the Luo languages) shows alternations between voiced and voiceless states of the final consonant of a noun stem. In the construct state (the form that means 'hill of', 'stick of', etc.) the voicing of the final consonant is switched from the absolute state. (There are also often vowel alternations that are independent of consonant mutation.) 'hill' (abs.), god (const.) 'stick' (abs.), luð (const.) 'appearance' (abs.), kit (const.) 'bone' (abs.), (const.) buk 'book' (abs.), bug (const.) 'book' (abs.), (const.) Fula Consonant mutation is a prominent feature of the Fula language. The Gombe dialect spoken in Nigeria, for example, shows mutation triggered by declension class. The mutation grades are fortition and prenasalization: For example, the stems rim- 'free man' and 'person' have the following forms: (class 2), dimo (class 1), ndimon (class 6) (class 2), gimɗo (class 1), ŋgimkon (class 6) Indonesian and Malay The active form of a multisyllabic verb with an initial stop consonant or fricative consonant is formed by prefixing the verb stem with meN- in which N stands for a nasal sharing the same place of articulation as the initial consonant: garuk → menggaruk (= to scratch), hitung → menghitung (= to count), beri → memberi (= to give), fitnah → memfitnah (= to accuse falsely), cari → mencari (= to search), dapat → mendapat (= to obtain), *jangkau → menjangkau (= to reach) An initial consonant that is an unvoiced stop or s is deleted, leaving only the nasal in its place. kandung → mengandung (= to contain or to be pregnant), putih → memutih (= to turn white), satu → menyatu (= to become one / to unite), tulis → menulis (= to write). Applied to verbs starting with a vowel, the nasal is realized as ng . Monosyllabic verbs add an epenthetic vowel before prefixing and produce the prefix menge-: bor (= boring tool / drill) → mengebor (= to make a hole with drill). Verbs starting with a nasal or approximant consonant do not add any mutant nasal, only me-. The colloquial language drops me- prefix but tends to replace it with nasalization: tanya → menanya → nanya pikir → memikir → mikir merepotkan → ng(e)repotin Latvian More information is available in the Latvian Wikipedia. Also two consonants can mutate as a group. Ute In Ute, also called Southern Paiute, there are three consonant mutations, which are triggered by different word-stems, The mutations are