Argolis who had been expelled by Argos after the First Messenian War. It was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese. Aulon: the city was lost by Sparta after Epaminondas's foundation of Messene in 369. Kardamyli: It was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese. Korone: The original name was perhaps Aipeia, but the city was refounded by a Theban oecist after Epaminondas' foundation of Messene in 369. Some modern scholars however think that the city did not exist before that date. Kyparissos: the city was lost by Sparta after Epaminondas' foundation of Messene in 369, but some scholars suggest it only became a city after 365. Mothone: founded by exiles from the city of Nauplia in Argolis who had been expelled by Argos after the First Messenian War. It was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese. Pharai: The city was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese. Thalamai: the city was also listed as belonging to Laconia by ancient authors. Thouria, one of the only two perioecic cities with Aithaia to join the Helot Revolt of 464. It was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese. Named Perioeci Individual members of the perioeci are referred to directly by primary sources such as Thucydides, Xenophon, and Diodorus Siculus These named individuals include: Phrynis; a spy. Diniades; a fleet commander. Eudicus; a cavalryman. Dexippus; a military commander. Neon; a mercenary. See also Metics, similar social class of Athens Sciritae, distinct group of non-citizens of Sparta occupying a roughly equivalent social stratum References Bibliography Ancient sources Aristotle, Modern sources Mathieu Aref, Grèce (Mycéniens-Pélasges) ou la solution d'une énigme (Greece (Mycenaeans-Pelasgians) Or A Solution To The Enigma) - Collection Mnemosyne (Mnemosyne Collection) - Paris 2004 Paul Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia. A Regional History 1300 to 362 BC, Routledge, New York City, 2002 (2nd edition) Moses Finley, Ancient History, Evidence and Models, Chatto & Windus, (London 1985). Mogens Herman Hansen & Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford University Press, 2004. Edmond Lévy, Sparte : histoire politique et sociale jusqu’à la conquête romaine (Sparta: Political and Social History until the Roman Conquest), Seuil, coll. "Points Histoire" (Points of History), Paris, 2003 D. Graham J. Shipley, "'The Other Lakedaimonians': The Dependent Perioikic Poleis of Laconia