manages to frame Czaka himself for the murder, but not before the Nazis have executed many of the hostages. Cast Cast notes One of von Twardowski's first film appearances was in the classic silent German expressionist horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920). George Irving, an actor and director who began in the early days of silent film – he directed 35 films, all silent, and appeared as an actor in 251 movies from 1914 to 1948 – has a small part as one of the hostages. Gravel-voiced character actor Lionel Stander has a small part as a taxi-driver. Stander's film career has a ten-year gap in it due to being blacklisted after his Communist Party membership was revealed during hearings of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Alexander Granach as "Gestapo Inspector Alois Gruber" was one of that band of Jewish escapees from Hitler (and Stalin) who contributed to Hollywood in those days. He had been one of the leading actors of the Weimar stage as well as a pioneer in films (e.g. Nosferatu, Kameradschaft). He died in 1945 while acting with Fredric March and Margo in A Bell for Adano. Production A number of working titles have been reported for Hangmen Also Die: "Never Surrender", "No Surrender", "Unconquered", "We Killed Hitler's Hangman" and "Trust the People". It has also been known as "Lest We Forget". It has been reported that when a book with a similar title to "Never Surrender" or "No Surrender" was published while the film was in production, the producers held a contest for the cast and crew to suggest a new title. The contest was won by a production secretary who received the $100 prize. Teresa Wright, John Beal and Ray Middleton were also considered at one point to appear in the film, which went into production in late October 1942 and wrapped in mid-December of that year. Director Fritz Lang had considered beginning the film with Edna St. Vincent Millay's poem "The Murder of Lidice". He decided against it, but the poem does appear in MGM's film about Heydrich, Hitler's Madman (1943). Hangmen was Brecht's only American film credit, although he supposedly worked on other scripts during his time in Hollywood, without receiving credit. He left the United States shortly after testifying before the House Un-American Activities Committee. John Wexley received sole credit for writing the screenplay after giving evidence to the