anniversary of the attack. The memorial includes a rebuilt maiale and a description of the events, in three languages. 1–2 January 1943: British submarines , and took part in Operation Principal. P311 was lost en route to La Maddelena but the other two boats had some success at Palermo, launching two and three Chariots respectively. The Ulpio Traiano was sunk and the stern torn off Viminale. However the cost was high with one submarine and one chariot lost and all but two charioteers captured. 18 January 1943: Thunderbolt took two chariots to Tripoli for Operation Welcome. This was to prevent blockships being sunk at the harbour mouth, so denying access to the Allies. Again, partial success was achieved. This was the last operation in which chariots were carried in containers on British submarines, although some others followed with the chariots on deck without containers. 6 May & 10 June 1943: Italian maiale from the Olterra, now under the command of Lt Ernesto Notari, sank six Allied merchant ships in Gibraltar, for a total of 42,000 tn. September 1943: Operation Source was an attempt to destroy warships including the Tirpitz using X-class midget subs. Of the five deployed, only two were successful. Tirpitz was badly damaged, crippled, and out of action until May 1944. 2 October 1943: A bigger Italian frogman-carrier, long and carrying four frogmen, called Siluro San Bartolomeo, or SSB, was going to attack Gibraltar, but Italy surrendered and the attack was called off. 21 June 1944: A British-Italian joint operation was mounted against shipping in La Spezia harbour. The chariots were carried on board an MTB and the cruiser Bolzano was sunk. 6 July 1944: A German Neger-type vessel torpedoed the Royal Navy minesweepers and Cato. 8 July 1944: A German Neger-type torpedo manned by Lt. Potthast heavily damaged the Polish light cruiser off the Normandy beaches. 20 July 1944: Royal Navy destroyer was mined at anchor in Seine Bay. A German Human Torpedo was believed responsible. 27–28 October 1944: The British submarine carried two Mk 2 Chariots (nicknamed Tiny and Slasher) to an attack on Phuket harbor in Thailand. See British commando frogmen for more information about this attack. No manned torpedo operations in combat in any war are known with certainty after this date. 20 November 1944: The USS Mississinewa was sunk by a Japanese kaiten manned suicide torpedo. Immediate post-war period: The British Chariots were