In plane geometry, a shear mapping is a linear map that displaces each point in a fixed direction, by an amount proportional to its signed distance from the line that is parallel to that direction and goes through the origin. This type of mapping is also called shear transformation, transvection, or just shearing. An example is the mapping that takes any point with coordinates to the point . In this case, the displacement is horizontal by a factor of 2 where the fixed line is the -axis, and the signed distance is the coordinate. Note that points on opposite sides of the reference line are displaced in opposite directions. Shear mappings must not be confused with rotations. Applying a shear map to a set of points of the plane will change all angles between them (except straight angles), and the length of any line segment that is not parallel to the direction of displacement. Therefore, it will usually distort the shape of a geometric figure, for example turning squares into parallelograms, and circles into ellipses. However a shearing does preserve the area of geometric figures and the alignment and relative distances of collinear points. A shear mapping is the main difference between the upright and slanted (or italic) styles of letters. The same definition is used in three-dimensional geometry, except that the distance is measured from a fixed plane. A three-dimensional shearing transformation preserves the volume of solid figures, but changes areas of plane figures (except those that are parallel to the displacement). This transformation is used to describe laminar flow of a fluid between plates, one moving in a plane above and parallel to the first. In the general -dimensional Cartesian space , the distance is measured from a fixed hyperplane parallel to the direction of displacement. This geometric transformation is a linear transformation of that preserves the -dimensional measure (hypervolume) of any set. Definition Horizontal and vertical shear of the plane In the plane , a horizontal shear (or shear parallel to the x axis) is a function that takes a generic point with coordinates to the point ; where is a fixed parameter, called the shear factor. The effect of this mapping is to displace every point horizontally by an amount proportionally to its coordinate. Any point above the -axis is displaced to the right (increasing ) if , and to the left if . Points below