(, "money") Verbs: (, "to work"), (, "to do"), (, "to wait") Adjectives: (, "past"), (, "next"), (, "beautiful"), (, "bad") Many words have Russian stem, but other morphemes come from Belarusian. Part of vocabulary comes exclusively from Belarusian (Russian and English translations are given in parenthesis when necessary): Family titles: (, "mother"), (, "father"), (, "daughter"); some words sound the same in both languages: ("son"), ("brother"), ("grandma"); or differ by regular phonetic substitutions: ("sister"), ("son-in-law"), ("daughter-in-law"), ("grandpa"), ("grandson"), ("bride"), ("bridegroom"). Name of some fruits and vegetables: (, "potato"), (, "beet"), (, "thyme") The word (, "home”) Professional and urban words are borrowed almost exclusively from Russian. Morphology Inflection mostly conforms with the norms of the Belarusian language. Russian and Belarusian have different norms of declension, especially case declension. For instance, in the instrumental case in Russian masculine nouns ending in -а have inflection -ей, -ой, while in Belarusian the ending becomes -ам – the norm that is present in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech: гаварыла з Мишам, з Вовам ("spoke with Misha, with Vova"). Verbs in the 3rd person singular miss final -т, including verbs coming from Russian: атвячае ("(she) answers"), знае ("(she) knows"), таргуе ("(she) sells"). Sometimes, it is replaced with -ц: атвячаець, знаець, таргуець. In the infinitive form of Russian verbs final -ть is replaced with -ц: весиць ("to weight"), знаць ("to know"). Postfix -ся is more frequently used, even when Russian norm requires -сь: началася ("(she has) started"), баялася ("(she) was afraid"), прышлося ("had to"), спуталася ("become tangled"), учылися ("(they) studied"). The imperative form is similar to the Belarusian norm: verbs ending in -[i] or -[o], which are under stress, i.e. ждицё мяне ("wait for me"). See also Taraškievica Narkamaŭka Russification of Belarus Surzhyk West Polesian language Russenorsk Languages of Belarus References Further reading DUNIN-MARTSINKIEVICH, Vintsent (1984): Tvory. Ed. by Ia. Ianushkevich. Minsk: Mastatskaia litaratura. HENTSCHEL, Gerd (2013): Belorusskij, russkij i belorussko-russkaja smeshannaja rech‘."Voprosy jazykoznanija", No. 1, pp. 53–76. HENTSCHEL, Gerd (2014): Belarusian and Russian in the Mixed Speech of Belarus. In: Besters-Dilger, J., et al. (eds.): Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter, pp. 93–121. HENTSCHEL, Gerd, and KITTEL, BERNHARD (2011): Weißrussische Dreisprachigkeit? Zur sprachlichen Situation in Weißrussland auf der Basis von Urteilen von Weißrussen über die Verbreitung "ihrer Sprachen" im Lande. "Wiener Slawistischer Almanach", No. 67, pp. 107–135. HENTSCHEL, Gerd, and ZELLER, JAN PATRICK (2012): Gemischte Rede, gemischter Diskurs, Sprechertypen: Weißrussisch, Russisch und gemischte Rede