in order to learn about Western civilization, revise treaties, and delay the opening of cities and harbours to foreign trade. A Japanese Embassy to the United States was sent in 1860, on board the . In the 1861 Tsushima Incident, a Russian fleet tried to force open a harbour not officially opened to foreign trade with foreign countries, but it was repelled with the help of the British. An Embassy to Europe was sent in 1862, and a Second Embassy to Europe in 1863. Japan also sent a delegation and participated to the 1867 World Fair in Paris. Other missions, distinct from those of the Shogunate, were also sent to Europe, such as the Chōshū Five, and missions by the fief of Satsuma. See also – Maritime restrictions; in Japanese. Convention of Kanagawa Dutch missions to Edo Joseon missions to Japan Ryukyuan missions to Edo List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868 San Felipe incident (1596) Sakoku Edict of 1635 References Further reading Hall, John Wesley. (1955) Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Oshima, Akihide. (2009) Sakoku to iu Gensetsu.（大島明秀『「鎖国」という言説』）Kyoto in Japan: Minerva Publisher. External links . Foreign relations of the Tokugawa shogunate Japanese historical terms Isolationism Japanese foreign policy Political history of Japan Immigration bans