are still smuggled across the Malaysia–Philippines border. Four main factors have allowed illegal, unregulated and unreported activities to persist: Lack of capacity – a lack exists of formal procedures and personnel to monitor fishing activities and enforce fishing regulations Lack of disincentives – Fishers do not have alternatives for the humphead wrasse, due to its value, and sanctions for illegal fishing are not harsh enough to discourage them Weak accountability systems – Because a number of people are involved in the species's trade, it is difficult to trace its source; and importers and consumers cannot be held responsible for illegal exportation. Absent domestic trade controls – Domestic catching, possession and trade are not sufficiently restricted. Fishers may illegally source the fish or intend to illegally trade it, but cannot be prosecuted if they are in Malaysian waters with appropriate permits. Most exports of the humphead wrasse in Malaysia occur in Sandakan, Papar and Tawau, where the fish could recently be purchased for between US$45.30 and $69.43, with its retail price ranging from $60.38 to $120.36. See also Green humphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) List of animals with humps References Further reading External links Biological information on the above fish WWF site The Humphead Wrasse is a Threatened Reef Fish Fish of Thailand Humphead wrasse Fish of Palau Fish described in 1835