on the day prior, along with other ministers. A memorial service had been held annually at the War Memorial Park since 1967 to recognise civilians who lost their lives during the Japanese occupation. The event would usually involve over 1,000 participants prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, but was reduced to 50 for 2021. Logo The competition to design a logo for Total Defence was announced on 8 May 1985 before being officially launched on 1 June. Contestants were divided into four segments of society: community, art student, school and Singapore Armed Forces personnel, with no limitations to the number of submissions per individual. The Ministry of Defence stipulated design rules that the proposed logo not exceed three colours or be based on any language. The submission phase ended on 3 July, with twelve designs thereafter selected for a public vote. The final design was to be unveiled on National Day on 9 August 1985. The winning design was created by freelance artist Berwin See Hak Gei. The logo was outlined as a hand in salute, with five arrows representing the five original pillars. The crescent moon and five stars, and the colours of red and white, are elements from the national flag. Over the years, the logo was adapted to reflect the different campaign themes, but retained its distinctive five arrows design. The changes include updating the tagline which accompanied the logo, smoothening the sharp edges of the original and integrating the left-most arrow into the body in 2009, and overlaying a metallic sheen in 2017. The addition of digital defence mandated that the logo be redesigned to incorporate the sixth element, with a new competition launched on 17 September 2019. As with the first competition, 10 designs were chosen by the organisers and put up for a public vote, which ended on 29 December. The winner, Samantha Alexa Teng, a teacher at Queensway Secondary School was awarded her prize on 15 February 2020. Campaign posters and themes Nexus is the agency responsible for Total Defence and national education under the Ministry of Defence. Earlier campaign posters and themes focused on military defence and civil defence, but has since evolved to also include the other four elements. See also Counter-terrorism in Singapore Notes References External links Total Defence website Counterterrorism in Singapore Military of Singapore Civil defense 1984 establishments in Singapore