juxtaposed with warfare scenarios going beyond the traditional scope of the military. Over the coming months, the Ministry of Defence launched a campaign to promote Total Defence in schools, business communities and amongst the people. Older people who had been through the Japanese occupation were noted to be more "enthusiastic" in supporting it. Competitions were held to create a logo and song based around the strategy. In 2019, digital defence was added as the sixth pillar of Total Defence, with the government highlighting increasing threats in the cybersphere. There have been calls by Members of Parliament to add climate defence as the seventh pillar, to highlight Singapore's vulnerability to climate change and rising seas. The strategy has seen widespread usage amongst successive People's Action Party (PAP) governments since its inception, being invoked during the 2003 SARS, 2009 H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics, 1997 and 2008 economic crises, and annual Southeast Asian haze. The rise of domestic and international terrorism abroad is also cited by the Singapore Government as the necessity of Total Defence to prevent or respond to an attack. Six pillars The Singapore Government has justified Total Defence on several factors: the island city-state's small size and marginal population; lack of natural resources; and a racial and religious-diverse population. It states that these factors make Singapore vulnerable to threats such as international terrorism, natural disasters, pandemics and disinformation campaigns, that could result in an economic slowdown. Military defence Military defence involves heavy investment in armaments, training and equipment for the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), with the Singapore Government maintaining a defence budget ranked amongst the highest in the ASEAN region. A capable armed forces is seen as a necessity to deter potential aggressors. In addition to two years of national service, the onus is placed on reservist troops to maintain their physical fitness through annual individual physical proficiency tests (IPPT) and in-camp training (ICT). Corporate companies are encouraged to create "pro-NS" policies for reservists, such as training spaces, monetary incentives and flexible working hours, and are recognised at an annual awards ceremony. Civil defence Civil defence broadly refers to activities of the Singapore Police Force and Singapore Civil Defence Force to restore a sense of normalcy during a national crisis with the aid of active civilian participation. Civilians are trained in first aid, urban survival, and management of blood, water and food resources. Donating blood to national blood banks, volunteer