nothing more urgent than the Hopae (personal identification system)". However, Yi did not live during the Goryeo dynasty, and was likely relating rumor or legend as opposed to solid documented evidence. Moreover, the thrust of Yi's speech concentrates on how national security was deteriorating and how it required special attention; it is possible he made use of unreliable information to support his point. Yi's assertion is therefore not highly valued as a source for wokou by other researchers. The chronicle Goryeosa records 529 wokou raids during the 1223–1392 period, but mentions the "fake Japanese" only 3 times. The current prevailing theory is that of Shōsuke Murai, who demonstrated in 1988 that the early wokou came from multiple ethnic groups rather than one singular nation. Murai wrote that the wokou were "marginal men" living in politically unstable areas without national allegiances, akin to the Zomia thesis. Supporters of this theory point out that one of the early wokou leaders, Ajibaldo, was variously claimed by period sources to be Mongolian, Japanese, Korean, and an "islander";<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tōgō |first1=Takashi |last2=Ueda |first2=Shin, illustr. |title=Etoki zōhyō ashigaru tachi no tatakai |publisher=Kodansha |year=2007 |pages=48–51 |quote= |language=ja}}</ref> his name is apparently Korean and Mongolian in origin. See also Gihae Eastern Expedition, a 1419 Joseon invasion of wokou bases God of War (film) Limahong Lin Daoqian Piracy in the Strait of Malacca Wang Zhi (pirate)Tochak WaeguNotes References Primary sources: Hŭi-gyŏng Song, Shōsuke Murai. Rōshōdō Nihon kōroku : Chōsen shisetsu no mita chūsei Nihon (老松堂日本行錄 : 朝鮮使節の見た中世日本) Iwanami Shoten, Tōkyō, 1987. Zheng Ruohui, Zhouhai Tubian (籌海図編) Secondary sources: Boxer, C.R. "Piracy in the South China Sea", History Today, XXX, 12 (December), pp. 40–44. (Includes an English translation of Galeote Pereira's report and Gaspar da Cruz' book, with C.R. Boxer's comments) So, Kwan-wai. Japanese Piracy in Ming China During the sixteenth Century''. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, 1975. Turnbull, Stephen "Samurai: The World of the Warrior" Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2003, pp. 155–57. Mann, C. C. (2011). 1493: Uncovering the new world Columbus created. Vintage.161-163 External links "Tribute and Trade", KoreanHistoryProject.org Piracy in the Pacific Ocean Piracy in China Anti-Japanese sentiment in China Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea Japanese pirates Ming dynasty Naval history of China Warfare of the Middle Ages Medieval pirates Military history of Korea