or presumably hostile to the new regime. By 1st of January 1941, there were a total of 109,532 Romanian refugees from Northern Transylvania. Also, a fall in the total population suggests that a further 40,000 to 50,000 Romanians moved from North Transylvania to South Transylvania, including refugees who were omitted from the official registration for various reasons. Additionally, Hungarian gains by assimilation were balanced by losses for other groups of native speakers, such as Jews. In Máramaros and Szatmár Counties, dozens of settlements had many people who had declared themselves as Romanian but now identified themselves as Hungarian although they had not spoken any Hungarian even in 1910. By 1944, when King Michael's Coup turned Romania against the Axis, Romania had over 500,000 refugees from Northern Transylvania. Massacres After the occupation of Northern Transylvania in the autumn of 1940, the Romanian population was targeted for reprisal actions by Hungarian nationalists. Military abuses, some cases, illegal arrests, torture, lynchings, summary executions, and the aggressive arrogance of the representatives of the new administrative structures occurred. Romanian statistics on abuses committed by Hungarian authorities In a statistical report of the State Secretariat for Nationalities, from Bucharest, on the situation in Northern Transylvania during August 30 1940 and November 1 1941, 919 murders, 1,126 maimings, 4,126 beatings, 15,893 arrests, 124 desecrations, 78 and 447 collective and individual devastations are mentioned. A few days after the installation, the occupation authorities started deporting the Romanians to the camps. According to a report by the camp commander in the town of Püspökladány, it turns out that 1,315 Romanians were interned in that camp alone in September 1940, well above its maximum capacity. Consequently, that same month, other camps were established at Someșeni and Floresti, near Cluj Napoca. Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County Prefecture fund. There were also mass expulsions of Romanians across the new border imposed by the Second Vienna Award, especially of Romanian ethnics considered dangerous or presumably hostile to the new regime. Beginning in 1940, the expulsions were practiced until 1944, when, in September and October, the Hungarian authorities were expelled by the Soviet and Romanian military units. Until January 1, 1941, there were a total of 109,532 Romanian refugees, of which 11,957 were Transylvanians expelled by the Hungarian authorities (including cases of ethnic Hungarians not recognized as Hungarians). A statistical covering the period September 1, 1940 and December 1, 1943 indicates a total of 218,919 expelled