properties to mental ones is in place, panpsychism is not strictly a form of property dualism; otherwise it is. David Chalmers has expressed sympathy for panpsychism (or a modified variant, panprotopsychism) as a possible resolution to the hard problem of consciousness, though he regards the combination problem as an important obstacle for the theory. Other philosophers who have taken interest in the view include Thomas Nagel, Galen Strawson, Timothy Sprigge, William Seager, and Philip Goff. Other proponents Saul Kripke Kripke has a well-known argument for some kind of property dualism. Using the concept of rigid designators, he states that if dualism is logically possible, then it is the case. Subjective idealism Subjective idealism, proposed in the eighteenth century by George Berkeley, is an ontic doctrine that directly opposes materialism or physicalism. It does not admit ontic property dualism, but does admit epistemic property dualism. It is rarely advocated by philosophers nowadays. See also Physicalism Functionalism (philosophy of mind) Qualia "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" Explanatory gap Chinese room Notes References Davidson, D. (1970) "Mental Events", in Actions and Events, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980 Huxley, Thomas. (1874) "On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and its History", The Fortnightly Review, n.s. 16, pp. 555–580. Reprinted in Method and Results: Essays by Thomas H. Huxley (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1898) Jackson, F. (1982) "Epiphenomenal Qualia", The Philosophical Quarterly 32: 127-136. Kim, Jaegwon. (1993) "Supervenience and Mind", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MacLaughlin, B. (1992) "The Rise and Fall of British Emergentism", in Beckerman, et al. (eds), Emergence or Reduction?, Berlin: De Gruyter. Mill, John Stuart (1843). "System of Logic". London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. [8th ed., 1872]. External links M. D. Robertson: Dualism vs. Materialism: A Response to Paul Churchland Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Dualism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Epiphenomenalism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Physicalism The Argument from Physical Minds Metaphysics of mind Dualism (philosophy of mind) Theory of mind Emergence