a career KGB officer who had risen steadily through the ranks as a loyal protégé of Sakharovsky. Mortin was on top the FCD only for two years, when, in 1974, he was succeeded by the 50-year-old Vladimir Kryuchkov, who was almost to equal Sakharovsky's record term as head of the FCD. After 14 years in FCD Hq, he was to become chairman of the KGB in 1988. Kryuchkov joined the Soviet diplomatic service, stationed in Hungary until 1959. He then worked for the Communist Party headquarters in Ukraine for eight years before joining the KGB in 1967. In 1988 he was promoted to General of the Army rank and became KGB Chairman. In 1989–1990, he was a member of Politburo. The next and last head of FCD was born on March 24, 1935, in Moscow Leonid Shebarshin. First Chief Directorate organization According to published sources, the KGB included the following directorates and departments in 1980s: Directorate R: Planning and Analyses Directorate S: Illegals Directorate T: Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate K: Counter-Intelligence Directorate OT: Operational and Technical Support Directorate I: Computers Service A: Active Measures Directorate RT: Operations in USSR First Department: North America Second Department: Latin America Third Department: United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia, Malta Fourth Department: East Germany, Austria, West Germany Fifth Department: France, Spain, Portugal, Benelux, Switzerland, Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia, Albania, Romania Sixth Department: China, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, North Korea Seventh Department: Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines Eight Department: non-Arab Near Eastern countries including Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Israel Ninth Department: English-speaking Africa Tenth Department: French-speaking Africa Eleventh Department: liaison with Socialist states Fifteenth Department: registry and archives Sixteenth Department: signals intelligence and code-breaking Seventeenth Department: India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma Eighteenth Department: Arab Near Eastern Countries and Egypt Nineteenth Department: Soviet Union Emigres Twentieth Department: liaison with Third World states Active measures and assassinations "Active measures" () were a form of political warfare conducted by the Soviet security services to influence the course of world events, "in addition to collecting intelligence and producing politically correct assessment of it". Active measures ranged "from media manipulations to special actions involving various degree of violence". They included disinformation, propaganda, and forgery of official documents. The preparation of forged "CIA" documents which were then shown to third-world leaders was often successful in sowing suspicion. Active measures included the establishment and support of international front organizations (e.g., the