same quality come together to make a long vowel, so for instance and make , not . This rule takes precedence over the general rule mentioned above, because this rule is more specific. Pratyāhāras Despite the possible combinations seen above, here are the 41 pratyāhāras in actual use by Pāṇini: aL ⇒ all sounds ac ⇒ vowels haL ⇒ consonants Vowel groups 1aK ⇒ a i u ṛ ḷ aṆ ⇒ a i u iC ⇒ i u ṛ ḷ e o ai au iK ⇒ i u ṛ ḷ uK ⇒ u ṛ ḷ eC ⇒ e o ai au eṆ ⇒ e o aiC ⇒ ai au Vowel and consonant groups aŚ ⇒ vowels and voiced consonants aM ⇒ vowels, h, semivowels, and nasal stops aṆ ⇒ vowels, h, and semivowels aṬ ⇒ vowels, h, and semivowels other than l iṆ ⇒ vowels other than a; h and semivowels Consonant group haŚ ⇒ voiced consonants yaR ⇒ semivowels, stops, and voiceless spirants yaY ⇒ semivowels and stops yaÑ ⇒ semivowels, nasal stops, jh bh yaM ⇒ semivowels and nasal stops yaṆ ⇒ semivowels vaL ⇒ consonants other than y vaŚ ⇒ voiced consonants other than y raL ⇒ consonants other than y and v ñam ⇒ nasal stops maY ⇒ stops other than ñ ṅaM ⇒ ṅ ṇ n jhaL ⇒ consonants other than nasal stops and semivowels jhaR ⇒ nonnasal stops, voiceless aspirants jhaY ⇒ nonnasal stops jhaŚ ⇒ voiced nonnasal stops jhaṢ ⇒ voiced aspirated stops bhaṢ ⇒ voiced aspirated stops other than jh jaŚ ⇒ voiced unaspirated nonnasal stops baŚ ⇒ voiced unaspirated nonnasal stops other than j khaR ⇒ voiceless stops, voiceless aspirants khaY ⇒ voiceless stops chaV ⇒ ch ṭh th c ṭ t cay ⇒ voiceless unaspirated stops caR ⇒ voiceless unaspirated stops, voiceless spirants śaL ⇒ spirants śaR ⇒ voiceless spirants See also Generative grammar Aṣṭādhyāyī Pāṇini Sanskrit grammar Organization of sounds in other languages Alphabet song Iroha, a Japanese pangram Thousand Character Classic, a Chinese mnemonic traditionally popular in Korea Notes Glossary References Bibliography (Books I to VIII reflecting the original) External links Paper by Paul Kiparsky on 'Economy and the Construction of the Śiva sūtras' Paper by Andras Kornai relating the Śiva sūtras to contemporary Feature Geometry. Paper by Wiebke Petersen on 'A Mathematical Analysis of Pāṇini’s Śiva sūtras.' Paper by Madhav Deshpande on 'Who Inspired Pāṇini? Reconstructing the