Tomahawk missiles, and E-3 AWACS airborne surveillance aircraft in a more passive display of military presence. Henry Kissinger, during his tenure as United States Secretary of State, summed up the concept as thus: "An aircraft carrier is 100,000 tons of diplomacy." Notable examples 18th century Anson's visit to Canton in 1741 19th century Second Barbary War (1815) Haiti indemnity controversy (1825) Pastry War (1838–39) Opium Wars (1840, 1856) Don Pacifico Incident (1850) Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) Opening of Japan by United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his Black Ships (1853–54) Paraguay expedition (1858–9) Shimonoseki Campaign (1863–1864) Christie Affair (1861–1865) Shinmiyangyo in Korea (1871) Ganghwa Island incident (1875) Tonkin Flotilla (1883) Môle Saint-Nicolas affair (1889–1891) Baltimore crisis (1891) Franco-Siamese War of 1893 Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896) Luders Affair (1897) Yangtze River Patrol (1850s–1930s) Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii (1893) 20th century Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 Panama separation from Colombia Great White Fleet (1907) Agadir Crisis (1911) Occupation of Veracruz (1914) Danzig crisis (1932) First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–55) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Operation Vantage (1961) Liberation of East Pakistan (1971) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–96) 21st century Spratly Islands dispute See also Fleet in being Deterrence theory Peace through strength Intervention (international law) Interventionism (politics) Police action References Further reading Cable, James: Gunboat diplomacy. Political Applications of Limited Naval Forces, London 1971 (re-edited 1981 and 1994) Graham-Yooll, Andrew. Imperial skirmishes: war and gunboat diplomacy in Latin America (2002). Healy, D. Gunboat Diplomacy in the Wilson Era. The U.S. Navy in Haiti 1915–1916, Madison WIS 1976. Hagan, K. J. American Gunboat Diplomacy and the Old Navy 1877–1889, Westport/London 1973. Preston, A. and J. Major. Send a Gunboat! A study of the Gunboat and its role in British policy, 1854–1904, London 1967. Articles Long, D. F.: "Martial Thunder": The First Official American Armed Intervention in Asia, in: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 42, 1973, pp. 143–162. Willock, R.: Gunboat Diplomacy: Operations of the (British) North America and West Indies Squadron, 1875–1915, Part 2, in: American Neptune, Vol. XXVIII, 1968, pp. 85–112. Bauer, K. J.: The "Sancala" Affair: Captain Voorhees Seizes an Argentine Squadron, in: American Neptune, Vol. XXIV, 1969, pp. 174–186 In German Krüger, Henning: Zwischen Küstenverteidigung und Weltpolitik. Die politische Geschichte der preußischen Marine 1848 bis 1867 (Between coastal defence and world policy. The political history of the prussian navy 1848 to 1867), Bochum 2008. Wiechmann, Gerhard: Die preußisch-deutsche Marine