substrate must always be kept moist and extremely well drained. Misting Heliamphora with purified water is often beneficial to maintain high humidity levels. Propagation through division only has a limited rate of success, as many plants that are divided go into shock and eventually die. Germination of Heliamphora seed is achieved by scattering it on milled sphagnum moss and keeping in bright light and humid conditions. Seed germination begins after many weeks. Classification The genus Heliamphora contains the most species in the Sarraceniaceae family and is joined by the cobra lily (Darlingtonia californica) and the North American pitcher plants (Sarracenia spp.) in that taxon. Species Twenty-three species of Heliamphora are currently recognized. Unless otherwise stated, all information and taxonomic determinations in the table below are sourced from the 2011 work Sarraceniaceae of South America authored by Stewart McPherson, Andreas Wistuba, Andreas Fleischmann, and Joachim Nerz. Authorities are presented in the form of a standard author citation, using abbreviations specified by the IPNI. Years given denote the year of the species's formal publication under the current name, not the earlier basionym date of publication if one exists. Incompletely diagnosed taxa A further two incompletely diagnosed taxa are known that may represent distinct species in their own right. Varieties Two varieties are currently recognised in the genus: H. minor var. pilosa and H. minor var. minor. Additionally, an undescribed variant of H. pulchella , with traps lacking long retentive hairs is known from Amurí Tepui. Cultivars There are currently four registered Heliamphora cultivars including Heliamphora 'Cyclops' (A. Smith), Heliamphora 'Patasola' (B. Tincher & J. Lei), Heliamphora 'Red Mambo' (F. Boulianne), and Heliamphora 'Scylla' (I. Bogdanow). Natural hybrids At least eleven natural hybrids have been recorded: H. arenicola × H. ionasi H. ceracea × H. hispida H. chimantensis × H. pulchella H. elongata × H. ionasi H. exappendiculata × H. huberi H. exappendiculata × H. pulchella H. glabra × H. nutans H. huberi × H. pulchella H. neblinae × H. parva H. purpurascens × H. sarracenioides H. sp. 'Akopán Tepui' × H. pulchella Additionally, putative complex hybrids occur on the Neblina Massif among populations of H. ceracea, H. hispida, H. neblinae, and H. parva. Putative crosses between H. macdonaldae and H. tatei have also been recorded in the southern part of Cerro Duida. Phylogeny and Diversification Closely related species tend to be geographically closely distributed. Major Heliamphora clades probably emerged through both geographical