there is a lexically conditioned č to k alternation; k occurs before the plural and before suffixes beginning with a, not producing t. stem ablaut: lexically conditioned alternation affecting stem-final long vowels triggered by the plural morphemes, the imperative, and a-initial suffixes. (ii to aa ablaut; ee to ii ablaut; ee to aa ablaut. Morphology Crow is a polysynthetic language. Nominal morphology Basic stems consist of one to four syllables (with four being rare) and always end in a vowel. Monosyllabic stems have long vowels or diphthongs, e.g., bií, 'stone, rock'; bía, 'woman'. The vast majority of nouns in Crow are derived stems. Derivational processes in nominal morphology include affixation and compounding. Suffixes An exhaustive list of nominal suffixes: - 'approximative': follows a stem-final short vowel, follows a stem-final long vowel. Marks resemblance or similarity: 'kind of, sort of, like, (temporal) around the time of.' - 'real, true; very' - 'diminutive': Can add the diminutive meaning 'small, little' or the endearing, affectionate meaning 'dear' according to the semantics of the noun. - 'sportive, imitative': Marks resemblance or imitation. - 'real, genuine': Marks an object's reality, its genuineness. Often reduced to táali. - 'here and there': Most commonly occurs with verbs, though occasionally is attached to nouns. - 'even': Marks concessive subordinate clauses as 'although, even though, even if.' Also occurs as a noun suffix glossed as 'even.' Htaa is a rare suffix that combines with the bare nominal stem of the noun. Prefixes Prefixes will render a relative clause into a derived noun. - 'agent nominalizer': creates agentive nouns (ex. 'singer', 'dancer') from active verbs or verbs plus incorporated objects. - 'locative, temporal, or manner nominalizer': 'where, when, how' derived from verbs or verbs plus incorporated nouns. In some cases, ala may follow the noun creating a lexicalized relative clause. - 'indefinite nominalizer': Derived from stative verbs, inalienably possessed nouns plus stative verbs, active transitive verbs, and from active intransitive verbs. - 'instrumental nominalizer': Derived from active transitive and intransitive verbs, and from transitive verbs plus incorporated nouns. - 'depossessivizer': Allows an inalienably possessed noun to occur without a possessor. Compounding There are two basic types of compounding in Crow: noun-noun compounds and noun-verb compounds. Noun-noun compounds often involve a whole-part relationship: the first noun refers to the whole and the second to the part. Members of the compound may also be themselves compounds or derived nouns. Noun-verb compounds consist