co-director of NOCD-New York. Co-director Caron Atlas explained: "If a cultural district has emerged 'naturally,' then it grows from, builds on and validates existing community assets rather than importing assets from outside a community." Indeed, different conceptions of cultural districts include self-organization and emergence in different degrees (e.g. Lazzeretti, 2003; Le Blanc, 2010; Sacco et al., 2013; Stern & Seifert, 2007). Many authors argue that districtualization is essentially spontaneous and that the conditions for formation can be recognized and sustained, not created from the top. If the conception of a cultural district as a complex adaptive system were accepted, the design process would be conceived as something more flexible, dynamic and in evolution. Complexity theory and complex adaptive systems should move understanding of supra-urban cultural districts towards a more holistic and bottom-up approach rather than a linear top-down approach to analysis and design. This does not suggest inhibiting any attempt at prediction or planning. The use of qualitative analysis and rough estimations or agent-based modelling can represent a fertile ground for both future research, policy-making and managerial implications. List Notable arts districts in the United States (alphabetical by city): Midtown, Atlanta, Georgia North Village Arts District, Columbia, Missouri Short North, Columbus, Ohio Arts District, Dallas, Texas Art District on Santa Fe, Denver, Colorado Cultural Center Historic District, Detroit, Michigan Miller Beach Arts and Creative District, Gary, Indiana Indianapolis Cultural Districts Crossroads Arts District, Kansas City, Missouri Downtown Arts District, Las Vegas, Nevada East Village, Long Beach, California Arts District, Downtown Los Angeles, California Noho Arts District, North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California Arts & Entertainment District, Miami, Florida Wynwood Art District, Miami, Florida East Fourth street Cultural District, Manhattan, New York City, led by Fourth Arts Block Uptown Oakland, California Paseo Arts District, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Cultural District, Pittsburgh Arts District, Portland, Maine Pearl District, Portland, Oregon Arts District, Richmond, Virginia Ray Street Arts District in North Park, San Diego, California Village of the Arts, Bradenton/Sarasota, Florida Northeast Minneapolis Arts District, Minneapolis, Minnesota Art districts in London include: Shoreditch Broadway Market See also Urban regeneration Creative industries Cultural industries Entertainment district Creative class References