so the weak inverter dominates and the latch outputs its previous state. There are also versions of semistatic C-element built on devices with negative differential resistance (NDR). NDR is usually defined for small signal, so it is difficult to expect that such a C-element will operate in full range of voltages or currents. Generalizations and non-transistor implementations Since the majority gate is a particular case of threshold gate, any of known realizations of threshold gate can in principle be used for building a C-element. In the multiple-valued case, however, connecting the output of majority gate to one or several inputs may have no desirable effect. For example, using the ternary majority function defined as does not lead to the ternary C-element specified by the truth table, if the sum is not split into pairs. However, even without such a splitting two ternary majority functions are suitable for building a ternary inclusive OR gate. Both the Maevsky and Tsirlin circuits are based actually on so-called David cell. Its fast transistor-level implementation is used in the semistatic C-element proposed. Yet another semistatic circuit using pass transistors (actually MUX 2:1) has been proposed. Other technologies suitable for realizing asynchronous primitives including C-element, are: carbon nanotubes, single-electron tunneling devices, quantum dots, and molecular nanotechnology. References External links Workcraft tool: Synthesis and verification of C-element Logic gates Digital electronics