near Paris, detected such quasiparticles carrying an electric current, through measuring quantum shot noise Both of these experiments have been confirmed with certainty. A more recent experiment, which measures the quasiparticle charge extremely directly, appears beyond reproach. Impact of fractional quantum Hall effect The FQH effect shows the limits of Landau's symmetry breaking theory. Previously it was long believed that the symmetry breaking theory could explain all the important concepts and essential properties of all forms of matter. According to this view the only thing to be done is to apply the symmetry breaking theory to all different kinds of phases and phase transitions. From this perspective, we can understand the importance of the FQHE discovered by Tsui, Stormer, and Gossard. The existence of FQH liquids indicates that there is a whole new world beyond the paradigm of symmetry breaking, waiting to be explored. The FQH effect opened up a new chapter in condensed matter physics. Different FQH states all have the same symmetry and cannot be described by symmetry breaking theory. The associated fractional charge, fractional statistics, non-Abelian statistics, chiral edge states, etc. demonstrate the power and the fascination of emergence in many-body systems. Thus FQH states represent new states of matter that contain a completely new kind of order—topological order. For example, properties once deemed isotropic for all materials may be anisotropic in 2D planes. The new type of orders represented by FQH states greatly enrich our understanding of quantum phases and quantum phase transitions. See also Hall probe Laughlin wavefunction Macroscopic quantum phenomena Quantum anomalous Hall effect Quantum Hall Effect Quantum spin Hall effect Topological order Notes References Hall effect Correlated electrons Quantum phases Mesoscopic physics Unsolved problems in physics Unexplained phenomena