Jeju also uses light verbs, which have little semantic meaning but combine with nouns to form verbs. The most common light verb is "to do," e.g. "errand" → "to run an errand". There is also a large inventory of periphrastic phrases that convey modality. Post-phrasal particles Jeju has a small group of particles that commonly occur at the very end of phrases or sentences, many of which play important roles as discourse markers. The four principal ones are the formality marker and the emphatic markers , , and . (variants , ) may occur after subsentential phrases such as a bare or case-inflected noun, or attach to a small number of mostly plain sentence enders. The particle shows the speaker's deference towards the addressee, but is considered more emotionally intimate than the verbally inflected honorifics. In certain contexts, may be used with an intention to snub the addressee. is a discourse marker that attaches to adverbs, nouns and noun particles, and both sentence enders and connectives. It adds emphasis to the utterance and is often used to agree with or confirm something the addressee has just said. is used similarly to , but is weaker in its emphasis. Both cannot be used while addressing a social superior, and also cannot appear in formal speech. Both particles can also appear in isolation: as a strong affirmation to a question, as an indication that the speaker has not heard or does not believe what has been said. shows deference, but is considered more informal than . At the end of a sentence, it emphasizes the speaker's beliefs or attitudes. For example, a question becomes a rhetorical one when is attached: "Could there be?" → "How could there be?" The particle is also commonly used for sarcastic mock deference, such as by parents while scolding children. Sentence-initially or internally, the suffix may establish the preceding element as the topic of discourse. is also used in isolation as an interjection to get the attention of unfamiliar individuals, such as a shopkeeper, or to request the addressee to repeat what they have just said. In the example below from Yang C. 2009, three of the four particles discussed above are used. Note the granddaughter's use of the verbally inflected honorific and the deference-marking and while addressing the grandmother. Pronouns and deixis Jeju has the following basic personal pronouns. According to Yang C., Yang S., and