will give higher insight onto the specific feeding-type of said species. By the same merit, below are the general feeding-types and elements of feeding behavior that exist within the order: The three general feeding types "Visual feeders that consume free-swimming prey" "Visual feeders that take principally slow-moving and sedentary benthic prey" "Non-visual nocturnal feeders that consume sedentary benthic prey" All three feeding types involve the various elements of feeding behavior. Visual predation is the most common in flatfish, but the non-visual nocturnal species rely on chemical cues left in the water (e.g. distress signals, high heart rates, oxygen consumption, cortisol levels, olfactory chemicals, decomposition, etc). The four elements of feeding behavior Searching: Searching tends to be initiated via hunger, but can also be induced via chemical signals in the water. Generally a slow process, they tend to swim upstream to track olfactory clues and primarily rely on vision during the hunt (they have extensive vision in all planes due to their protrusive eyes and cranial anatomy). Encountering: The senses are used to take in both visual and chemical cues (which are important for marine species). Both of these factors have been proved to increase the attractiveness of prey items. In addition to those factors, flatfish have keen motion detection via "wide-set eyes" and a "lateral line system" on their head or body that can be stimulated by motion. Capture: Capture consists of three sub-elements that can dictate the style of capture or 'type of hunt.' Pursuit: Pursuit is common in faster taxon as the individual uses sheer speed to run down free-swimming prey. Stalking: Stalking is a method different from ambushing. Taxon that use this style of capture lure outside of detection of the prey item, and their primary weapon is stealth and striking. Ambush: Ambush species use their unique adaptations and combine stillness, burying, or cryptic coloration until prey is in striking distance. Ingestion: After capture, all that is left is ingestion, digestion, and defecation. Reproduction Courtship Little is known in regards to the reproduction of scophthalmids beyond what is widely accepted or generalized in the broader flatfish order. When a female enters a reproductive state (due to internal or external stimuli), courtship is usually initiated by the male. Male Pleuronectiformes follow the female individual across the sea floor, and then maneuvers either above or below the female depending on the species. If successfully courted, the female (now with