+ 7*2 + 6*3 + 5*5 + 4*8 + 3*2 + 2*3 +1*1, minus 14 (as Pāṇini does not use single element pratyāhāras) minus 11 (as there are 11 duplicate sets due to h appearing twice); the second multiplier in each term represents the number of phonemes in each. But Pāṇini uses only 41 (with a 42nd introduced by later grammarians, raṆ=r l) pratyāhāras in the Aṣṭādhyāyī. Arrangement The Akṣarasamāmnāya puts phonemes with a similar manner of articulation together (so sibilants in 13 śa ṣa sa R, nasals in 7 ñ m ṅ ṇ n M). Economy is a major principle of their organization, and it is debated whether Pāṇini deliberately encoded phonological patterns in them (as they were treated in traditional phonetic texts called Prātiśakyas) or simply grouped together phonemes which he needed to refer to in the Aṣṭādhyāyī and which only secondarily reflect phonological patterns. Pāṇini does not use the Akṣarasamāmnāya to refer to homorganic stops, but rather the anubandha U: to refer to the palatals c ch j jh he uses cU. Example As an example, consider Aṣṭādhyāyī 6.1.77: : iK means i u ṛ ḷ, iKaḥ is iK in the genitive case, so it means ' in place of i u ṛ ḷ; yaṆ means the semivowels y v r l and is in the nominative, so iKaḥ yaṆ means: y v r l replace i u ṛ ḷ. aC means all vowels, as noted above aCi is in the locative case, so it means before any vowel. Hence this rule replaces a vowel with its corresponding semivowel when followed by any vowel, and that is why together with makes . To apply this rule correctly we must be aware of some of the other rules of the grammar, such as: 1.1.49 which says that the genitive case in a sutra signifies "in the place of" 1.1.50 which says that in a substitution, the element in the substitute series that most closely resembles the letter to be substituted should be used (e.g. y for i, r for ṛ etc.) 1.1.71 which says that a sequence with an element at the beginning (e.g. i) and an IT letter (e.g. K) at the end stands for the intervening letters (i.e. i u ṛ ḷ, because the Akṣarasamāmnāya sutras read ). Also, rules can be debarred by other rules: 6.1.101 teaches that vowels (from the aK pratyāhāra) of the