The Hyanggyo were government-run provincial schools established separately during the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) and Joseon Dynasty (July 1392 - August 1910), but did not meet with widespread success in either dynasty. They were officially closed near the end of the Joseon Dynasty, in 1894, but many were reopened as public elementary schools in 1900. In the Joseon Dynasty, hyanggyo were established in every bu, mok, daedohobu, dohobu, gun, and hyeon (the last corresponding roughly to the size of modern-day cities and counties). They served primarily the children of the yangban, or ruling elite upper-class. Education was oriented toward the gwageo, or national civil service examinations. Although such education was in high demand, the hyanggyo were ultimately unable to compete with the privately run seowon and seodang. See also Daegu Hyanggyo Goheung Hyanggyo Gyeongju Hyanggyo Jeonju Hyanggyo Education in the Joseon Dynasty Seonggyungwan Seowon Ganghwa hyanggyo References External links Asian Historical Architecture: Cheongdo Hyanggyo, a representative example Cyber Tour to Cultural Property - Jeonju Hyanggyo Education in the Joseon dynasty Goryeo