instrument, manner, or place of the action described by the verb. The endings of the locative and terminative cases are the same as those of the ablative case except that the locative case has -mi and -ni and the terminative case has -mun and -nun in place of the -meng and -neng at the end of the ablative case endings. Prolative Case Noun Endings In grammar, the prolative case, also called the vialis case, is a grammatical case of a noun or pronoun that expresses motion by the referent of the noun it marks. Equative Noun Case Endings Equative is a case that expresses the standard of comparison of equal values. Postbases Derivation is accomplished in CSY by attaching suffixes called postbases. Productivity in the context of CSY is defined as the free addition of a postbase to any base without an unpredictable semantic result; non-productivity implies that said postbases cannot combine freely but are limited to attaching to only a particular set of bases. Postbases are either nominal or verbal and select nominal or verbal bases or expanded bases to attach to (an expanded base is a base followed by one or more postbases). There are four kinds of postbases: VN: postbases deriving nouns from verbs NV: postbases deriving verbs from nouns NN: postbases constructing complex nouns VV: postbases constructing complex verbs These postbases can indicate a wide variety of meaning, including: For nouns: quantification, adjectival modification, being and becoming, a type of verbal noun-incorporation For verbs: changes in transitivity, adverbial modification, evidentially, negation, tense, agent noun formation, relative clause formation, various types of verbal complementation It is estimated that CSY has approximately 547 postbases: 75 NN, 55 NV, 30 VN, and 387 VV. It appears that in CSY the large majority of NN, NV, and VN postbases are productive; for the VV postbases, there are approximately 190 non-productive ones and 197 productive ones. Characteristics of polysynthetic postbases There are no clear morphological position classes in CSY. A position class is the organization of morphemes or a morpheme class into a linear ordering with no apparent connection to syntactic, semantic, or phonological representation. In the example below, it is semantic restrictions that dictate the order. Some postbases can be used recursively, as in the example below. Recursion can also be used for emphasis. There is variability in postbase ordering with no change in semantic outcome. Abbreviations: V, verb; PST,