language or are romanized according to non-English phonetic conventions. This has resulted in short words such as the notes of the solfège scale (do, re, mi, etc.; from Latin via Italian) or the Greek alphabet (pi, nu, etc.) and miscellaneous others such as bo, qi, om, and ka. Carney calls such words "exceptions which prove the rule, clearly marked as exotic by the spelling". Clipped words introduce more exceptions to the rule: ad (advertisement), za (pizza). Notes Citations References English orthography