geomorphology, geostructural studies and soil science (e.g., Cavalli and Marchi 2008; Dusséaux and Vannier, 2022; Evans et al., 2022; Frankel and Dolan 2007; Glenn et al. 2006; Grohmann et al., 2011; Guth, 1999; Lindsay, 2019; Misiuk et al., 2021; Pollyea and Fairley, 2011, Trevisani and Rocca, 2015; Trevisani et al. 2023; Woodcock, 1977). See also Discontinuity (Geotechnical engineering) Rugosity Normal contact stiffness Surface finish Surface metrology Surface roughness measurement ISO 25178 Waviness Asperity (materials science) References External links Surface Metrology Guide Roughness terminology Ra and Rz description Surface Roughness (Finish) Review and Equations SPE (Surface Profile Explorer) Online calculator to convert roughness parameters Ra and Rz Enache, Ştefănuţă, La qualité des surfaces usinées (Transl.: Quality of machined surfaces).Dunod, Paris, 1972, 343 pp. Husu, A.P., Vitenberg, Iu., R., Palmov, V. A., Sherohovatost poverhnostei (Teoretiko-veroiatnostnii podhod) (Transl.: Surface roughness (theoretical-probabilistic approach)), Izdatelstvo "Nauka", Moskva, 1975, 342 pp. Davim, J. Paulo, Surface Integrity in Machining, Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010, Whitehouse, D. Handbook of Surface Metrology, Institute of Physics Publishing for Rank Taylor-Hobson Co., Bristol 1996 Geostatistical-based tools for surface roughness or image texture analysis:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7132160 Tribology Metalworking terminology Mechanical engineering