Non-epileptic seizures (NES), also known as non-epileptic events, are paroxysmal events that appear similar to an epileptic seizure but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of neurons in the brain. Symptoms include shaking, loss of consciousness, and loss of bladder control. Some people have symptoms like those epileptic seizures. But non-epileptic seizures do not involve any unusual electrical activity in the brain. They usually relate to psychological, neurological, or physical trauma. It may take time to diagnose. NES are real, and people who are suffering do not have conscious, and voluntary control over them. Non-epileptic seizures are similar to epileptic seizures external, even though their cause is very dissimilar. Nonepileptic seizures may look like generalized convulsions similar to grand mal epileptic seizures. People with NES sometimes need to make some life adjustments. Seizures may affect a person’s daily activities like the ability to work and drive vehicles. Some people are confused about their condition. They may or may not be caused by either physiological or psychological conditions. Physiological causes include fainting, sleep disorders, and heart arrhythmias. Psychological causes are known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Diagnosis may be based on the history of the event and physical examination with support from heart testing and an EEG. Terminology The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) define an epileptic seizure as "a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain." Convulsive or non-convulsive seizures can occur in someone who does not have epilepsy – as a consequence of head injury, drug overdose, toxins, eclampsia or febrile convulsions. A provoked (or an un-provoked, or an idiopathic) seizure must generally occur twice before a person is diagnosed with epilepsy. When used on its own, the term seizure usually refers to an epileptic seizure. The lay use of this word can also include sudden attacks of illness, loss of control, spasm or stroke. Where the physician is uncertain as to the diagnosis, the medical term paroxysmal event and the lay terms spells, funny turns or attacks may be used. Signs and symptoms NES symptoms are similar to those of generalized epileptic seizures. This may include: Convulsions Crying out or making a noise Stiffening Jerky, rhythmic or twitching motions Falling down Loss of consciousness Confusion after returning to consciousness Loss of bladder control Biting the tongue NES have some additional symptoms similar to partial seizures. These symptoms may include: