use of natural family planning. In Brazil, NFP is the third most popular family planning method. The "safe period" method of fertility awareness is the most common family planning method used in India, although condoms are used by some. Of all American women surveyed nationally in 2002, only 0.9% were using "periodic abstinence" (defined as "calendar rhythm" and "natural family planning") compared to 60.6% using other contraceptive methods. In Italy, where the vast majority of citizens claims to be Catholic, NFP methods are rarely taught. In 2002, Sam and Bethany Torode, then a Protestant Christian couple, published a book advocating NFP use. (Five years after writing the book, the Torodes retracted their advocacy of pure NFP and also supported barrier methods as moral; the couple divorced in 2011 and both left from conservative Evangelicalism to join liberal churches.) Many NFP clinics and teaching organizations are associated with the Catholic Church, as well as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and some members of the Muslim faith. Some fundamental Christians espouse Quiverfull theology, eschewing all forms of birth control, including natural family planning. Contraception Some proponents of NFP differentiate it from other forms of birth control by labeling them artificial birth control. Other NFP literature holds that natural family planning is distinct from contraception. Proponents justify this classification system by saying that NFP has unique characteristics not shared by any other method of birth regulation except for abstinence. NFP is open to life, it alters neither the fertility of the woman nor the fecundity of a particular sex act. That NFP can be used to both avoid or achieve pregnancy. The Catholic Church has often said that it considers the use of contraception not to conform with God's will for Catholic marriage, in that it interrupts the procreative aspect of the sexual union, making it unnatural and counter to what God has outlined for married couples. Pope John Paul II said in Love and Responsibility that an integral aspect of the love between husband and wife is the openness to the real potential of becoming a parent, or becoming a parent of another, whenever the spouses give of themselves in the sexual embrace. Edward Sri makes an additional commentary on Love and Responsibility in Men, Women, and the Mystery of Love, claiming the openness to life within marriage bolsters an emotional intimacy to supplement physical intimacy. These