of police to rate how accurately a profile matched a description of the apprehended offender, with one group given a description of a completely fabricated offender instead of the real one, found that the profile was rated equally accurate in both cases. There is a lack of clear, quantifiable evidence of a link between crime scene actions (A) and offender characteristics (C), a necessary supposition of the A to C paradigm proposed by Canter (1995). A 2002 review by Alison et al. concluded, "The notion that particular configurations of demographic features can be predicted from an assessment of particular configurations of specific behaviors occurring in short-term, highly traumatic situations seems an overly ambitious and unlikely possibility. Thus, until such inferential processes can be reliably verified, such claims should be treated with great caution in investigations and should be entirely excluded from consideration in court." See also Criminology Forensic profiling Forensic psychology Presumption of guilt Racial profiling Residential Burglary Expert System Statistical correlations of criminal activity References Cited works and further reading Canter, David; Youngs, Donna (2008). Principles of Geographical Offender Profiling. New York: Ashgate Publishing. Douglas, John; Olshaker, Mark (1997). Journey Into Darkness: The FBI's Premier Investigator Penetrates the Minds and Motives of the Most Terrifying Serial Killers. London: Arrow Books. External links Criminal Investigative Research and Analysis (CiR&A) Group: Current research on evidence-based behavioural investigative practice in police investigations Swiss scientific research site on criminal profiling University of Liverpool Forensic Psychology – with articles History of Criminal Profiling – with links to other sites Offender Profiling: An Introduction to the Sociopsychological Analysis of Violent Crime Dangerous Minds: Criminal profiling made easy, by Malcolm Gladwell 1888 establishments in England Criminal investigation English inventions Forensic psychology Law enforcement techniques Pseudoscience