element contains new information, as is in some demonstrative clefts, e.g., That is what I think and sometimes it is the cleft clause that contains the NEW part of the message, as in And that's when I got sick (Calude 2009). Finally, in some constructions, it is the equation between cleft clause and cleft constituent that brings about the newsworthy information, rather than any of the elements of the cleft themselves (Lambrecht 2001). Other languages Mandarin The shì...de construction in Mandarin is used to produce the equivalent of cleft sentences. However, in traditional grammar, shì...de clefts were seen as a construction with a function in reference to the construction as a whole. Both shì, the copula, and de can occur in other contexts that express information-structural categories, but they are sometimes hard to distinguish from shì...de clefts. In addition, certain constructions with relative clauses have been referred to as "pseudo-cleft" constructions. See for details. Examples: Spanish There exist several constructions which play the role of cleft sentences. A very common resource is the adding of "es que" (time-dependent). Similar to English cleft sentences, time-dependent cleft constructions in Spanish also share a temporal relationship between the verb of the relative clause and the copula. From uncleft ¿Adónde fuiste? Another mechanism is the use of the identificating structure, or relative pronouns, "el/la que", "el/la cual" as well as the neuters: "lo que" and "lo cual". This form of cleft construction highlights an importance between the entity and the number and gender of said entity that is uttered in a cleft sentence. Possible uncleft variants: No quiero ir, Ir no quiero Furthermore, one can also utilize "cuando" and "donde" when one wants to refer to "that" in a frame of time or place. "Fue en Londres donde nací" (It was in London that I was born), possible uncleft variants Nací en Londres French In French, when a cleft is used to reply to a wh-question, it can either appear in a complete form: Matrix 'C'est XP' + relative clause 'que/qui YP' or in a reduced one, Matrix 'C'est XP'. Example: "C'est Jean que je cherche" (It's Jean whom I'm looking for) "C'est à Paris que j'habite" (It's in Paris where I live) Example with Gloss: Cleft sentences are the most natural way to answer a wh-question in French. For example, if one were to ask: a. It would be answered with the following