Liberals gained power. Neuchâtel and Appenzell Innerrhoden were punished for not providing troops to the federal army. Neuchâtel paid 300,000 francs and Appenzell paid 15,000 into a fund to support war widows and orphans. By February 1848 all federal troops withdrew from the occupied cantons. In Schwyz the conservative government was dissolved and a new provisional government and constitution established. The first attempt at a constitution, which split the district of Schwyz in two and moved the cantonal capital away from Schwyz, was narrowly defeated on 27 January 1848. The second constitution, which removed the mentioned points and merged the former districts of Wollerau and Pfäffikon in the district of March, was then approved by the electorate on 27 February 1848. The new constitution of 1848 reformed the government of the Canton. Perhaps the greatest change was that it abolished the Landsgemeinde, which had formerly been the supreme authority. It split the government into three branches, legislature, executive and judiciary and created a three-tier structure of municipalities, districts and canton. It created proportional representation and allowed the population to vote on laws and constitutional amendments. Aftermath: The Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848 In 1848, a new Swiss Federal Constitution ended the almost-complete independence of the cantons and transformed Switzerland into a federal state. The Jesuits were banished from Switzerland. This ban was lifted on 20 May 1973, when 54.9% of the population and 16.5 cantons out of 22 accepted a referendum modifying the Constitution. Military and political leaders See also First War of Kappel (1529) Second War of Kappel (1531) First War of Villmergen (1656) Toggenburg War or Second War of Villmergen (1712) Restoration (Switzerland) Switzerland as a federal state References Further reading Church, Clive H., and Randolph C. Head. A concise history of Switzerland (Cambridge University Press, 2013). pp 132–61 Lerner, Marc. A laboratory of liberty: the transformation of political culture in Republican Switzerland, 1750-1848 (Brill, 2011). Oechsli, Wilhelm. History of Switzerland, 1499–1914 (1922) full text online pp 386–95 Remak, Joachim. A very civil war. The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847. Westview Press, Boulder 1993. Weaver, Ralph. Three Weeks in November: A Military History of the Swiss Civil War of 1847 (2012) excerpt Bucher, Erwin. Die Geschichte des Sonderbundskrieges. Verlag Berichthaus, Zürich 1966. External links 1847 in Switzerland Civil wars in Switzerland Conflicts in 1847 Sonderbundskrieg Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe History of Catholicism in