as feet or meters). Sailing craft are thus rated when their rating falls within a certain range. J-Class boats, for example, are any single masted craft with an between 65 and 76 feet (adjusted upward from original to allow British yachts under the International Rule to compete. The listing for single mast boats, namely classes I through S. Class I: Rating = 76– 88 feetSkene, 1941, indicates this applicable to yachts from around 1930: Universal Rule: where L.W.L. = Length (on) Waterline, measured in measurement trim, in upright position q.b.l. = quarter-beam length, measured at the quarter-beam position of the maximum beam (mainframe)on the inside of the hull to the inside of the hull skin The Length factor in the 1903 Formula is the Measurement Length The yachts were divided into Development Classes Class J: Rating = 65 – 76 feet Class K: Rating = 55 – 65 feet Class L: Rating = 46 – 55 feet Class M: Rating = 38 – 46 feet Class N: Rating = 31 – 38 feet Class P: Rating = 25 – 31 feet Class Q: Rating = 20 – 25 feet Class R: Rating = 17– 20 feet Class S: Rating = 0 – 17 feet Incorrect upper limits; should read 16.x feet, etc. The Pond Racing Yacht Marble-head is related to the Universal Rule The current International A class yacht retains several elements of the Universal Rule in its formulas There were multi-mast classes too, running Class A to Class H. See also Square Metre Rule (sailing) Ton class International or 'Metre' Rule Footnotes Note: The 1941 edition of Norman Skene's book (posthumously (1878-1932)) is the most up to date outside the confidential notes of the Rules Commission notes of the New York Yacht Club. Skene was the designer of J-Class yacht "Yankee" (1930), America's Cup contender, eliminated in the last selection match, so had access to these rules. "New York Yacht Club", website www.nyyc.org and New_York_Yacht_Club "The M-yacht", website extant? "J-Class Racing Association", J Class Yachts Association, website www.jclassyachts.com/news "J Class - Sparkman & Stephens" www.sparkmanstephens.com/yachtdesign/sailyachts/jclass_designs.php "America's Cup Book 1851-1983', John Rousmaniere "The Herreshoff Marine Museum", website www.herreshoff.org/ and Herreshoff_Marine_Museum "Twelve Meter Challenges for the America's Cup", Norris D. Hoyt, 1977 "The Guinness Book of Yachting Facts and Feats", Peter Johnson (editor), 1975 "Sensible Cruising designs",L. Frances Herreshoff, 1991 (contains lines of two J-class yachts) "Mystic Seaport Museum" www.mysticseaport.org/ and