Z-Wave devices with 100, 200, 300 series chipsets cannot be updated to fix the vulnerabilities. For devices with 500 and 700 chipset series those vulnerabilities could be mitigated through firmware updates. Hardware The chip for Z-Wave nodes is the ZW0500, built around an Intel MCS-51 microcontroller with an internal system clock of 32 MHz. The RF part of the chip contains an GisFSK transceiver for a software selectable frequency. With a power supply of 2.2-3.6 volts, it consumes 23mA in transmit mode. Its features include AES-128 encryption, a 100kbit/s wireless channel, concurrent listening on multiple channels, and USB VCP support. At the Consumer Electronics Show on January 8, 2018, Sigma Designs introduced its Z-Wave 700 platform. The 700 series chip was released in 2019. It enables a new class of smart home devices that can be used outdoors, with a range of up to 300 feet, and that can operate on a coin-cell battery for up to a decade. Though the 700 series uses a 32-bit ARM Cortex SoC, it remains backward compatible with all other Z-Wave devices. It includes enhanced S2 security framework as well as the SmartStart setup feature. In July 2019, the Z-Wave Alliance announced Z-Wave Plus v2 certification, designed for devices built on the 700