In Judaism, the dough offering (or mitzvat terumat challah, "commandment of separating challah" ) is a positive commandment requiring the owner of a bread dough to give a part of the kneaded dough to a kohen (Jewish priest). The obligation to separate the dough offering (henceforth: challah) from the dough begins the moment the dough is kneaded, but may also be separated after the loaves are baked. This commandment is one of the twenty-four kohanic gifts, and, by a biblical injunction, is only obligatory in the Land of Israel, but from a rabbinic injunction applies also to breadstuffs made outside the Land of Israel. The common modern practice in Orthodox Judaism is to burn (although simply throwing away the dough in a double-wrapped container is allowed) the portion to be given the Kohen, although giving the challah to a Kohen for consumption is permitted—even encouraged—outside Israel (permitted with restrictions, see article below for detail). In the Hebrew Bible The origin of the offering is found in Book of Numbers 15:17–21: In the above passage "cake" is khallah (Heb. ) while "of dough" is ʿarisah (Heb. ). The return of the Jews from the Babylonian exile marked a renewal in adherence to numerous commandments, and the dough offering, "the first fruits of our dough," is listed as one of them (Nehemiah 10:37). In the Mishnah and Talmud The Mishnah and Jerusalem Talmud contain a tractate known as Challah dealing with the dough offering. Among the rulings, only five grains require the separation of the dough offering: wheat, barley, spelt, wild barley (or oats), and rye. In the same tractate is stated the prohibition of setting aside dough offering and tithes from dough made from "new" grain (chadash), on behalf of dough made from "old" grain (yashan). The Jerusalem Talmud implies that the commandment was given before the sin of the Twelve Spies. Certain preparations of dough were exempt from the duty of separating the dough-offering, such as Sūfgenīn dough that was made with a thin-batter, variously mixed with spices or milk-products, and deep-fried in oil to be made into fritters. Included in this exemption is dough that has been kneaded with milk and honey to be deep-fried over a stove into honey-cakes (Hebrew: dūḇshanīn). Although exempt from the dough-offering, they still require the separation of regular tithes. The Jerusalem Talmud makes the exemption of separating the dough-offering contingent upon breadstuffs that