official and military authority, was in charge of the internal order in the provinces and had to take care of their overall security. He was in charge of recruiting troops and had to keep an eye on the garrisons and fortifications. His civil duties included supervising the provincial administration and prisons, maintaining land roads and bridges, issuing passports, and overseeing collection of state taxes and customs duties. He appointed and dismissed higher officials. The Office of the Baltic Governor-General was abolished in 1876, at the beginning of the Russification campaign in the provinces. Similarly to the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, the Baltic Governorates until the end of 19th century were not a subject to the common civil and administrative laws of the Russian Empire, but did not have monetary, fiscal and passport system of their own. Like guberniyas of the Kingdom of Poland they were treated as an integral entity and the Russian law provided them the preservation of local authorities. In Baltics these were Landtags. The special legislation which set rules for municipal administration and entrepreneurship according to local traditions, as well as the privileges to the local nobility in the Baltics was known under the collective name of Ostsee Right (). From the end of the 18th century through 1917 names and territories of the Governorate of Courland (, ), the Governorate of Livland (, ) and the Governorate of Estland (, ) remained unchanged. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and loss of control over the territories to the German Empire during the later stages of World War I, the governorships ceased to exist. In their place, two newly independent countries, Estonia and Latvia, were established in 1918. List of governors-general Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (1710–1719) as governor-general of Ingria Fyodor Apraksin (1719–1728) Friedrich Baron von Löwen (et) (1728–1736) Platon Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin (ru) (1736) Gustaf Otto Douglas (1736–1740) Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar von Löwendal (1740–1743) Peter August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (1743–1753, 1758–1775) Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukov (et) (1753–1758) George Browne (1775–1792) Nicholas Repnin (1792–1798) Ludwig von Nagel (ru) (1798–1800) Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen (1800–1801) Sergei Fyodorovich Golitsyn (ru) (1801–1803) Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden (1803–1808) Duke George of Oldenburg (1808–1809) Berend Johann von Uexküll (et) (1809–1811, 1816–1818) Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1811–1816) Philip Osipovich Paulucci (1818–1829) Carl Magnus von der Pahlen (de) (1829–1845) Yevgeny Golovin (1845–1847) Alexander Arkadyevich Suvorov (1848–1861) Wilhelm Heinrich von Lieven (et) (1861–1864) Pyotr Andreyevich