the verbal paradigm, such as Jeju's use of a dedicated conditional suffix. Nouns Jeju nouns may be a single morpheme, a compound of multiple nouns, or a base noun with a merged attributive verb, or form through derivational affixes attached to nouns or verb stems. In compound nouns that include a native morpheme, the phoneme may intervene between the two elements. Because this "in-between " appears only after a vowel and before a consonant, it is never realized as but almost always surfaces as . Single-morpheme noun: "cattle" Noun compound: Noun compound with : Noun with merged attributive verb: Noun derived from noun through affix: Noun derived from verb through affix: Verbal noun: (Examples from Yang C., Yang S, and O'Grady 2019 and Ko J. 2011a) Some Jeju nouns are bound nouns, meaning that they cannot appear independently without a noun phrase. The example below features the bound noun "worth" accompanied by the obligatory attributive verb. Jeju has two suffixing plural markers, which are obligatory for plural nouns accompanied by determiners and optional otherwise. The plural marker can occur with all nouns and pronouns. The marker is restricted for humans and pronouns, and can also have an associative meaning: e.g. "Mansu and his family" (). The combined sequence is sometimes also used. Nouns accompanied by numerals usually take a variety of classifiers, such as for counting trees and for counting songs. Classifiers for cardinals are unmarked, but those for ordinals are followed by the ordinal-marking . Noun particles Jeju marks noun case and other semantic relations through suffixing noun particles. Particles that mark the nominative, accusative, and genitive cases are very frequently omitted. The table below is not exhaustive and lists only some of the most significant particles. Verbs The Jeju verb consists of a root that is followed by suffixes that provide grammatical information such as voice, tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality, relative social status, and the formality of the utterance. Jeju verbs include not only action verbs familiar to English speakers such as "to eat" or "to see," but also adjectival verbs such as "to be heavy" or "to be thick." Verbs can take derivational suffixes to form adverbs and nouns. "to be close" → "closely" "to be bad" → "badness" "to wear" → "wearing" Especially for wh-questions and exclamations, Jeju speakers commonly use a verbal noun in place of a verb inflected for tense-aspect-mood. Verbs may also be