Institute who was forced into hiding during the war. Establishes the magazine Open Oog (Open Eye) with Sandberg in 1946, and starts to contemplate leaving the school. In 1948 he takes up a position in Dresden, East Germany to reorganize and combine the Hochschule für Werkkunst (College for Applied Arts) and the Akademie für bildende Künste (Academy for the Arts). After World War II From 1948 to 1952 he moved to postwar East Germany, with its major reconstruction projects. In 1948 he took a professorship at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste Dresden and began advocating a modern, strict structure for the heavily destroyed urban landscape, a plan which most of the citizens rejected as an "all-out attack on the identity of the city", and which would have obliterated most of the remaining landmarks. In 1950 Stam became director of the Advanced Institute of Art in Berlin. Returning to Amsterdam in 1953, Stam and his wife moved to Switzerland in 1966 and withdrew from public view. He died, aged 86, in Zürich. Estate Mart Stam's complete estate is kept at the Deutsches Architekturmuseum DAM in Frankfurt am Main. References Further reading Werner Moller (1997): Mart Stam, 1899-1986: Architekt, Visionär, Gestalter: Sein Weg Zum Erfolg, 1919-1930, Wasmuth, Berlin G. Oorthuys (1970): Mart Stam: Documentation of His Work, 1920-70, RIBA Enterprises, London, Werner Möller, Otakar Máčel (1992) Ein Stuhl macht Geschichte, Prestel Verlag, Münich, Gerard Hadders (1999): Mart Stam's Trousers: Crimson Speaks with Michael Speaks and Gerard Hadders, , Kees Broos, Paul Hefting (1997): Dutch Graphic Design: A Century, The MIT Press, Simone Ruemmele (1994): Mart Stam, Birkhauser Verlag, Sima Ingberman (1994): ABC: International Constructivist Architecture, 1922-1939, Mit Pr, Susan R. Henderson. "Building Culture: Ernst May and the New Frankfurt Initiative, 1926-1931." Peter Lang, 2013. Stef Jacobs, (2016): Mart Stam Dichter van Staal en Glas, Academisch Proefschrift, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, J.B. Bakema (1968): L.C. van der Vlugt, Meulenhoff, Amsterdam Werner Möller, ed. Claude Lichtenstein, Otakar Máčel, and Jörg Stürzeberger. (1993) ABC - Beiträge zum Bauen 1924-1928, Reprint, Kommentar = ABC - Contributions on Building, Commentary, Lars Müller Verlag, Baden, Switzerland. External links Multipage Stam biography (in German) 1899 births 1986 deaths Dutch architects Dutch furniture designers Modernist architects Academic staff of Gerrit Rietveld Academie Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members People from Purmerend