clauses Relative clauses in Crow are complex and subject to theoretical debates. There are two types of relative clauses in Crow: lexically headed and non-lexically headed. There are two basic relativizers /ak/ and /ala/, several composite forms based on ala plus baa 'indefinite pronoun' and instances with no relativizer. /ak/ indicates the subject of the relative clause is relativized and marks the subject as animate, and generally agenitive. It can occur in both lexically and non-lexically headed clauses. /ala/ may indicate a locative, temporal or manner adverbial is the head of the relative clause. In non-lexically headed relative clauses, /ala/ can sometimes be interpreted as the head of the clause itself. It can also occur in both lexically and non-lexically headed clauses. The relativizers are bound, with many exception, but they are generally prefixed to the word that contains the verb of the relative clause. Relative clauses are marked with final determiners. If the definite referent of the relative clause has already been accounted in the discourse or is otherwise obvious, the relative clause is marked with the definite /-sh/. Relative clauses can also be marked with the indefinite determiner marker /-m/; generally this is used to imply that the referent is being introduced into the discourse for the first time. However, the nominal head is almost always marked by the indefinite determiner /-m/. References Bibliography Graczyk, R. 2007. A Grammar of Crow: Apsáaloke Aliláau. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Hollow, R.C., Jr.; Douglas R. Parks. Studies in Plains linguistics: a review. In Anthropology on the Great Plains, ed. W. Raymond Wood and Margot Liberty. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Kaschube, D.V. 1978. Crow Texts. IJAL-NATS Monograph No. 2. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Kaschube, D.V. 1963. Structural Elements of Crow. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, June 1960. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms. Kaschube, D.V. 1967. Structural Elements of Crow. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press. Lowie, R.H. 1945. The Crow Language: Grammatical Sketch and Analyzed Text. American Archaeology and Ethnology, 39 (1942–1945):1-139. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Lowie, R.H. 1960. Crow Texts. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Lowie, R.H. 1960. Crow Word Lists. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Matthews, G.H. 1979. "Glottochronology and the separation of the Crow and Hidatsa." In Symposium on the Crow-Hidatsa Separations, ed. by Leslie B.