since the beginning of the computer era: memory, registers and basic instructions without secondary features often introduced to improve the execution performance. The performance is of secondary concern as the UVC programs are run mostly to restore the data and not work with them. Speed is not a real concern either as future machines will be much faster, and an emulation of the UVC on a future machine will consequently run much faster. Furthermore, the flexibility of the UVC is more important than the speed of execution. Even so, performance can always still be improved. Implementation The UVC for data archiving i.e. the archiving of static files, is proven to work in an operational digital archiving environment. The UVC is one of the permanent access tools for images at the KB. UVC for Images The UVC is proven to successfully restore digital objects in their original form. The application is simple because with images no functionality is needed. The approach to develop a UVC for JPEG images is justified as most formats can be converted to this format. For example, a PDF document can be displayed as a series of JPEG images thereby retaining the 'look and feel' of the original digital object but sacrificing the functionality. Furthermore, the application for JPEG images can be easily adopted to emulate TIFF images by making a small adjustment to the Logical Data Schema. The approach can also be applied to all other objects which do not contain behavioral aspects. For example, interpreters have been written (partially) for Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 and PDF. However, these applications only handle the static features of the formats. UVC-based emulation UVC-based emulation uses the UVC as a universal platform on which a platform independent emulator can be built. The UVC (software program) recreates a simple general purpose computer and can be easily implemented on any computer platform now and in the future. With this strategy future users should always be able to access and view the original object. The official UVC specification must be preserved at preservation time. Also decoders must be developed for each specific file format and a LSD is required for each type of digital object, defining object types by image, sound, spreadsheet, text, etc. And of course the original objects should be preserved as well. Complex objects/dynamic content As mentioned before, the UVC-based approach has only been effectively implemented for static files. The