between adjacent words. For example, the mutating effect of the conjunction a 'and' is from the word once having the form *ak, and the final consonant influenced the following sounds. Welsh Welsh has three main classes of initial consonant mutation: soft mutation (); nasal mutation (); and aspirate mutation, which is sometimes called spirant mutation (). The fourth category is mixed mutation, which calls for a aspirate mutation if possible but otherwise a soft mutation. The following tables show the range of Welsh mutations with examples. A blank cell indicates that no change occurs. {| class="wikitable" |- style="background: #efefef;" ! Radical ! Soft ! Nasal ! Aspirate |- | p | b | mh | ph |- | t | d | nh | th |- | c | g | ngh | ch |- | b | f | m | |- | d | dd | n | |- | g | * | ng | |- | m | f | | |- | ll | l | | |- | rh | r | | |- | ts | j | | |} *Soft mutation causes initial to be deleted. For example, "garden" becomes "the garden", and "work" becomes "his work". {| class="wikitable" |- style="background: #efefef;" ! Radical ! Soft ! Nasal ! Aspirate ! English |- | plant | blant | mhlant | phlant | children |- | tref tŷ | dref dŷ | nhref nhŷ | thref thŷ | townhouse |- | coeden | goeden | nghoeden | choeden | tree |- | brawd | frawd | mrawd | | brother |- | dŵr | ddŵr | nŵr | | water |- | gwaith glas gorsaf | waith las orsaf | ngwaith nglas ngorsaf | | workbluestation |- | mawr | fawr | | | big, large |- | llan | lan | | | parish |- | rhywbeth | rywbeth | | | something |- | tsips | jips | | | chips |} The mutation ts → j corresponds to the t → d mutation and reflects a change heard in modern words borrowed from English. Borrowed words like (chips) can often be heard in Wales. 'I'm going to get (some) chips'; 'I have chips'. However, the ts → j mutation is not usually included the classic list of Welsh mutations and is rarely taught in formal classes. Nevertheless, it is a