Benjamin Stora to write a report and make his recommendations concerning the "memories of colonization and the Algerian War". This report was delivered to the French government in January 2021. In September 2021, Macron asked for "forgiveness on behalf of his country for abandoning Algerians who fought alongside France in their country's war of independence" and that France had "failed in its duty towards the Harkis, their wives, [and] their children". Other references During the Algerian Civil War of 1991–2002, the Islamic fundamentalist insurgents used "harkis" as an abusive term for government police and soldiers. In 2006, French politician Georges Frêche generated controversy after telling a group of Harkis in Montpellier that they were "subhumans". He later claimed he had been referring to a specific individual in the crowd, but was fined 15,000 Euros for the statement. Frêche was later expelled from the Socialist Party for his remarks. Harkis were a distinct group from the Évolués, a sub-group of Algerians who became closely identified with the French, (or similar groups in other colonial territories), an Algerian or North African who assimilated closely to French culture through education, government service, and language. By contrast, the Harkis were mostly culturally Algerian, speaking limited French, and largely indistinguishable from the majority of ordinary Algerians except for their service in French auxiliary military units. While many of the Évolués migrated to France during the Algerian Revolution, some remained in independent Algeria after 1962. See also ¡Harka! is a Spanish movie written by Francisco Franco (under a pseudonym) inspired by his experiences serving alongside indigenous troops in Spanish Morocco. Historical revisionism (discussion on the highly controversial February 23, 2005 law on the "merits of colonization") List of French possessions and colonies French colonial empire Similar organizations: Goumiers Philippine Scouts Regulares Razakars References Bibliography Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, 1978 Edgar O'Ballance, The Algerian Insurrection 1954–62, 1967 Martin Windrow, The Algerian War 1954–62 Fatima Besnaci-Lancou, Benoit Falaize et (dir.), Les harkis, Histoire, mémoire et transmission, préface de Philippe Joutard, Ed. de l'Atelier, septembre 2010. Fatima Besnaci-Lancou et (dir.), Les harkis dans la colonisation et ses suites, préface de Jean Lacouture, Ed. de l'Atelier, février 2008. Fatima Besnaci-Lancou et Abderahmen Moumen, Les harkis, éd. Le cavalier bleu, collection Idées reçues, août 2008. Isabelle Clarke, et Mickaël Gamrasni, La blessure, la tragédie des harkis, Ed. Acropole, septembre 2010. Tom Charbit, Les harkis, Edition La découverte, Collection