to analyze real-world phenomena from arms races to optimal policy choices of presidential candidates, from vaccination policy to major league baseball salary negotiations. It is today established, both throughout the social sciences and in a wide range of other sciences. Importance: Topic creator, Influence Mathematical economics Foundations of Economic Analysis Paul A. Samuelson Harvard University Press (1947, Enlarged ed. 1983) The book showed how operationally meaningful theorems can be described with a small number of analogous methods, thus providing "a general theory of economic theories." It moved mathematics out of the appendices (as in John R. Hicks's Value and Capital) and helped change how standard economic analysis across subjects could be done with the same mathematical methods. Importance and Influence: Accelerated change in standard methods Econometrics A New Framework for Testing Rationality and Measuring Aggregate Shocks Using Panel Data Davies, A. and Lahiri, K. Journal of Econometrics 68: 205–227, 1995. Description: Importance: Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing Granger, Clive William James and Engle, R. F. Econometrica, 55(2), March, pp. 251–276, 1987. Description: Importance: Handbook of Econometrics Griliches, Zvi and Intrigilator, M. D. (eds.) Handbook of Econometrics, Five volumes (Amsterdam: North-Holland), 1984. Description: Importance : Analysis of Panel Data Hsiao, C. Econometric Society Monograph, 1986. Description: Importance: Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A Journal of the American Statistical Association 74: 427–431, 1979. Description: Describes the Dickey–Fuller test. Importance: The Standard Error of Regressions Deirdre McCloskey and Stephen T. Ziliak Journal of Economic Literature 34: 97–114, 1996. Description: Emphasizes the difference between statistical significance and economic significance, and shows that the understanding is not clear in a review of papers from The American Economic Review. Importance: Raised the caution against "asterisk economics" in econometrics to another level. See McCloskey critique. Policy Evaluation: A Critique Lucas, Robert E. Junior in Brunner, K. and Meltzer, A. H. (eds.) The Phillips Curve and Labour Markets, Journal of Monetary Economics (Supplement), 1(xx), xx, pp. 19–46, 1976. Description: Importance: Labor Economics Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education Gary S. Becker Chicago (IL), University of Chicago Press, 1964. Description: Extensive study about the theoretical inclusion and empirical importance of education in production. Importance: Classic study of how investment in an individual's education and training is similar to business investments. Schooling, Experience, and Earnings Jacob Mincer Human