those who were not part of their community likely because the soup had a unique taste. Modern associations As Spartan history gained popularity in the United States in the late 18th-century, Benjamin Rush, one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence, is recorded to have praised the Spartan black broth. Adolf Hitler, a vegetarian in his later years, was an admirer of aspects of the ancient Spartan society, and noted their fondness for black soup. He compared the broth to a regional dish of the German state Schleswig-Holstein. However, it was the example of Roman soldiers eating fruits and cereals and the importance of raw vegetables that he promoted. Shortly before World War II, a paper titled "Spartan Pimpfe" circulated in Germany. The essay claimed that Spartan youths would have black soup as lunch before attending sporting competitions. W. Geoffrey Arnott, a British Hellenistic scholar, suggested that "the Gypsies still served this dish at fairs in northern England up to the 1940s." See also Ancient Greek cuisine Laconophilia Syssitia Dinuguan, another soup or stew made from pork, pork blood, and vinegar Schwarzsauer Notes References Bibliography Alcock, Joan P. Food in the Ancient World. London: Greenwood, 2006. Athenaeus. Deipnosophistae, translated by Charles Burton Gulick. Loeb Classical Library. 7 vols. London: William Heinemann, 1927-1941. Aristophanes. "Knights." In The Complete Greek Drama. Vol 2, edited by Eugene O'Neill, Jr. New York: Random House, 1938. Arnott, W. Geoffrey. Alexis: The Fragments: A Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Aristotle.The History of Animals, translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Vol. 4 of The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1910. Boermans, Mary-Anne. "Black Broth." Deja Food. Last modified August 11, 2016. Berti, Monica. "Presenting Fragments as Quotations or Quotations as Fragments." Fragmentary Texts: Quotations and Text Re-uses of Lost Authors and Works. Last modified February 18, 2013. Cicero. Tusculan Disputations, translated by J. E. King. Loeb Classical Library 141. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927. Dalby, Andrew. Food in the Ancient World, From A to Z. London: Routledge, 2013. Fisher, N.R.E. “Drink, Hybris, and the Promotion of Harmony in Sparta.” In Classical Sparta: Techniques Behind Her Success, edited by Anton Powell, 26–50. London: Oklahoma University Press, 1988. Harvey, David. "Lacomica: Aristophanes and the Spartans." In Shadow of Sparta. Edited by Anton Powell and Stephen Hodkinson, 35–58. New York: Routledge, 1994. Herodotus. The Histories, translated by A. D. Godley. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920. Hesychius.