neuroendocrine tumors. There does not appear to be any variance by gender however patients of African American ethnicity appear to be affected by the carcinoid syndrome more often. Nonhuman animals The carcinoid syndrome can affect other animals similarly to humans. Similarly to humans, the carcinoid syndrome is due to neuroendocrine tumors that arise mainly from the bowel but also from other organs. Common signs in animals include vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss but other symptoms that are more common in humans such as flushing, hypotension and diarrhea can also occur. Similar to humans, the cause of the carcinoid syndrome is the release of bioactive substances such as serotonin and histamine. See also Carcinoid Neuroendocrine tumor Small intestine neuroendocrine tumor Kulchitsky cells Apudoma References Further reading Wolin EM, Benson Iii AB. Systemic Treatment Options for Carcinoid Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Oncology. 2019;96(6):273-289. doi: 10.1159/000499049. Epub 2019 Apr 24. PMID: 31018209. Clement D, Ramage J, Srirajaskanthan R. Update on Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Complications of Carcinoid Syndrome. J Oncol. 2020 Jan 21;2020:8341426. doi: 10.1155/2020/8341426. PMID: 32322270; PMCID: PMC7160731. Carrasco CH, Charnsangavej C, Ajani J, Samaan NA, Richli W, Wallace S (July 1986). "The carcinoid syndrome: palliation by hepatic artery embolization". AJR American Journal of Roentgenology. 147 (1): 149-154. doi:10.2214/ajr.147.1.149. PMID 2424291. Mabvuure N, Cumberworth A, Hindocha S (September 2012). "In patients with carcinoid syndrome undergoing valve replacement: will a biological valve have acceptable durability?". Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 15 (3): 467-471. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivs212. PMC 3422934. PMID 22691379. External links Paraneoplastic syndromes Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract