Note that Arabic is particularly rich in uvular, pharyngeal, and pharyngealized ("emphatic") sounds. The emphatic coronals (, , , and ) cause assimilation of emphasis to adjacent non-emphatic coronal consonants. The phonemes ⟨پ⟩ and ⟨ڤ⟩ (not used by all speakers) are not considered to be part of the phonemic inventory, as they exist only in foreign words and they can be pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ and ⟨ف⟩ respectively depending on the speaker. The standard pronunciation of ⟨ج⟩ varies regionally, most prominently in the Arabian Peninsula, parts of the Levant, Iraq, and northern Algeria, it is also considered as the predominant pronunciation of Literary Arabic outside the Arab world, in most of Northwest Africa and the Levant, in Egypt, coastal Yemen, and south coastal Oman, as well as in Sudan. Note: the table and notes below discusses the phonology of Modern Standard Arabic among Arabic speakers and not regional dialects. Long (geminate or double) consonants are pronounced exactly like short consonants, but last longer. In Arabic, they are called mushaddadah ("strengthened", marked with a shaddah). Between a long consonant and a pause, an epenthetic occurs, but this is only common across regions in West Asia. Phonotactics Standard Arabic syllables come in only five forms: C V (light) C V V (heavy) C V C (heavy) C V V C (super-heavy) C V C C (super-heavy) Arabic syllable structure does not allow syllables to start with a vowel or with a consonant cluster. In cases where a word starts with a consonant cluster it is preceded by an epenthetic utterance initially or when preceded by a word that ends with a consonant; there are however exceptions like and that connect with a following word-initial consonant cluster with and respectively, if the preceding word ends with a long vowel that vowel is then shortened. Super-heavy syllables are usually not allowed except word finally, with the exception of CVV- before geminates creating non-final CVVC- syllables, these can be found in the active participles of geminate Form I verbs, like in ('substance, matter'), ('entirely'), ('poisonous'), ('dry'), ('public, general'), ('private, special'), and ('hot, spicy'). In the pausal form, the final geminates behave as a single consonant, only when preceding another word or with vocalization, the geminates start appearing, belonging to two separate syllables. Loanwords can break some phonotactic rules like allowing initial consonant clusters (with an initial epenthetic [i] being optional) like in /bluː.toː/ "Pluto" or allowing