infestation. Controlling weeds can prevent additional hosts. At harvest, if there are infected plants, they should be destroyed and not composted to prevent further contamination. After harvest, the collecting of crop remains should be destroyed, and soil should never be moved. Chemical control A wide range of chemicals have been used to control Meloidogyne hapla. These includes both fumigants (methyl bromide, metham sodium, chloropiocrin), and liquids and granules (fenamiphos, oxamyl, furadan). However, many of these are overly toxic and are now restricted or banned. Organic control products There are several OMRI (Organic Materials Reviews Institute) products in the market, but none show any significant effectiveness against Northern root-knot nematodes. Biofumigation Some species of the plant genus Brassica can be used as effective biofumigants against the Northern root-knot nematode, however, they can interfere with the effectiveness of biological controls within the IPM. Biological control Meloidogyne hapla can be controlled using their natural enemies. Common biological controls of nematodes are fungi and bacteria. Some fungi use mycelial traps or sticky spores to catch nematodes while other fungi parasitize eggs and females. Bacteria consume juvenile nematodes by attaching and penetrating the cuticle. Resistant varieties There are no known resistant varieties as of now. List of known hosts Actinidia chinensis (Chinese gooseberry) Ageratina adenophora (Croftonweed) Allium cepa (onion) Ananas comosus (pineapple) Anemone (windflower) Apium graveolens (celery) Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) Beta Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris (sugarbeet) Brassica napus var. napus (rape) Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) Camellia sinensis (tea) Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) Carica papaya (papaya) Chenopodium album (fat hen) Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) Chrysanthemum (daisy) Cichorium intybus (chicory) Coffea (coffee) Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed) Cucumis (melons, cucumbers, gherkins) Cyclamen Daucus carota (carrot) Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation) Dioscorea batatas (Chinese yam) Eustoma grandiflorum (Lisianthus (cut flower crop)) Fabaceae (leguminous plants) Fragaria ananassa (strawberry) Glycine max (soyabean) Lactuca sativa (lettuce) Linum usitatissimum (flax) Medicago sativa (lucerne/alfalfa) Mentha (mints) Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) Pelargonium (pelargoniums) Phaseolus (beans) Raphanus sativus (radish) Rosa (roses) Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) Sinapis alba (white mustard) Solanum (nightshade) Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) Solanum melongena (eggplant) Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) Solanum tuberosum (potato) Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Pyrethrum) Trifolium (clovers) Vicia (vetch) Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Zingiber officinale (ginger) References External links Wang C., Lower S., Thomas V. P. & Williamson V. M. (2010). "Root-Knot Nematodes Exhibit Strain-Specific Clumping Behavior That Is Inherited as a Simple Genetic Trait". PLoS ONE 5(12): e15148. .