mutual intelligibility with either, in part due to its large number of loanwords from Venetian. Torlakian (considered a subdialect of Serbian Old Shtokavian by some) has significant mutual intelligibility with Macedonian and Bulgarian. All South Slavic languages in effect form a large dialect continuum of gradually mutually intelligible varieties depending on distance between the areas where they are spoken. List of mutually intelligible languages Written and spoken forms Azerbaijani: Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, Turkish and Urum (partially and asymmetrically) Belarusian: Russian and Ukrainian (both partially) Bulgarian: Macedonian (significantly) Crimean Tatar: Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkish and Urum (partially and asymmetrically) Czech: Slovak (significantly), Polish (partially) Danish: Norwegian and Swedish (both partially and asymmetrically) Dutch: Afrikaans (in written form; in spoken form partially), and West Frisian (partially) English: Scots (partially) Estonian: Finnish (partially) Finnish: Estonian (partially), Karelian (significantly) Gagauz: Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Turkish and Urum (partially and asymmetrically) Hiligaynon: Capiznon (significantly) and Cebuano (significantly) Irish: Scottish Gaelic (partially) Italian: Corsican (significantly), Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan (partially) Limburgish: Dutch and Afrikaans (partially) Macedonian: Bulgarian (significantly), Serbo-Croatian (partially and asymmetrically) Manchu: Xibe Marathi: Konkani (significantly) Norwegian: Danish and Swedish (both partially and asymmetrically) Polish: Slovak (reasonably), Czech (partially) Portuguese: Galician (very high), Italian (partially) Romanian: Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian (significantly) Russian: Belarusian and Ukrainian (both partially) Serbo-Croatian: Slovene (partially and asymmetrically), Macedonian (partially and asymmetrically) Slovak: Czech (significantly), Polish (reasonably) Slovene: Serbo-Croatian (partially and asymmetrically) Spanish: Portuguese (significantly in written form; asymmetrically in spoken form), Italian (partially) Swedish: Danish and Norwegian (both partially and asymmetrically) Tunisian Arabic: Maltese (significantly), Algerian Arabic and Libyan Arabic (both partially) Turkish: Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz and Urum (partially and asymmetrically) Ukrainian: Belarusian and Russian (partially) Urum: Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz and Turkish (partially and asymmetrically) Uyghur: Uzbek (formerly known as Eastern and Western dialects of Turki) Uzbek: Uyghur (formerly known as Western and Eastern dialects of Turki) Xibe: Manchu Zulu: Northern Ndebele (partially), Xhosa (partially), and Swazi (partially; the first three are often considered to be dialects of a uniform Zunda language) Spoken forms mainly Akha, Honi, Hani (variety of different written scripts) Dungan: Mandarin, especially with Central Plains Mandarin (partially; Dungan is usually written in Cyrillic and Mandarin usually in Chinese characters) Esan: Edo (the different varieties of Edoid languages are mutually intelligible, such that successful communication between speakers is not affected). German: Yiddish (because German is usually written in Latin script and Yiddish usually in the Hebrew alphabet).