a difficult character. This led increasingly to personal conflicts. He resigned in 1809 because of a conflict with the king over a commission for further tax reform. After the annexation of the Netherlands in 1810, Gogel took up the duties of finance minister again, but now as intendant des finances in the part of the imperial government that was devoted to the Dutch departments of the French Empire. He did this in the illusion that he might be able to shield his compatriots from the worst excesses of the imperial administration. Legion were his attempts to persuade the government in Paris that certain allowances had to be made for special Dutch circumstances. But, these proved mostly in vain. When the French lost their grip on the Netherlands in 1813, after the accession of William I of the Netherlands, Gogel fled to France. He was allowed to return to the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1814, but he refused to take office under the new regime, which he viewed as a restoration of the pre-1795 Orangist clique that he despised (though he relented shortly before his death to become a member of the new Raad van State). He returned to private life, and started a small factory. He died soon after in 1821 in Overveen. Political functions April 7 – October 2, 1798: Agent for Foreign Affairs, pro tem June 12 – August 14, 1798: Member Uitvoerend Bewind, pro tem January 22, 1798 – October 2, 1801: Agent for Finance June 19 – July 4, 1801: Agent for the Interior, pro tem May 1, 1805 – June 5, 1806: Secretary of State for Finance; June 5, 1806 – May 27, 1809: Minister of Finance July 22 – October 29, 1810: Member, Council for Dutch Affairs in Paris October 30, 1810 – November 16, 1813: Intendant des Finances et du Trésor Public (administration des Finances des départements des Pays-Bas) Titles and decorations Grootkruis Orde van de Unie, Februari 17, 1807 Grootkruis Orde van de Reünie, Februari 22, 1812 Commandeur in de Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur, June 30, 1811 Chévalier de l'Empire, 1811 Publications "Over de nadeelen der buitenlandsche geldlichtingen", in: De Democraten, Aug. 17, 1796. "Memoriën en correspondentiën betrekkelijk den staat van 's rijk's geldmiddelen in den jaren 1820" (posthumously; edited by his son, J.M. Gogel, 1844) References Sources , Alexander Gogel (1765–1821). Grondlegger van de