and his philosophy. Because he rarely made his political ideology explicit, Guyau has been portrayed as a socialist, an anarchist, and as a libertarian liberal in the style of John Stuart Mill. However, Guyau clearly expressed republican sympathies in which he praised the French Revolution, saluted the Third Republic's promotion of civic and moral education, described voting as a "duty," and cautiously argued that democracy offered propitious conditions for creative development. He is the original source of the notion of anomie, which found much use in the philosophy of Guyau's contemporary Émile Durkheim, who stumbled upon it in a review of "Irréligion de l'avenir". He is admired and well-quoted by the anarchist Peter Kropotkin, in Kropotkin's works on ethics, where Guyau is described as an anarchist. Peter Kropotkin devotes an entire chapter to Guyau in his Ethics: Origin and Development, describing Guyau's moral teaching as "so carefully conceived, and expounded in so perfect a form, that it is a simple matter to convey its essence in a few words", while the American philosopher Josiah Royce considered him "one of the most prominent of recent French philosophical critics." Bibliography Essai sur la morale littéraire. 1873. Mémoire sur la morale utilitaire depuis Epicure jusqu'à l'école anglaise. 1873 Première année de lecture courante. 1875. Morale d'Epicure. 1878. Morale anglaise contemporaine. 1879. Vers d'un philosophe. Problèmes de l'esthétique contemporaine. 1884. Esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction. 1884. Irréligion de l'avenir. 1886, engl. The Non-religion of the future, New York 1962 La genèse de l'idée de temps, 1890. L'Art au point de vue sociologique. 1889. Education et Heredite. Étude sociologique. Paris 1902. References Further reading Ansell-Pearson, K. (2014). "Morality and the philosophy of life in Guyau and Bergson." Continental Philosophy Review 47(1): 59-85.* Michael C. Behrent, "Le débat Guyau-Durkheim sur la théorie sociologique de la religion," Archives de sciences sociales des religions 142 (avr.-juin 2008): 9-26. Hoeges, Dirk. Literatur und Evolution. Studien zur französischen Literaturkritik im 19. Jahrhundert. Taine – Brunetière – Hennequin – Guyau, Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, Heidelberg 1980. Jordi Riba, La morale anomique de Jean-Marie Guyau, Paris [etc.] : L'Harmattan, 1999 Marco Orru, The Ethics of Anomie: Jean Marie Guyau and Emile Durkheim, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 499–518 1854 births 1888 deaths 19th-century French essayists 19th-century French male writers 19th-century French non-fiction writers 19th-century French philosophers 19th-century French poets 19th-century French translators 19th-century memoirists French