flute by fixing two major problems that had existed for nearly 150 years: maladjustment between certain keys and problems between the G and B keys. The result was non-rotating shafts, which gave a quieter sound and less friction on moving parts. Also, the modifications allowed for springs to be adjusted individually, and the flute was strengthened. The Brögger flute is only made by the Brannen Brothers and Miyazawa Flutes. Characteristics The flute is a transverse (or side-blown) woodwind instrument that is closed at the blown end. It is played by blowing a stream of air over the embouchure hole. The pitch is changed by opening or closing keys that cover circular tone holes (there are typically 16 tone holes). Opening and closing the holes produces higher and lower pitches. Higher pitches can also be achieved through over-blowing, like most other woodwind instruments. The direction and intensity of the airstream also affects the pitch, timbre, and dynamics. The piccolo is also commonly used in Western orchestras and bands. Alto flutes, pitched a fourth below the standard flute, and bass flutes, an octave below, are also used occasionally. (B3) C4–C7 (F7) The standard concert flute, also called C flute, Boehm flute, silver flute, or simply flute, is pitched in C and has a potential range of three and a half octaves starting from the note C4 (middle C). The flute's highest pitch is usually given as C7 or (in more modern flute literature) D7/. More experienced flautists are able to reach up to F7, but notes above D7 are difficult to produce. Modern flutes may have a longer foot joint, a B-footjoint, with an extra key to reach B3. From high to low, the members of the concert flute family include the following: Piccolo in C or D Treble flute in G Soprano flute in E Concert flute in C, described above Flûte d'amour (also called tenor flute) in B, A, or A Alto flute in G Bass flute in C Contra-alto flute in G Contrabass flute in C (also called octobass flute) Subcontrabass flute in G (also called double contra-alto flute) or C (also called double contrabass flute) Double contrabass flute in C (also called octocontrabass flute or subcontrabass flute) Hyperbass flute in C Each of the above instruments has its own range. The piccolo reads music in C (like the standard flute), but sounds one octave higher. The alto flute