Spain, in falls, Spain mainly, falls on, mainly the, and on plain. Syntactic n-grams Syntactic n-grams are n-grams defined by paths in syntactic dependency or constituent trees rather than the linear structure of the text. For example, the sentence "economic news has little effect on financial markets" can be transformed to syntactic n-grams following the tree structure of its dependency relations: news-economic, effect-little, effect-on-markets-financial. Syntactic n-grams are intended to reflect syntactic structure more faithfully than linear n-grams, and have many of the same applications, especially as features in a vector space model. Syntactic n-grams for certain tasks gives better results than the use of standard n-grams, for example, for authorship attribution. Another type of syntactic n-grams are part-of-speech n-grams, defined as fixed-length contiguous overlapping subsequences that are extracted from part-of-speech sequences of text. Part-of-speech n-grams have several applications, most commonly in information retrieval. See also Collocation Hidden Markov model n-tuple String kernel MinHash Feature extraction Longest common substring problem References Further reading Christopher D. Manning, Hinrich Schütze, Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, MIT Press: 1999. . Frederick J. Damerau, Markov Models and Linguistic Theory''. Mouton. The Hague, 1971. External links Google's Google Books n-gram viewer and Web n-grams database (September 2006) STATOPERATOR N-grams Project Weighted n-gram viewer for every domain in Alexa Top 1M 1,000,000 most frequent 2,3,4,5-grams from the 425 million word Corpus of Contemporary American English Peachnote's music ngram viewer Stochastic Language Models (n-Gram) Specification (W3C) Michael Collins's notes on n-Gram Language Models OpenRefine: Clustering In Depth Natural language processing Computational linguistics Language modeling Speech recognition Corpus linguistics Probabilistic models