off the low-frequency response, which is detrimental to sound quality. Though several standards exist that define how rumble should be measured, they all have a common basis, and use the weighting curves shown here. DIN 45539 (1971) and IEC98-1964 both cover rumble measurement. BS4852: Part 1 (1972) is specific in requiring that a slow rectifier be used, which shall reach 99% of its steady indication in 5s +-0.5s with not more than 10% overshoot. References See also Audio quality measurement Noise measurement Headroom Wow and flutter measurement Crosstalk measurement ITU-R 468 noise weighting A-weighting Weighting filter Equal-loudness contour Fletcher–Munson curves Noise Turntables simple:Rumble