justified. September 2011 – The benefits of post-9/11 security measures outweigh the harms to personal freedom. December 2015 – On balance, standardized testing is beneficial to K-12 education in the United States. February 2016 – The United States federal government should adopt a carbon tax. April 2017 – The United States ought to replace the Electoral College with a direct national popular vote. January 2018 – Spain should grant Catalonia its independence. February 2018 – the United States should abolish the capital gains tax. November/December 2018 – the United States federal government should impose price controls on the pharmaceutical industry. January 2020 - the United States should end its economic sanctions against Venezuela. February 2020 - the United States should replace means-tested welfare programs with a universal basic income. April 2020 - Resolved: The United States should remove nearly all of its military presence in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Nationals 2020 - On balance, charter schools are beneficial to the quality of education in the United States. September/October 2020 - Resolved: The U.S. federal government should enact the Medicare for All Act of 2019. November/December 2020 - Resolved: The United States should adopt a declaratory nuclear policy of no first use. January 2021 - Resolved: The NSA should end its surveillance of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents. February 2021 - Resolved: On balance, the benefits of urbanization in West Africa outweigh the harms. March 2021 - Resolved: On balance, the benefits of creating the United States Space Force outweigh the harms. April 2021 - Resolved: The benefits of the International Monetary Fund outweigh the harms. September/October 2021 - Resolved: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization should substantially increase its defense commitments to the Baltic states. November/December 2021 - Resolved: Increased United States federal regulation of cryptocurrency transactions and/or assets will produce more benefits than harms. January 2022 - Resolved: The United States federal government should legalize all illicit drugs. February 2022 - Resolved: On balance, Turkey's membership is beneficial to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. March 2022 - Resolved: In the United States, the benefits of increasing organic agriculture outweigh the harms. April 2022 - Resolved: Japan should revise Article 9 of its Constitution to develop offensive military capabilities. Nationals 2022 - Resolved: The United States should establish a comprehensive bilateral trade agreement with Taiwan. September/October 2022 - Resolved: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase