military painting which, when depicting a battle from afar, are set within a landscape, seascape or even a cityscape. Hardscapes are paved over areas like streets and sidewalks, large business complexes and housing developments, and industrial areas. Aerial landscapes depict a surface or ground from above, especially as seen from an airplane or spacecraft. (When the viewpoint is directly overhead, looking down, there is of course no depiction of a horizon or sky.) This genre can be combined with others, as in the aerial cloudscapes of Georgia O'Keeffe, the aerial moonscapes of Nancy Graves, or the aerial cityscapes of Yvonne Jacquette. Inscapes are landscape-like (usually surrealist or abstract) artworks which seek to convey the psychoanalytic view of the mind as a three-dimensional space. [For sources on this statement, see the Inscape (visual art) article.] Vedute is the Italian term for view, and generally used for the painted landscape, often cityscapes which were a common 18th-century painting thematic. Landscape photography Landscape and modernism Landscape art movements East Asian China Southern School, 8th–16th centuries, also known as the literati school Four Masters of the Yuan Dynasty Four Masters of the Ming Dynasty Six Masters of the early Qing period, including the Four Wangs Japan—often dynastic Tosa school 14th or 15th century to 19th Kanō school 15th to 19th centuries Hasegawa school mid-16th to early 18th century Nanga ("Southern painting"), professionals in the Edo period influenced by Chinese literati painting - 17th to 19th centuries Western Pre–19th century Danube school 19th and 20th century American Barbizon school American Impressionism Amsterdam Impressionism Barbizon School Düsseldorf school of painting Etching revival Fauvism Group of Seven (Canada) Hague School Heidelberg School (Australia) Hoosier Group Hudson River School Impressionism Luminism (American) Luminism (Impressionism) Macchiaioli Neo-Impressionism Norwich School Peredvizhniki Pont-Aven School Post-Impressionism Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood The Ten Tonalism White Mountain art Land art See also Claude glass Landscape architecture Vädersolstavlan Visual arts Skyscraper :Category:Landscape paintings Notes References Clark, Sir Kenneth, Landscape into Art, 1949, page refs to Penguin edn of 1961 Dreikausen, Margret, "Aerial Perception: The Earth as Seen from Aircraft and Spacecraft and Its Influence on Contemporary Art" (Associated University Presses: Cranbury, NJ; London; Mississauga, Ontario: 1985) Growth, Paul Erling Wilson, Chris, Everyday America: Cultural Landscape Studies After J.B. Jackson, 2003, University of California Press, , 9780520229617, google books Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A World History of Art,1st edn. 1982 & later editions, Macmillan, London, page refs