to and respectively. For substantives, A common vowel alteration is apophonically shifting the final -a to -e, so ṭera ('bird') will be ṭere ('birds') in its plural form. Phonetics of Iraqi Koine Iraqi Koine is a merged dialect which formed in the mid-20th century, being influenced by both Urmian and Hakkari dialects. Iraqi Koine, like the majority of the Suret dialects, realises as instead of . Iraqi Koine generally realises the interdental fricatives , in words like maṯa ("village") and rqaḏa ("dancing") as alveolar stops , respectively. Dorsal fricatives / / are heard as uvular as [ ]. Predominantly, in words like qalama ("pen") does not merge with . The diphthong in words like tawra ("bull"), as heard in most of Hakkari dialects, are realised as : tora. The diphthong in zuyze ("money") is retained as : zuze. Depending on the speaker, the velar stops and may be affricated as and respectively. The in some present progressive verbs like či'axla ("[she] eats") is retained as : ki'axla. Phonetics of Chaldean-Neo-Aramaic Consonants The Chaldean dialects are generally characterised by the presence of the fricatives (th) and (dh) which correspond to and , respectively, in other Assyrian dialects (excluding the Tyari dialect). However, the standard or educational form of Chaldean would realize the consonants and as . Most Chaldean Neo-Aramaic varieties would use the phoneme of , which corresponds to in most of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic dialects (excluding the Tyari dialect). In some Chaldean dialects is realized as . In others, it is either a tap or a trill . Unlike in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, the guttural sounds of and are used predominantly in Chaldean varieties; this is a feature also seen in other Northeastern Neo-Aramaic languages. Vowels Grammar NENA is a null-subject language with both ergative morphology and a nominative-accusative system. Due to language contact, Suret may share similar grammatical features with Persian and Kurdish in the way they employ the negative copula in its full form before the verbal constituent and also with the negated forms of the present perfect. Verbal stems Suffixes Suret uses verbal inflections marking person and number. The suffix "-e" indicates a (usually masculine) plural (i.e. warda, "flower", becomes warde, "flowers"). Enclitic forms of personal pronouns are affixed to various parts of speech. As with the object pronoun, possessive pronouns are suffixes that are attached to the end of nouns to express possession similar to the English pronouns