moderate, or severe) based on various criteria. Grading of valve function is used for prognosis and helps determine management as valve dysfunction progresses. Echo societies have published normal ranges for various features of the heart on various views to promote TTE as a quantifiable assessment of the heart. Equations Quantitative echo utilizes a number of equations to calculate aspects of the heart structure and function. Simplified Bernoulli equation and continuity equation are two common equations used. Others are used in grading valve function (e.g., EROA, PISA). Diseases TTE can be useful for diagnosing many cardiac diseases. Cardiomyopathy: dilated, restrictive, and hypertrophic Pulmonary hypertension (requires some degree of tricuspid regurgitation) Septal defects including ASD & VSD Stenosis and regurgitation/insufficiency of valves Structure and function of prosthetic valves Thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm Infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis Cardiac tamponade (although a clinical diagnosis, it can suggest subclinical diagnosis) Evaluation of congenital diseases (e.g., Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition) Pulmonary embolism Endocarditis (sensitivity is higher with TEE) See also Focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Notes External links Echocardiography online free education platform (TECHmED) Virtual Transthoracic Echocardiography - online learning resource Basic ultrasound, echocardiography and Doppler for clinicians https://www.drugs.com/cg/transthoracic-echocardiogram.html [Transthoracic Echocardiogram - What You Need to Know. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2017, from https://www.drugs.com/cg/transthoracic-echocardiogram.html] Cardiac imaging Medical ultrasonography