the Caliphate to Baghdad By Franz Rosenthal from The History of al-Tabari Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877–1924) By Azmi Özcan Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources By Guy Le Strange The Fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba: Berbers and Andalusis in conflict By Peter C. Scales Khilafat and Caliphate, By Mubasher Ahmad The abolition of the Caliphate, From The Economist 8 March 1924 The Clash of the Caliphates: Understanding the real war of ideas, by Tony Corn, Small Wars Journal, March 2011 Hüseyin Yılmaz. Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought. Princeton University Press, 2018. . External links The Caliph – a three-part documentary by Al Jazeera English The return of the caliphate, The Guardian. Islamists urge caliphate revival, BBC News. Islamic states by type Pan-Islamism Religious leadership roles Islamic terminology