muscle myonecrosis. The intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs) are protected and do not undergo myonecrosis. ILMs have a calcium regulation system profile suggestive of a better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to other muscles, and this may provide a mechanistic insight for their unique pathophysiological properties. In addition, patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy also have elevated plasma lipoprotein levels, implying a primary state of dyslipidemia in patients. Epidemiology DMD is the most common type of muscular dystrophy; it affects about one in 5,000 males at birth. DMD has an incidence of one in 3,600 male infants. In the US, a 2010 study showed a higher amount of those with DMD age ranging from 5 to 54 who are Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic Whites, and non-Hispanic Blacks. History The disease was first described by the Neapolitan physician Giovanni Semmola in 1834 and Gaetano Conte in 1836. However, DMD is named after the French neurologist Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (1806–1875), who in the 1861 edition of his book Paraplegie hypertrophique de l'enfance de cause cerebrale, described and detailed the case of a boy who had this condition. A year later, he presented photos of his patient in his Album de photographies pathologiques. In 1868, he gave an account of 13 other affected children. Duchenne was the first to do a biopsy to obtain tissue from a living patient for microscopic examination. Notable cases Alfredo ("Dino", "Alfredino") Ferrari (born January 1932 in Modena), the son of Enzo Ferrari, designed the 1.5 L DOHC V6 engine for the model F2 at the end of 1955. But Dino never saw the engine produced: he died on 30 June 1956, in Modena at the age of 24, before his namesakes Dino and Fiat Dino were made. Rapper Darius Weems had the disease and used his notoriety to raise awareness and funds for treatment. He died at the age of 27 (his brother also had the disease, until his death at the age of 19). The film Darius Goes West documents Weems's journey of growth and acceptance of having the disease. Jonathan Evison's novel, The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving, published in 2012, depicted a young man affected by the disease. In 2016, Netflix released The Fundamentals of Caring, a film based on the novel. Salaam Venky is a 2022 Indian, Hindi-language film about a true story of a mother and her son, Venky, who suffers from Duchenne muscular