liberal clergy into the movement which has resulted since his time in the unification of Italy. In the wake of the failure of the 1848 revolutions and the papacy's increasingly reactionary turn, Gioberti published Il Rinnovamento civile d’Italia, in which he bitterly attacked the Jesuits, Italy's reactionary clergy, and Piedmont's timid monarchy. Something of Gioberti's early optimism lived on among the liberal aristocrats and Catholic intellectuals such as Antonio Rosmini, Cesare Balbo, and Massimo d'Azeglio who afterwards turned to support the national aspirations of Piedmont's liberal monarchy. The Jesuits, however, closed round the pope more firmly after his return to Rome, and in the end Gioberti's writings were placed on the Index. The remainder of his works, especially La Filosofia della Rivelazione and the Prolologia, give his mature views on many points. See also Giuseppe Mazzini Risorgimento References Massari, Vita de V. Gioberti (Florence, 1848) A. Rosmini-Serbati, V. Gioberti e il panteismo (Milan, 1848) C. B. Smyth, Christian Metaphysics (1851) B. Spaventa, La Filosofia di Gioberti (Naples, 1854) A. Mauri, Della vita e delle opere di V. Gioberti (Genoa, 1853) G. Prisco, Gioberti e l'ontologismo (Naples, 1867) P. Luciani, Gioberti e la filosofla nuova italiana (Naples, 1866–1872) D. Berti, Di V. Gioberti (Florence, 1881) See also: L Ferri, L'Histoire de la philosophie en Italie au XIX' siècle (Paris, 1869) C. Werner, Die italienische Philosophie des 18 Jahrhunderts, ii. (1885) appendix to Ueberweg's Hist. of Philosophy (Eng. tr) art. in Brownson's Quarterly Review (Boston, Mass.), xxi. R. Mariano, La Philosophie contemporaine en Italie (1866) R. Seydel's exhaustive article in Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Encyclopädie The centenary of Gioberti called forth several monographs in Italy. 1801 births 1852 deaths Clergy from Turin Prime ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia Italian philosophers Italian male writers 19th-century Italian politicians Catholic philosophers Italian people of the Italian unification Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia) Liberal Catholicism Exiled Italian politicians Politicians from Turin 19th-century Italian philosophers