August Cesarec (4 December 1893 – 16 July 1941) was a Croatian writer and communist activist from the interwar period. Cesarec was born in Zagreb, then part of Austria-Hungary. He was the son of a carpenter who was a member of the Socialdemocratic Party, and August himself published a short story in the party's magazine as early as 1910. As a high-school student he became involved in radical nationalist politics and joined the group that tried to assassinate Croatian ban (viceroy) Slavko Cuvaj in 1912. For his role in the failed assassination he received a prison sentence of two years, which he served in Sremska Mitrovica penitentiary (in present-day Serbia). He was provisionally released after 21 months because he contracted tuberculosis. In prison he began to study books by Stirner and Kropotkin, which gradually led him to adopt Marxist philosophy. When World War I started, Austro-Hungarian police put him on a watchlist. In 1915 he was drafted in the Austro-Hungarian Army, and spent most of the war in Kruševac, from where he returned in 1918. By the end of the war he became an enthusiastic supporter of the Russian 1917 October Revolution and of Communism. After the war, he became a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Consequently he often had to deal with police; in 1919 was implicated in the so-called Diamantstein affair, which made him escape to Prague and Vienna. In 1920 he returned, but next year the Kingdom of Yugoslavia issued the Proclamation (Obznana) which banned the Communist Party and he went underground. Cesarec was collaborating with the terrorist organization Crvena pravda to the extent of being there for Alija Alijagić the night before he was executed for assassinating the Yugoslav Minister of Internal Affairs. Later he published favorable obituaries of Alijagić, which led to multiple incarcerations. In 1922 he fled to Moscow for a congress of the Comintern, and as he returned in 1923 he was captured and sentenced to six months prison time. In 1928 he became a member of Matica hrvatska in response to anti-Croatian politics of the Yugoslav regime, and in 1929 he was briefly jailed again. In 1933, he left Matica hrvatska because he did not agree with the prevailing pro-fascist influences in the organization at the time. In 1934, he illegally crossed the border again to attend the Congress of Soviet writes in Moscow and then the 7th Congress of