call to prayer, "are you able to pray enough?". Arepo interpretations The word AREPO is a hapax legomenon (i.e. it appears nowhere else in Latin literature). Some academics believe it is likely a proper name or potentially a theophoric name, that was adapted from a non-Latin word or was invented specifically for the Sator square. French historian Jerome Carcopino interpreted AREPO as the Greek , and believed that it came from the Gaulish word for a 'plough'; this has been discounted by other academics. American ancient legal historian David Daube believed that AREPO represented a Hebrew or Aramaic rendition of the ancient Greek for alpha () and omega (), giving the "Alpha-Omega" concept (cf. Isiah 44.6, and Revelation 1:8) from early Judeo-Christianity. J. Gwyn Griffiths contended that the term AREPO came, via Alexandria, from the attested Egyptian name "Hr-Hp" (ḥr ḥp), which he took to mean "the face of Apis". In 1983, Serbian-American scholar Miroslav Marcovich proposed the term AREPO as a Latinized abbreviation of Harpocrates (or "Horus-the-child"), god of the rising sun, also called , which Marcovich suggests corresponds to SATOR AREPO. This would translate the square as: "The sower Horus/Harpocrates checks, toils, and tortures". Duncan Fishwick, amongst other academics, believed that AREPO was simply a residual word that was required to complete what is a complex and sophisticated palindrome (which Fishwick believed was embedded with hidden Jewish symbolism, per the "Jewish Symbol" origin theory below), and to expect more from the word was unreasonable from its likely Jewish creators. Further anagrams Attempts have been made to discover the square's "hidden meanings" by the anagrammatic method of rearranging the letters of which the square is composed. In 1883, German historian Gustav Fritsch reformed the letters to discover an invocation to Satan: SATAN, ORO TE, PRO ARTE A TE SPERO SATAN, TER ORO TE, OPERA PRAESTO SATAN, TER ORO TE, REPARATO OPES French historian Guillaume de Jerphanion catalogued examples that were known formulas for an exorcism such as: RETRO SATANA, TOTO OPERE ASPER, and the prayers ORO TE PATER, ORO TE PATER, SANAS O PATER, ORES PRO AETATE NOSTRA ORA, OPERARE, OSTENTA TE PASTOR In 1887, Polish ethnographer Oskar Kolberg amended the strict anagrammatic approach by using abbrevi­ations and thus deduced from the 25 letters of the Sator Square the 36 letters of the monastic rule: SAT ORARE POTEN (TER) ET OPERA(RE) R(ATI)O T(U)A S(IT), which he considered an ancient