In mathematics, a Hilbert–Schmidt operator, named after David Hilbert and Erhard Schmidt, is a bounded operator that acts on a Hilbert space and has finite Hilbert–Schmidt norm where is an orthonormal basis. The index set need not be countable. However, the sum on the right must contain at most countably many non-zero terms, to have meaning. This definition is independent of the choice of the orthonormal basis. In finite-dimensional Euclidean space, the Hilbert–Schmidt norm is identical to the Frobenius norm. ||·|| is well defined The Hilbert–Schmidt norm does not depend on the choice of orthonormal basis. Indeed, if and are such bases, then If then As for any bounded operator, Replacing with in the first formula, obtain The independence follows. Examples An important class of examples is provided by Hilbert–Schmidt integral operators. Every bounded operator with a finite-dimensional range (these are called operators of finite rank) is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator. The identity operator on a Hilbert space is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator if and only if the Hilbert space is finite-dimensional. Given any and in , define by , which is a continuous linear operator of rank 1 and thus a Hilbert–Schmidt operator; moreover, for any bounded linear operator on (and into ), . If is a bounded compact operator with eigenvalues of , where each eigenvalue is repeated as often as its multiplicity, then is Hilbert–Schmidt if and only if , in which case the Hilbert–Schmidt norm of is . If , where is a measure space, then the integral operator with kernel is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator and . Space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators The product of two Hilbert–Schmidt operators has finite trace-class norm; therefore, if A and B are two Hilbert–Schmidt operators, the Hilbert–Schmidt inner product can be defined as The Hilbert–Schmidt operators form a two-sided *-ideal in the Banach algebra of bounded operators on . They also form a Hilbert space, denoted by or , which can be shown to be naturally isometrically isomorphic to the tensor product of Hilbert spaces where is the dual space of . The norm induced by this inner product is the Hilbert–Schmidt norm under which the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators is complete (thus making it into a Hilbert space). The space of all bounded linear operators of finite rank (i.e. that have a finite-dimensional range) is a dense subset of the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators (with the Hilbert–Schmidt norm). The set of Hilbert–Schmidt