no formal specification for the IGT format, the Leipzig Glossing Rules is a set of guidelines that aim to standardize the format as much as possible. An interlinear text for linguistics will commonly consist of some or all of the following, usually in this order, from top to bottom: The original orthography (typically in italic or bold italic), a conventional transliteration into the Latin alphabet, a phonetic transcription, a morphophonemic transliteration, a word-by-word or morpheme-by-morpheme gloss, where morphemes within a word are separated by hyphens or other punctuation, and finally a free translation, which may be placed in a separate paragraph or on the facing page if the structures of the languages are too different for it to follow the text line by line. As an example, the following Taiwanese clause has been transcribed with five lines of text: 1. the standard pe̍h-ōe-jī transliteration, 2. a gloss using tone numbers for the surface tones, 3. a gloss showing the underlying tones in citation form (before undergoing tone sandhi), 4. a morpheme-by-morpheme gloss in English, and 5. an English translation: Word-by-word alignment. According to the Leipzig Glossing Rules, it is standard to left-align the words in the object language with the corresponding words in the metalanguage; this alignment can be seen between lines (1-3) and line (4). Morpheme-by-morpheme correspondence. At the sub-word level, segmentable morphemes are separated by hyphens, both in the example and in the gloss. There should be the same number of hyphens in the example and in the gloss, as shown in the following example: Grammatical category labels. In amuqʼ-da-č, the stem (amuq) is translated into the corresponding English lexeme (stay) while the inflectional affixes (da) and (č) are inflectional affixes representing future tense and negation. These inflectional affixes are glossed as FUT and NEG; a list of standard abbreviations for grammatical categories widely used in Linguistics can be found in the Leipzig Glossing Rules. One-to-many correspondences. When a single object-language element corresponds to several metalanguage elements, these are separated by periods. E.g., Non-overt elements. if the morpheme-by-morpheme gloss (middle line) contains an element that does not correspond to an overt element in the example, a standard strategy is to include an overt "ø" in the object-language text, which is separated by a hyphen like an overt element would be: Reduplication is treated similarly to affixation, but with a tilde (instead of the standard hyphen) connecting the copied