Army), 3rd, and 4th (the former 27th Army). During the Stalingrad counteroffensive the 5th Shock Army was the last such formation formed. The 2nd Shock Army was reformed three times, most famously after being encircled in the Lyuban operation south of Leningrad, after which its commander, General Andrey Vlasov, went over to the German side. Armies which distinguished themselves in combat during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45 often became Guards armies. These included the 8th Guards Army. As World War II went on, the complement of supporting units attached to a Soviet army became larger and more complex. By 1945, a Soviet army typically had attached mortar, antitank, anti-aircraft, howitzer, gun–howitzer, rocket launcher, independent tank, self-propelled gun, armored train, flamethrower, and engineer-sapper units. In particular, the ratio of artillery pieces to riflemen increased as the war went on, reflecting the Soviet need for increased firepower as manpower reserves began to decline after staggering infantry losses. 1963 CIA/DIA assessments were already describing combined arms armies as four motor rifle divisions and a tank division, and tank armies as including four tank divisions, in terms of a 'representative wartime organisation used for planning and instructional purposes'. (p. 16/105) From the Soviet Air Force, air armies were attached to fronts. They were made up of two to three aviation corps. The 16th Air Army was one of the longest serving, and was active until 2009 in the Moscow Military District. List of Soviet armies in the Civil War Regular armies Cavalry armies List of Soviet armies from 1930 Combined arms armies There were 79 Combined Arms army headquarters created during the Second World War, with 16 permanently disbanded during the war, and over 20 converted to other army, Front or military district headquarters. After World War II, Soviet armies were known as combined arms armies (obshchevoyskovyye armiyi), sometimes translated during the early Cold War as all-arms armies. Guards armies Shock armies Tank and mechanised armies Normally made up of two or three tank and mechanised corps. Guards tank armies were made up of a number of Guards tank and mechanised corps. Reserve armies The Stavka formed ten reserve armies in mid-1942 to bolster the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK). People's Militia Army The Leningrad People's Militia Army (Armiya Leningradskogo Narodnogo Opolcheniya) was born mostly from the 168 battalions of "fighters" previously raised to deal with expected saboteurs and parachutists. It