consider nationalist opinion more seriously. The radicals reconsidered their approach, and in 1876 they formed a propagandist organization called Land and Liberty (Zemlya i volya), which leaned toward terrorism. This orientation became stronger three years later, when the group renamed itself the People's Will (Narodnaya Volya), the name under which the radicals carried out the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. In 1879 Georgi Plekhanov formed a propagandist faction of Land and Liberty called Black Repartition (Черный передел, Chernyi Peredel), which advocated redistributing all land to the peasantry. This group studied Marxism, which, paradoxically, was principally concerned with urban industrial workers. The People's Will remained underground. References http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html Further reading Brooks, Jeffrey. "The Russian Nation Imagined: The Peoples of Russia as Seen in Popular Imagery, 1860s–1890s." Journal of social history 43.3 (2010): 535–557. online Hamm, Michael F. The city in late imperial Russia (Indiana Univ Press, 1986) Henderson, William Otto. Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, Russia 1800-1914 (Routledge, 2013) Jelavich, Barbara. St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814-1974 (Indiana University Press, 1974) LeDonne, John P. The Russian Empire and the World, 1700-1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment (Oxford University Press, 1997) Menning, Bruce W. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861-1914 (Indiana University Press, 1992) Offord, Derek. Nineteenth-Century Russia: Opposition to Autocracy. (Routledge, 2014), survey Pipes, Richard. Russia under the old regime (1974), survey Pipes, Richard, ed. The Russian Intelligentsia (Columbia University Press, 1961) Rawlinson, Henry, et al. Great Power Rivalry in Central Asia: 1842-1880. England and Russia in the East (Routledge, 2006) Riasanovsky, Nicholas, and Mark Steinberg. A History of Russia since 1855-Volume 2 (Oxford UP, 2010). Seton-Watson, Hugh. The Russian Empire, 1801-1917. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967) survey Tian-Shanskaia, and Olga Semyonova, eds. Village life in late tsarist Russia (Indiana University Press, 1993) Todd, William Mills, and Robert L. Belknap, eds. Literature and society in imperial Russia, 1800-1914 (Stanford Univ Press, 1978) Wood, Alan. The Origins of the Russian Revolution, 1861–1917 (Routledge, 2004) Primary sources Dmytryshyn, Basil. Imperial Russia: a source book, 1700-1917 (Dryden Press, 1974) Vernadsky, George, and Sergeĭ Germanovich Pushkarev, eds. A Source Book for Russian History from Early Times to 1917: Peter the Great to Nicholas I (Vol. 2. Yale University Press, 1972) 1855 19th century in the Russian Empire