drawn down the wrath of Heaven upon the unhappy nation." As the story goes, it was in an attempt to save Hispania from such divine punishment that the exiled Roderic returned from Italy with an army. Wittiza was soon defeated in the field and taken captive. Roderic was then crowned king at Toledo, after which he avenged his father by having Wittiza blinded and imprisoned at Córdoba. There the former king "passed the brief remnant of his days in perpetual darkness, a prey to wretchedness and remorse." Meanwhile, Wittiza's two sons, Evan and Sisebut, were banished or escaped to Tangier in Africa. Sources Bachrach, Bernard S. "A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589–711." The American Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 1. (Feb., 1973), pp 11–34. Collins, Roger. "'Sicut lex Gothorum continet': Law and Charters in Ninth- and Tenth-Century León and Catalonia." The English Historical Review, Vol. 100, No. 396. (Jul., 1985), pp 489–512. Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–97. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1989. . Collins, Roger. Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Blackwell Publishing, 2004. García Moreno, Luis A. "Prosopography, Nomenclature, and Royal Succession in the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo." Journal of Late Antiquity, 1(1:2008), 142–56. Hodgkin, Thomas. "Visigothic Spain." The English Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 6. (Apr., 1887), pp 209–34. Irving, Washington. Legends of the Conquest of Spain, originally from The Crayon Miscellany, Volume 3 (1835); in Irving, Pierre M. Spanish Papers. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and Company, 1871. King, P. D. "King Chindasvind and the First Territorial Law-code of the Visiogothic Kingdom." Visigothic Spain: New Approaches. ed. Edward James. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. pp 131–57. López Sánchez, Fernando. "La moneda del reino visigodo en Toledo: ¿Por qué? ¿Para quién?" Mainake, Vol. 31 (2009), pp 175–86. Thompson, E. A. The Goths in Spain. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969. Notes 8th-century Visigothic monarchs 680s births 710s deaths 7th-century Visigothic monarchs 7th-century people of the Visigothic Kingdom