VTI) to be used in conjunction with aortic valve VTI for aortic valve area and stenosis Mitral valve flow Apical two chamber (A2C) This view is obtained at the same window as the apical four chamber and then rotation of the probe. In this view, the mitral valve is visible with the left atrium and left ventricle. Structures: Anterior and inferior segments of the left ventricle Mitral valve in long-axis Left atrium Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart: Mitral valve flow Spectral doppler of the mitral valve Subcostal This view is obtained below the sternum and at the top part of the abdomen. In this view, the junction of the inferior vena cava with the right atrium is best seen. From this window, it is possible in some people to see roughly equivalent views of the apical four chamber and parasternal short views. In some people, this may afford these common views but at a subcostal window that may not be obtained through the parasternal and/or apical windows because of various reasons such as chest wall trauma, open wounds, or poor acoustic windows. However, the subcostal window is the only window to view the inferior vena cava that can help support an estimation of the central venous pressure based on size and collapsibility during respiration. Other non-cardiac structures are visible in this view and some pathologies — such as ascites — can be observed. Suprasternal (SSN) This view is obtained above the sternum in the suprasternal notch. In this view, the aortic arch and portion of the descending aorta can be seen. Color and spectral doppler through the descending aorta can show signs of coarctation of the aorta. Structures Examples of TTE views of various structures of the heart. Aortic valve Mitral valve Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Measurements Routine TTE exams can provide a significant wealth of information about the heart's structure and function: Left ventricular size, thickness, systolic function, and diastolic function Right ventricular size and systolic function Aortic valve Aortic valve sclerosis & stenosis Aortic valve insufficiency Mitral valve Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Tricuspid valve Tricuspid regurgitation (stenosis is possible, but rare) Pulmonary valve Pulmonary regurgitation (stenosis is possible, but rare) Inferior vena cava size as estimate of central venous pressure Aortic root size for thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm Pericardial effusion size All function dysfunction is graded on a scale (normal, trace, mild,