bring experience in clinical behavior counseling, public health, nursing, and more. Informationist training can then focus upon filling gaps in research methods knowledge more so than on gaining additional knowledge in the librarian's area of expertise. Courses, seminars and workshops being undertaken include those covering systematic reviews, evidence-based medicine, critical appraisal, medical language, anatomy and physiology, biostatistics, and clinical research. The term informationist is related to that of informatician—also informaticist—and many informationists do possess skills in clinical topics, bioinformatics, and biomedical informatics. Harvard University, the University of Pittsburgh, and Washington University in St. Louis are examples of institutional libraries which have hired PhD-level scientists (who may or may not have library degrees) to provide informatics support for biomedical research. References Further reading Grefsheim SF, Whitmore SC, Rapp BA, Rankin JA, Robison RR, Canto CC. The informationist: Building evidence for an emerging health profession. J Med Libr Assoc. 2010; 98(2):147-156. Rankin JA, Grefsheim SF, Canto CC. The emerging informationist specialty: A systematic review of the literature. J Med Libr Assoc. 2008; 96(3):194-206. Whitmore SC, Grefsheim SF, Rankin JA. Informationist programme in support of biomedical research: A programme description and preliminary findings of an evaluation. Health Info Libr J. 2008; 25(2):135-141. Information science Librarians