from the Dzongkhag Yenlang Thromdes. More locally, the Gewog Tshogde comprises between five and eight Tshogpas, who are directly elected according to chiwog constituencies, and the Gup (headman) and Mangmi (deputy), who are directly elected by gewog voters at-large. Most locally, the citizens of thromde (municipalities) directly elect between seven and ten members, including a Thrompon as executive, to the Thromde Tshogde. Voters Bhutanese citizens eighteen years or older, who have been registered in their constituency for at least one year, who hold a citizenship identity card, and who are "not otherwise disqualified from voting under [the Election Act] or any other law in force" may cast a single vote in elections. The Constitution mandates that religious figures remain "above politics," while the only special ground under the Election Act is being declared "of unsound mind" by a court, the clause is permissive of reducing voting rights through other legislation. Every eligible voter may join or lead one political party provided they are not disqualified by other law; political parties meanwhile operate under their charters within the limits and requirements of the Election Act. Party members' rights are nonetheless assured a measure of due process: suspension or expulsion requires a reasonable opportunity for the member to be heard beforehand. During elections, employers must give leave to vote for a reasonable time so long as employees give prior notice. Electoral Rolls Voters must be a member of exactly one local constituency, and must maintain an entry on that constituency's Electoral Rolls in order to vote. However, voters accomplish this by joining the general (parliamentary) Electoral Roll in their dzongkhag, which is kept and updated by the Dzongkhag Electoral Registration Officer; it is the Officer who sorts the voters into constituencies. The Officer issues every voter a voter photo identity card for use in polling Electoral Rolls are published and open for public inspection under the Election Act of 2008. Political parties The Election Act of 2008 provides for the formation of political parties, provided they register and operate within, and swear to uphold, the Constitution and sovereignty of Bhutan. Registration requires an application process similar to incorporation, disclosing the essentials of the party leadership, membership, charter, and requirements including symbols and particular name and logo. Parties are required to promote democracy, and are forbidden to organize along status lines, including region, gender, language, or religion. The Election Commission denies applications of