World Peace Council); foreign communist, socialist and opposition parties; wars of national liberation in the Third World; and underground, revolutionary, insurgency, criminal, and terrorist groups. The intelligence agencies of Eastern Bloc and other communist states also contributed in the past to the program, providing operatives and intelligence for assassinations and other types of covert operations. The Thirteenth Department was responsible for direct action, including assassination and sabotage; at one time it was led by Viktor Vladimirov. They were used both abroad and domestically. Occasionally, KGB assassinated the enemies of the USSR abroad—principally Soviet Bloc defectors, either directly or by aiding Communist country secret services. For instance: the killings of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists members Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera by Bohdan Stashynsky in Munich in 1957 and 1959, as well as the unrelated slayings of emigre dissidents like Abdurahman Fatalibeyli, and the surreptitious ricin poisoning of the Bulgarian émigré Georgi Markov, shot with an umbrella-gun of KGB design, in 1978. The defection of assassins like Nikolai Khokhlov and Bohdan Stashynsky severely curtailed such activities however, and the KGB largely stopped assassinations abroad after Stashynsky's defection, although they continued assisting the Eastern European sister services in doing so. First Chief Directorate organization KGB residents in the United States Washington, DC Vasily Zarubin (alias Zubilin): 1942–1944 Grigori Dolbin: 1946–1948 no refs Georgi Sokolov: 1948–1949 no refs Alexander Panyushkin (also Soviet ambassador): 1949–1950 Nikolai Vladykin: 1950–1954 no refs Alexander Feklisov (alias Fomin): 1960–1964 Pavel Lukyanov: 1964–1965 Boris Aleksandrovich Solomatin: 1966–1968 Mikhail Polonik: 1968–1975 Dmitri Yakushkin: 1975–1982 : 1982–1986 Yuri B. Shvets: 1985–1987 Ivan Gromakov: 1987 FCD residency organization The KGB First Chief Directorate residency was the equivalent of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station. The chief of residency (resident) was the equivalent of the CIA's Chief of Station. A legal resident is a spy who operates in a foreign country under diplomatic cover (e.g., from his country's embassy). He is an official member of the consular staff, such as a commercial, cultural, or military attaché. Thus, he has diplomatic immunity from prosecution and cannot be arrested by the host country if suspected of espionage. The most the host country can do is send him back to his home country. He is in charge of the residency and the personnel. He is also an official contact who well-known people in government can contact in times of crisis. In 1962, KGB Washington, D.C. Resident