past tense; FRUSTR, frustrative (‘but . . ., in vain’); INFER, inferential evidential (often translatable as ‘it turns out’); INDIC, indicative; 3S3S, third-person subject acting on third-person object): (de Reuse 2006) Note: postbases noted in bold. V:verb FRUSTR:frustrative aspect (‘but ... in vain’) INFER:inferential evidential (often translatable as ‘it turns out’) 3S3S:third-person subject acting on third-person object Note: there is a general rule in CSY of semantic scope in which the rightmost postbase will have scope over the left. However, there are many exceptions, as in the example above. Enclitics Following are a brief list and description of enclitics in CSY. The table is recreated from de Reuse (1988). : modal function, interrogative : modal function, optative : modal function, exhortative or exclamative : evidential function : focus marking or conjunction : can be interrogative; sometimes marks a perlocutionary act : mark illocutionary acts : mark the “presupposition that the hearer is unaware that the speaker lacks crucial information” : shifts the attention of the hearer Note: the ‘position’ references above refer to the position of the postbase following the main base. Other Eskimo languages spoken in Chukotka Other Yupik languages Naukan, or Nuvuqaghmiistun, the second largest Yupik language spoken in Chukotka, is spoken in settlements including Uelen, Lorino, Lavrentiya, and Provideniya. Debated classifications Additionally, the Sireniki Eskimo language, locally called Uqeghllistun, was an Eskimo language once spoken in Chukotka. It had many peculiarities. Sometimes it is classified as not belonging to the Yupik branch at all, thus forming (by itself) a stand-alone third branch of the Eskimo languages (alongside Inuit and Yupik). Its peculiarities may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups in the past. Sireniki became extinct in early January 1997. Notes References English de Reuse, Willem J. (1994). Siberian Yupik Eskimo: The language and its contacts with Chukchi. Studies in indigenous languages of the Americas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. . Jacobson, Steven A. (1990). A Practical Grammar of the St.~Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. Jacobson, Steven A. (1979). A Grammatical Sketch of Siberian Yupik Eskimo as spoken on St.~Lawrence Island, Alaska. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. Russian The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: The transliteration of author's name, and the