from the trial of Palestinian-American Rasmea Odeh. Similarly, in 1994, Jewish then-federal-Judge Michael Mukasey refused to recuse himself in a case concerning the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, warning that his recusal would "disqualify not only an obscure district judge such as the author of this opinion, but also Justices Brandeis and Frankfurter ... each having been both a Jew and a Zionist". Administrative agency and other matters Outside the judicial system, the concept of recusal is also applied in administrative agencies. When a member of a multi-member administrative body is recused, the remaining members typically determine the outcome. When the sole occupant of an official position is recused, the matter may be delegated to the official's deputy or to a temporarily designated official; for example, when the Solicitor General of the United States is recused from a case, the Deputy Solicitor General will handle the matter in his or her place. On March 2, 2017, Jeff Sessions, Attorney General of the U.S., recused himself while the department investigated Russian interference in the 2016 election due to concerns over his impartiality as a member of the Trump campaign team. Concepts analogous to recusal also exist in the legislative branch. Members with a personal financial interest in a measure should not vote according to the rules of the United States Senate and House of Representatives. In such cases, the Senator or Representative may record a vote of "present" rather than "yea" or "nay". Applicable to most countries Laws or court rules provide the recusal of judges. Although the details vary, the following are nearly universal grounds for recusal. The judge is related to a party, attorney, or spouse of either party (usually) within three degrees of kinship. The judge is a party. The judge is a material witness unless pleading purporting to make the Judge a party is false (determined by presiding judge, but see substitution). The judge has previously acted in the case in question as an attorney for a party, or participated in some other capacity. The judge prepared any legal instrument (such as a contract or will) whose validity or construction is at issue. Appellate judge previously handled case as a trial judge or at a lower appellate level. The judge has personal or financial interest in the outcome. This particular ground varies by jurisdiction. Some require recusal if there is any interest at all in the outcome,