duration used before the adoption of the Western system of staff and scales became established in medieval times. In those communities that worship in Syriac the neumes are mirror images of those used by the authocthonous Greek and Slavic Orthodox Churches and written and read right to left in accordance with the Syriac script of the prayer texts. The English Hymnal features the 1906 Ralph Vaughan Williams arrangement of the English verses of the Cherubic hymn of the Offertory chant (see above) to the melody of the French folk tune Picardy. The hymn known as Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence is also popular in the Roman Catholic Latin rite as an alternative to the spoken communion antiphon. See also Anaphora (liturgy) References Further reading L. H. Dalmais, Eastern Liturgies (1960) Eric Segelberg,Έὺχῂ τοῦ Θυμιάματος. Towards the history of a prayer in the Liturgy of St. James." In: Έὑχαριστῄριον, Τιμητικὸς τὁμος ἐπί τή 45ετηρίδι έπιστημόικης δράσεως καἰ τῇ 35ετηρίδι τακτικῆς καθηγεσἱας Α. Σ. Άλιβιζάτου. Athens 1958, reprinted in Segelberg, ''Gnostica - Mandaica Liturgica."" (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Historia Religionum 11.) Uppsala 1990. Thomas F. Coffey and Maryjane Dunn, The Sermons & Liturgy of Saint James: Book I of the Liber Sancti Jacobi (2021) External links The Divine Liturgies Music Project Byzantine music in English for the Liturgy of St. James Catholic Encyclopedia: "Liturgy of Jerusalem" Liturgy of St. James in Ante-Nicene Fathers Anaphora of St James, online Syriac Orthodox Resources at The Catholic University of America 4th-century Christian texts Eastern Christian liturgies Christian liturgical texts Anaphoras (liturgy) Christianity in Jerusalem Christian terminology James, brother of Jesus