economic necessity, a higher face value in the Early Renaissance period. Upper Italian coins of multiple pfennig value in the High Middle Ages were similarly called Grossini (cf. also Schilling). The 1286 Tyrolean example (above right) weighs , it is marked with ME IN AR DVS and a Double Cross (obverse), and with DUX TIROL and the Eagle of Tyrol (reverse). In 1328 Emperor Louis IV, the Bavarian, authorised Count Adolf VI of Berg to mint torneses in Wipperfürth. The oldest groschen in the area that is now modern Germany were minted there until 1346. Following the example of the Tours Grossus, the Prague groschen or groš was minted in Kuttenberg and, around 1338/1339, the Meissen groschen in Freiburg's National Mint in the Margraviate of Meissen. Both coins gained national importance and had a strong influence on German coinage. Groschen valued at 12 pfennigs were common. The Polish groschen or grosz was worth only half as much – 6 pfennigs – and was commonly used in Silesia as a grosch(e)l or gresch(e)l worth just to 3 pfennigs. The 'prince's groschen' (Fürstengroschen) set a record in terms of the devaluation of the Meissen groschen. When this groschen was introduced in March 1393, its value was 23 of a Rhenish guilder. In 1406, the devaluation of these coins reached its peak: 53 groschen were now equal to 1 Rhenish guilder. The groschen was minted during the Middle Ages in the following areas: Tirol (from 1271) England (from 1279, the groat) Bohemia (from 1300, the Prague groschen, later adopted by most of the Central European countries) Poland (from 1367, the Cracow , of silver, an equivalent of 12 denarii) Moldavia (from the reign of Petru I, 1375–1391) The type was also minted during various times in the Duchy of Luxembourg, such as the 22 millimetre gros produced from 1418 to 1425 under John III the Pitiless, Duke of Bavaria, bearing slightly varying inscriptions of "IOAH DVX BAVAR Z FILIVS" on the obverse, and "MONE NOVA LUCE BURS" on the reverse. Early Modern period Later the tradition of was dropped in most states while others continued to mint only coins smaller than the original coin. In Poland for example, from 1526 these included coins of , 1 , , 2 , 3 , 4 and 6 . Their weight steadily dropped to of silver and since 1752 they were replaced by copper coins of