same plane, a Belgian fence is created. The Belgian fence is an intermediary form that can then be used to train onward to many other forms of espalier, including: Step-over, where the branches are lowered down to the horizontal in autumn while still flexible enough and tied to a trellis; Fan, where the branches are lowered and cut back then trained further; Horizontal T, where the branches are trained to horizontal as with step-over but the vertical stem is trained up to another level and cut usually in spring of the second year, where another V shape is created and the resulting branches finally being lowered to another wire in autumn of the second year. Multiple levels of horizontal branching can be trained in this way. Species choices Certain types of trees adapt better to espalier than others, but almost any woody plant can be trained to grow along a flat plane by removing growth outside that plane. Horizontal T training of an apple or pear tree is a good example of the ideal species for espalier. In the spring, the tree is pruned to the lowest wire perhaps above the ground. During the summer, buds lengthen into branches; one trained vertically to the next wire while others are trained along the wires. Unnecessary buds are removed by rubbing them away with a thumb. In autumn, the side branches are lowered and tied to the wires completing the level. The following year another level is created. Examples of species for espalier include: Trees: Acer palmatum Japanese Maple Cercis canadensis Redbud Citrus spp. Lemon, Orange, Tangerine, etc. Coccoloba uvifera Sea grape Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Euonymus alata Winged Euonymus Ficus carica Fig Forsythia intermedia Forsythia Ilex spp. Hollies, esp. Ilex cornuta 'Burford Burford holly Lagerstroemia indica Crape myrtle Magnolia grandiflora Southern magnolia Magnolia stellata Star Magnolia Malus spp. Apple, Crabapple, etc. Olea europia Olive Prunus spp. Peach, Nectarine, Plum, Almond, etc. Pyrus spp. Pear Taxus sp. YewShrubs:Camellia japonica and C. sasanqua Camellia Carissa grandiflora Natal plum Chaenomeles lagenaria Chinese flowering quince Cotoneaster sp. Cotoneaster Gardenia jasminoides Gardenia Juniperus spp. Juniper, esp. Juniperus × pfitzeriana''' Pfitzer juniperLigustrum japonicum PrivetOsmanthus fragrans Sweet OlivePhotinia glabra Redtip photiniaPhotinia serrulata Chinese PhotiniaPodocarpus spp. PodocarpusPyracantha spp. Firethorn, esp. Pyracantha coccinea Pyracantha coccinea Stewartia Koreana Korean Stewartia Viburnum sp. ViburnumWoody vines:'''Allamanda cathartica AllamandaFicus pumila Creeping figJasminum nudiflorum Winter JasminePyrostegia venusta Flame vineTrachelospermum jasminoides'' Confederate jasmine Designs Espalier design often