Universal 3D (U3D) is a compressed file format standard for 3D computer graphics data. The format was defined by a special consortium called 3D Industry Forum that brought together a diverse group of companies and organizations, including Intel, Boeing, HP, Adobe Systems, Bentley Systems, Right Hemisphere and others whose main focus had been the promotional development of 3D graphics for use in various industries, specifically at this time manufacturing as well as construction and industrial plant design. The format was later standardized by Ecma International in August 2005 as ECMA-363. The goal is a universal standard for three-dimensional data of all kinds, to facilitate data exchange. The consortium promoted also the development of an open source library for facilitating the adoption of the format. The format is natively supported by the PDF format and 3D objects in U3D format can be inserted into PDF documents and interactively visualized by Acrobat Reader (since version 7). Editions There are four editions to date. The first edition is supported by many/all of the various applications mentioned below. It is capable of storing vertex based geometry, color, textures, lighting, bones, and transform based animation. The second and third editions correct some errata in the first edition, and the third edition also adds the concept of vendor specified blocks. One such block widely deployed is the RHAdobeMesh block, which provides a more compressed alternative to the mesh blocks defined in the first edition. Deep Exploration, Tetra4D for Acrobat Pro and PDF3D-SDK can author this data, and Adobe Acrobat and Reader 8.1 can read this data. The fourth edition provides definitions for higher order primitives (curved surfaces). Application support Applications which support PDFs with embedded U3D objects include: Adobe Acrobat Pro allows PDF creation and conversion of various file formats to U3D within the PDF. Acrobat Pro allows PDF creation and embedding of pre-created U3D files. Adobe Photoshop CS3, CS4 and CS5 Extended are able to export a 3D Layer as a U3D file. ArchiCAD allows export of U3D files. Bluebeam Revu Allows PDF creation and embedding of U3D within the PDF. Comes packaged with plugins that can export 3D PDFs from Revit and Solidworks. Daz Studio Allows export to U3D. iText open source Java library allows creation of PDF containing U3D Jreality, an open source mathematical visualization package with 3D-PDF and U3D export MeVisLab supports export of U3D models for biomedical images. MicroStation allows export