and articulation issues present Physical therapy and occupational therapy for gross- and fine-motor delays Hypotonia and motor difficulties often impact handwriting. Accommodations for lessening handwriting demands will improve performance and save long-term hand function. Periodic follow up and lifelong monitoring of abnormalities found in any system, especially the cardiovascular system, is recommended. Anesthesia risk Although a few people with Noonan syndrome have been reported to develop malignant hyperthermia, the gene mutation of diseases known to be associated with malignant hyperthermia is different from that of Noonan syndrome. Prognosis The lifespan of people with Noonan's syndrome can be similar to the general population, however, Noonan syndrome can be associated with several health conditions that can contribute to mortality. The greatest contributor to mortality in individuals with Noonan syndrome is complications of cardiovascular disease. Prognosis is therefore largely dependent on the presence or absence of cardiac disease, as well as the type and severity of the disease (if disease is present). Most notably, Noonan syndrome with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased mortality. History Jacqueline Noonan was practicing as a pediatric cardiologist at the University of Iowa when she noticed that children with a rare type of heart defect, valvular pulmonary stenosis, often had a characteristic physical appearance, with short stature, webbed neck, wide spaced eyes, and low-set ears. Both boys and girls were affected. These characteristics were sometimes seen running in families but were not associated with gross chromosomal abnormalities. She studied 833 people with Noonan syndrome at the congenital heart disease clinic, looking for other congenital abnormalities, and, in 1963, presented a paper: "Associated non-cardiac malformations in children with congenital heart disease". This described nine children who in addition to congenital heart disease had characteristic facial features, chest deformities and short stature. Dr. John Opitz, a former student of Noonan's, first began to call the condition "Noonan syndrome" when he saw children who looked like those whom Dr. Noonan had described. Noonan produced a paper titled "Hypertelorism with Turner Phenotype" in 1968 where she studied 19 patients who displayed symptoms indicative of Noonan's Syndrome. In 1971, at the Symposium of Cardiovascular defects, the name "Noonan syndrome" became officially recognized. References External links Autosomal dominant disorders Syndromes affecting the heart Genodermatoses Enzyme defects RASopathies Congenital heart defects Intellectual disability Syndromes affecting stature Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate