was performed using a dot of rouge below the child's right eye. For their modified testing, the experimenter introduced a doll with a rouge spot under its eye and asked the child to help clean the doll. The experimenter would ask up to three times before cleaning the doll themselves. The doll was then put away, and the mirror test performed using a rouge dot on the child's face. These modifications were shown to increase the number of self-recognisers. The results uncovered by this study at least suggest some issues with the classic mirror test; primarily, that it assumes that children will recognize the dot of rouge as abnormal and attempt to examine or remove it. The classic test may have produced false negatives, because the child's recognition of the dot did not lead to them cleaning it. In their modified test, in which the doll was cleaned first, they found a stronger relationship between cleaning the doll's face and the child cleaning its own face. The demonstration with the doll, postulated to demonstrate to the children what to do, may lead to more reliable confirmation of self-recognition. On a more general level, it remains debatable whether recognition of one's mirror image implies self-awareness. Likewise, the converse may also be false—one may hold self-awareness, but not present a positive result in a mirror test. Robots In 2012, early steps were taken to make a robot pass the mirror test. See also Animal consciousness Cognitive tests Face perception Self-agency References External links List of animals who passed the mirror test and promising candidates on animalcognition.org The World First Self-Aware Robot and the Success of Mirror Image Cognition (Lecture at the Karlsruhe University and the Munich University, Germany), 8 November 2006. Elephants pass mirror test of self-awareness (The Guardian) Elephants' jumbo mirror ability (BBC News) Elephants see themselves in the mirror (Newscientist.com with video) Can a robot pass the mirror test? – Raúl Arrabales Moreno, 2010-01-08 Cognitive tests Consciousness studies Mirrors Perception Self Articles containing video clips