TADIL-A/Link 11 is a secure half-duplex tactical data link used by NATO to exchange digital data. It was originally developed by a joint committee including members from the Canadian Navy, US Navy and Royal Navy to pass accurate targeting information between ships. The final standard was signed in Ottawa in November 1957, where the British proposed the name "TIDE" for "Tactical International Data Exchange". It was later made part of the NATO STANAG standardization process. The system operates on two frequencies, one in the high frequency (HF) range for over-the-horizon (OTH) communications, and another in the ultra high frequency (UHF) range that uses much smaller antennas and is suitable for smaller ships but lacks the OTH performance. The system broadcasts packets of 30 bits length, with 6 bits of error correction and 24 bits of payload data. The payload is encrypted. Link 14 was adopted at the same time as a low-end counterpart to Link 11. Link 14 is essentially a digital teleprinter system lacking encryption and automation, intended for ships lacking the ability to use Link 11 data in an automated fashion. The designation "Link 11" is derived from "Link II", the British designation using Roman numerals before NATO standardized on Arabic numerals. "Link I" was the data link used by the Comprehensive Display System. Overview MIL-STD-6011 exchanges digital information among airborne, land-based, and shipboard tactical data systems. It is the primary means to exchange data such as radar tracking information beyond line of sight. TADIL-A can be used on either high frequency (HF) or ultrahigh frequency (UHF). However, the U.S. Army uses only HF. Link 11 relies on a single platform to report positional information on sensor detections. This positional information can be amplified with additional data to qualify the identity of the detected track. Link 11 was developed by Ralph Benjamin while with the Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment (ASWE), Portsmouth. Link 11 will be replaced by Link 22. Link 11 is defined by the United States Department of Defense as MIL-STD-6011. The NAUTIS (Naval Autonomous Tactical Information System) originally included the Link 11 system as installed in the Royal New Zealand Navy's s as part of the mid-life upgrades in the 1980s HMNZS Canterbury; NAUTIS versions were also found on the Royal Navy Hunt-class minesweepers. Technical Characteristics Link 11 is a half-duplex, netted link that normally operates by roll call from a Data Net Control Station (DNCS).