members often work as packers and/or workers for tourist ventures, or work at the lodge, tourist offices, the café, etc. 2003–2010 blood sample controversy In 2003, protests ensued when it was found that Arizona State University had used blood samples consensually acquired from the Havasupai people to "study the causes of behavioral/medical disorders", with an initial goal of determining whether the high rates of Type 2 diabetes among Havasupai adults were due to the same gene that causes high rates of diabetes in the Pima people. Multiple genetic research studies were done without the consent or permission of the Havasupai <Morton, 2013, 2160></MORTON, D. J., PROUDFIT, J., CALAC, D., PORTILLO, M., LOFTON-FITZSIMMONS, G., MOLINA, T., FLORES, R., LAWSON-RISSO, B., & MAJEL-MCCAULEY, R. (2013)>. Creating Research Capacity Through a Tribally Based Institutional Review Board. American Journal of Public Health, 103(12), 2160–2164.>. This included one that indicated that their ancestors' migrated from Asia to North America, which contradicts the traditional Havasupai belief that the tribe originated in the canyon. Another showed a relatively high level of consanguinity which can result in health problems. Although this is the normal and expected result of the population bottleneck in the early 20th century, the publication of the results made people feel stigmatized. ASU incurred legal fees of US$1,700,000 and eventually agreed to pay the Havasupai participants US$700,000. It has since been claimed that scientific study of Native Northern American genomes has been hampered due to scientists' fears of getting caught up in a similar legal predicament. Traditional culture Agriculture Prior to modern times agriculture was the essential means of progress and survival for the Havasupai. While in the winter the tribe members stationed themselves on the plateau of the canyon, in the summer irrigation gardening of the crop fields brought the members back inside the canyon walls. As vast and uneven as the Grand Canyon is, it is somewhat of an anomaly that the Havasupai were able to agriculturally sustain and thrive in such a voluminous landscape. Because of a lack of available soil rich in nutrients, it has been suggested that the tribe cultivated only of land on the canyon floor. Although lacking space, the tribe's irrigation technology was far more advanced than others in the Southwest which allowed them to be agriculturally intensive. However, being located at the bottom of a canyon left the fields vulnerable to flooding as a result of rain