a rhetorical toolkit to construct an authorial stance, being a grammatical resource for making evalutative meaning. English wh-cleft/pseudo-cleft: What Mary bought was a first edition. Reversed wh-cleft/Inverted pseudo-cleft In English, an inverted pseudo-cleft consists of the identical structure to pseudoclefting, however, the two strings around the verb be are inverted. The focus element has been brought to the front of the sentence, and the clause is sentence final. English reversed wh-cleft/inverted pseudo-cleft: A Fiat is what he wanted to buy. Alice was who John was talking to. All-cleft In English, all-cleft sentences are related to pseudo-clefts in which they are constructed with the subject of the sentence embedded in the phrase and expressed with the verb "to be". Where pseudo-clefts begin with a wh-phrase (what, where, who), all-clefts begin with the use of the word "all". English all-cleft: All he wanted to buy was a Fiat. All they want is a holiday. Inferential cleft In English, inferential clefts involve a subordinate clause that is embedded as a complement of the verb "to be", and the sentence begins with the subject "it". Oftentimes, an inferential cleft will include an adverb such as only, simply or just. While they are analyzed in written text, data on inferential clefts are often found in spoken language and act as a subordinate clause of the subject they are inferring. English inferential cleft: It is not that he loves her. It's just that he has a way with her that is different. It was just that it was raining. There-cleft Looking at existential sentences, in all languages, they are understood to belong to a grammatically distinct construction, which is utilized to express existential positions. Cleft-sentences in English contain existential sentences that have a dummy there as a subject, be as a main verb, and an NP in the post-verbal complement position. To elaborate, dummy there can be distinguished as an adverbial, pronoun, and subject. Likewise, be can be distinguished as a main verb, and may contain other intransitive verbs such as come, remain, exist, arise, and stand. Lastly, post-verbal NP depends on the discourse of the entity or entities that refer to the novel information it is expressing. English dummy there-cleft: There's nobody there. There seemed to be nothing he couldn't do. English be there-cleft: There comes a stage when a player should move on. English post-verbal NP there-cleft: There was George Talbot and there was