developed its own niche of French language hip hop, which later spread to Quebec City and throughout the province of Quebec. The first known francophone Canadian rap single, Lucien Francœur's 1983 song "Le Rap-à-Billy", was not conventional hip hop as that term is understood today, but featured Francœur rapping over a hybrid funk-rockabilly track which presaged the much later rap rock genre. Although a few French rap singles broke through to mainstream success in the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as Les French B's "Je m'en souviens", Kool Rock and Jay Tree's "M.R.F. est arrivé", Le Boyfriend's "Rapper chic (Je rap en français)", Laymen Twaist's "Walk on the Wild Side" and Dédé Tracké's "T'es qui toé", as in English Canada this early success was not sustained, and francophone hip hop remained largely an underground phenomenon until the emergence of Dubmatique, who became in 1997 the first francophone Canadian hip hop group to have a number-one hit on Canada's francophone Top 40 charts. Their debut album titled Dubmatique went platinum, and they received a number of rewards, most notably from MuchMusic and ADISQ. In 2005, The Dope Poet Society released a multilingual single and video entitled, "All of Us" off the album ProIntelpro: Promote Intelligence Program. Lead vocalist ProfessorD.us raps in both English and French on the track, accompanied by a posse of six other rappers rhyming in a total of five different languages. The most internationally successful hip hop musician from Quebec is Ghislain Poirier, a producer whose own albums primarily feature francophone rappers from Quebec and France, but who is also now an influential remixer equally sought after by anglophone rappers and dance musicians from Canada and the United States. Roi Heenok, a rapper from Montreal, has become an Internet phenomenon in France, and has performed in Paris three times since 2004. Other significant francophone rappers who have emerged in 21st century have included Muzion, Manu Militari, Yvon Krevé, Loco Locass, Catburglaz, Atach Tatuq, Taktika, Sans Pression, Omnikrom, Anodajay, Gatineau, Radio Radio, Alaclair Ensemble, Boogat, Koriass, Loud Lary Ajust, Sarahmée, Pierre Kwenders, Tizzo, Dead Obies, FouKi and Treizième Etage. Indigenous hip hop Hip hop has been also a prominent influence on contemporary First Nations and Métis youth culture since the 1990s. The first indigenous hip hop video to garner any airplay from MuchMusic was War Party's socially-conscious "Feelin' Reserved" in 2001. The group went on to win the