Major discoveries Major scientific discoveries made by experiments that operated at the SPS include the following. 1983: The discovery of W and Z bosons in the UA1 and UA2 experiments. The 1984 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for the developments that led to this discovery. 1999: The discovery of direct CP violation by the NA48 experiment. Upgrade for High Luminosity LHC The Large Hadron Collider will require an upgrade to considerably increase its luminosity during the 2020s. This would require upgrades to the entire linac/pre-injector/injector chain, including the SPS. As part of this, the SPS will need to be able to handle a much higher intensity beam. One improvement considered in the past was increasing the extraction energy to 1 TeV. However, the extraction energy will be kept at 450 GeV while other systems are upgraded. The acceleration system will be modified to handle the higher voltages needed to accelerate a higher intensity beam. The beam dumping system will also be upgraded so it can accept a higher intensity beam without sustaining significant damage. Notes and references External links SPS experiment record on INSPIRE-HEP CERN accelerators Laboratories in France Laboratories in Switzerland CERN facilities CERN experiments CERN