lasers for ICF approaches. In 2013, Electra demonstrated 90,000 shots over 10 hours of operation. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory built the Sprite and Titania KrF lasers Japan's Electrotechnical Laboratory built the Ashura and Super Ashura KrF lasers. China Institute for Atomic Energy had a laser before the middle-1990's Livermore National Laboratory developed a KrF laser and amplifier known as a Raman Amplifier Pumped by Intensified Excimer Radiation (RAPIER) system system. Applications This laser has also been used to produce soft X-ray emission from a plasma, through irradiation by brief pulses of this laser light. Other important applications include manipulating of various materials such as plastic, glass, crystal, composite materials and living tissue. The light from this UV laser is strongly absorbed by lipids, nucleic acids and proteins, making it useful for applications in medical therapy and surgery. Microelectronics The most widespread industrial application of KrF excimer lasers has been in deep-ultraviolet photolithography for the manufacturing of microelectronic devices (i.e., semiconductor integrated circuits or "chips"). From the early 1960s through the mid-1980s, Hg-Xe lamps had been used for lithography at 436, 405 and 365 nm wavelengths. However, with the semiconductor industry's need for both finer resolution (for denser and faster chips) and higher production throughput (for lower costs), the lamp-based lithography tools were no longer able to meet the industry's requirements. This challenge was overcome when in a pioneering development in 1982, deep-UV excimer laser lithography was demonstrated at IBM by K. Jain. With phenomenal advances made in equipment and technology in the last two decades, modern semiconductor electronic devices fabricated using excimer laser lithography now total more than $400 billion in annual production. As a result, it is the semiconductor industry view that excimer laser lithography (with both KrF and ArF lasers) has been a crucial factor in the predictive power of Moore's law. From an even broader scientific and technological perspective: since the invention of the laser in 1960, the development of excimer laser lithography has been highlighted as one of the major milestones in the 50-year history of the laser. Fusion Research The KrF laser has been used in nuclear fusion energy research since the 1980s. This laser offers several advantages: High rate repetition shots - because the KrF is made using gas it does not heat up, allowing for higher shot rates. Higher beam uniformity Relatively shorter wavelength for improved ICF compression. Safety The light emitted by the