could be delivered with viral or non-viral vectors such as lipoplexes. Cells are also effective delivery vehicles for ECM components, neurotrophic factors and cell adhesion molecules. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and stem cells as well as genetically modified cells have been used as transplants to support nerve regeneration (LaPlaca et al. 2005, Schmidt & Leach 2003, Tate et al. 2002). Advanced therapies Advanced therapies combine complex guidance channels and multiple stimuli that focus on internal structures that mimic the nerve architecture containing internal matrices of longitudinally aligned fibers or channels. Fabrication of these structures can use a number of technologies: magnetic polymer fiber alignment, injection molding, phase separation, solid free-form fabrication, and ink jet polymer printing (Schmidt & Leach 2003). Neural enhancement Augmentation of human neural systems, or human enhancement using engineering techniques is another possible application of neuroengineering. Deep brain stimulation has already been shown to enhance memory recall as noted by patients currently using this treatment for neurological disorders. Brain stimulation techniques are postulated to be able to sculpt emotions and personalities as well as enhance motivation, reduce inhibitions, etc. as requested by the individual. Ethical issues with this sort of human augmentation are a new set of questions that neural engineers have to grapple with as these studies develop. See also Brain–computer interface Brain-reading Cybernetics Cyberware Neuroprosthetics Neurosecurity Neurotechnology Prosthetic neuronal memory silicon chips Sensory substitution Simulated reality References Edwards DH. 2010. Neuromechanical simulation. Front Behav Neurosci 4 Eliasmith C, Anderson CH. 2003. Neural engineering : computation, representation, and dynamics in neurobiological systems. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. xii, 356 p. pp. He B. 2005. Neural engineering. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. xv, 488 p. pp. Neural Engineering (Bioelectric Engineering) (2005) Operative Neuromodulation: Volume 1: Functional Neuroprosthetic Surgery. An Introduction (2007) Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease (2007) Handbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (2003) Neural Prostheses: Fundamental Studies (1990) IEEE Handbook of Neural Engineering (2007) Foundations on Cellular Neurophysiology (1995) External links IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering The Journal of Neural Engineering JNER Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation Journal of Neurophysiology