by Priscillian (a.d. 380) as a pious fraud to convince doubters of the doctrine of the Trinity." Another complementary early reference is an exposition of faith published in 1883 by Carl Paul Caspari from the Ambrosian manuscript, which also contains the Muratorian (canon) fragment. Edgar Simmons Buchanan, points out that the reading is textually valuable, referencing 1 John 5:7. The authorship is uncertain, however it is often placed around the same period as Priscillian. Karl Künstle saw the writing as anti-Priscillianist, which would have competing doctrinal positions utilizing the verse. Alan England Brooke notes the similarities of the Expositio with the Priscillian form, and the Priscillian form with the Leon Palimpsest. Theodor Zahn refers to the as "possibly contemporaneous" to Priscillian, "apparently taken from the proselyte Isaac (alias Ambrosiaster)". John Chapman looked closely at these materials and the section in around the Priscillian faith statement . Chapman saw an indication that Priscillian found himself bound to defend the comma by citing from the "Unity of the Church" Cyprian section. Council of Carthage, 484 "The Comma ... was invoked at Carthage in 484 when the Catholic bishops of North Africa confessed their faith before Huneric the Vandal (Victor de Vita, Historia persecutionis Africanae Prov 2.82 [3.11]; CSEL, 7, 60)." The Confession of Faith representing the hundreds of Orthodox bishops included the following section, emphasizing the heavenly witnesses to teach ("clearer than the light"): and There are additional heavenly witnesses references that are considered to be from the same period as the Council of Carthage, including references that have been attributed to Vigilius Tapsensis who attended the Council. Raymond Brown gives one summary: ... in the century following Priscillian, the chief appearance of the Comma is in tractates defending the Trinity. In PL 62 227–334 there is a work consisting of twelve books ... In Books 1 and 10 (PL 62, 243D, 246B, 297B) the Comma is cited three times. Another work on the Trinity consisting of three books ... North African origin ca. 450 seems probable. The Comma is cited in 1.5 (CC 90, 20–21). One of the references in , from Book V: The reference: This is in the UBS apparatus as Varimadum. Ebrard, in referencing this quote, comments, "We see that he had before him the passage in his New Testament in its corrupt form (); but also, that the gloss was already in the text, , but that