river Daitya are not universally agreed upon. Iranian sources have traditionally located Aryanem Vaejah in around Azerbaijan, a hypothesis that was shared, e.g., by James Darmesteter. In contrast, historians such as Walter Bruno Henning, Josef Markwart, and Mary Boyce believe its location to be in Chorasmia or northeast Iran around the Aral Sea and the Oxus River. Yet according to Michael Witzel, Airyanem Vaejah should be located at the center of the sixteen lands, specifically in what are now the central Afghan highlands (around modern Bamyan Province). One of arguments in favor of locating Airyanem Vaejah in central Afghanistan is that a mountainous region explains its severe climate (Vd. 1.2.3) better than does its supposed location in Chorasmia. According to Gnoli, it was situated between the Helmand River and the Hindu Kush Mountains, while historians like Skjaervo have declared the localization of Airyanem Vaejah to be insolveable. Gava, inhabited by the Sogdians (): The toponym Gava appears twice in the Avesta. Each time it is connected with the Sogdians and it is consequently identified with the region of Sogdia. While the place name Gava remains elusive, Vogelsang connects it with Gabae, a Sogdian stronghold in western Sogdia and speculates that during the time of the Avesta, the center of Sogdia may have been closer to Bukhara instead of Samarkand. Mouru the just (): This toponym is universally identified with Margiana, a historical region located in the eastern portion of Turkmenistan. Bahdi the beautiful with uplifted banners (): Likewise, Bahdi is universally identified with Bactria, a historical region around the city of Balkh located in today's Tadjikistan and the northern portion of Afghanistan. Nisai between Mouru and Bahdi (): The Vendidad states that Nisai is located between Margiana and Bactria, which would place it somewhere near to today's Faryab Province. However, some historians have also proposed a more western location centered around Nisa in modern day southern Turkmenistan or Neyshabur in north-eastern Iran. Haroiva with vis harezanem (): The meaning of 'vis harezanem' is unclear, yet the name Haroiva continues in the modern city of Herat as well as the name of Aria, the satrapy that was centered around this city. The name Haroiva also appears as Sarayu, a Vedic river in India. Vakereta, inhabited by the Duzhaka (): Early Pahlavi sources identify this country with the Kabul region. Modern scholarship mostly identifies Vakereta with the nearby region of Gandhara. Diverting