the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave emergency use authorization for intradermal (rather than subcutaneous) monkeypox vaccination using a lower dose of Jynneos, which would increase the number of available doses up to five-fold. The vaccination would still be given in two doses, 28 days apart. A 2015 study had tested a regimen of one-fifth dose given intradermally. Development as a viral vector Modified vaccinia Ankara strains engineered to express foreign genes are vectors for production of recombinant proteins, the most common being a vaccine delivery system for antigens. A recombinant MVA-based vector for vaccination with different fluorescent reporter genes was developed, which indicate the progress of genetic recombination with the transgene of an antigen (green, colorless, red). In animal models, MVA-based vector vaccines have been found to be immunogenic and protective against various infectious agents including immunodeficiency viruses, influenza, parainfluenza, measles virus, flaviviruses, tuberculosis, Plasmodium parasites as well as certain cancers. MVA-B is an experimental vaccine to protect against HIV infection, produced by inserting HIV genes into the genome of modified vaccinia virus Ankara. In phase I clinical trials in 2013, it was found to be safe but produced only moderate levels of anti-HIV immunity. After removing a certain MVA gene, the vaccine produced an improved immune response in mice. Research A US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analysis of the vaccination status of 5402 individuals who had monkeypox infections during the summer of 2022 showed that unvaccinated people appeared to be 14 times more likely to be infected than those with a single (of two recommended) doses; the results were noted to be admittedly preliminary. References Further reading Genetically modified organisms Vaccines Vaccinia German inventions 1968 establishments in West Germany 1968 in medicine Products introduced in 1968