and racial chauvinism. This was seen in "Yellow" opposition to immigration, because competition from immigrants reduced wages or took jobs from native-born workers, and sometimes even racism including antisemitism. In Europe, during World War I, Marxists associated the social democratic parties with "Yellow socialism", as they supported their own nations in the war rather than taking an internationalist position against the conflict. However, these parties had no connection to Biétry's thinking. The Berne International, formed with the Zimmerwald conference in 1915, was similarly described as "Yellow socialist" by Vladimir Lenin for its rejection of revolutionary socialism, despite its opposition to the war. Footnotes External links Le socialisme et les Jaunes by Pierre Biétry (Plon-Nourrit, Paris, 1906) Yellow unions in Ireland by James Connolly Fascism: A Reader's Guide by Zeev Sternhell Anti-Marxism History of socialism Political science terminology Socialism Types of socialism fr:Syndicalisme jaune