Bean of General Electric in 1956. The first commercial device to employ the exchange bias was IBM's anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) disk drive recording head, which was based on a design by Hunt in the 1970s but which didn't fully displace the inductive readback head until the early 1990s. By the mid-1990s, the spin valve head using an exchange-bias layer was well on its way to displacing the AMR head. References S. Chikazumi and S. H. Charap, Physics of Magnetism, ASIN B0007DODNA. John C. Mallinson, Magneto-Resistive and Spin Valve Heads: Fundamentals and Applications, . Ivan K. Schuller and G. Guntherodt, "The Exchange Bias Manifesto," 2002. Electric and magnetic fields in matter Magnetic hysteresis