to be the philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individual. Building on that, existentialists hold that moral thinking and scientific thinking together do not suffice to understand human existence, and, therefore, a further set of categories, governed by the norm of authenticity, is necessary to understand human existence. List of existentialist philosophers: Søren Kierkegaard Friedrich Nietzsche Jean-Paul Sartre Simone de Beauvoir Karl Jaspers Gabriel Marcel Martin Heidegger Alexander Solzhenitsyn Phenomenology Phenomenology is the study of the structure of experience. It is a broad philosophical movement founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl, expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany. The philosophy then spread to France, the United States, and elsewhere, often in contexts far removed from Husserl's early work. List of phenomenologist: Edmund Husserl Martin Heidegger Maurice Merleau-Ponty Max Scheler Pragmatism Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition centered on the linking of practice and theory. It describes a process where theory is extracted from practice, and applied back to practice to form what is called intelligent practice. Important positions characteristic of pragmatism include instrumentalism, radical empiricism, verificationism, conceptual relativity, and fallibilism. There is general consensus among pragmatists that philosophy should take the methods and insights of modern science into account. Charles Sanders Peirce (and his pragmatic maxim) deserves most of the credit for pragmatism, along with later twentieth century contributors William James and John Dewey. List of pragmatist philosophers: Charles Sanders Peirce William James John Dewey Richard Rorty Analytic philosophy Analytic philosophy came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century. In the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Scandinavia, Australia, and New Zealand, the overwhelming majority of university philosophy departments identify themselves as "analytic" departments. The term generally refers to a broad philosophical tradition characterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument (often achieved via modern formal logic and analysis of language) and a respect for the natural sciences. List of analytic philosophers: Rudolf Carnap Gottlob Frege George Edward Moore Bertrand Russell Moritz Schlick Ludwig Wittgenstein Modern Asian philosophy Various philosophical movements in Asia arose in the modern period including: New Confucianism Maoism Buddhist modernism Kyoto school Neo-Vedanta Notes External links