1662 by Treaty Internal problems in post-Dutch Pernambuco Competition from Caribbean sugar As early as 1633, the rise in sugar prices caused by the Dutch invasion of Pernambuco had Barbados experimenting with growing sugar cane. By 1643, Barbadian sugar was for sale in Europe, and countries with colonies in the Caribbean were rushing to follow suit. By the time the Dutch were expelled from Pernambuco and with the establishment of their sugar colonies, the major European powers began excluding Brazilian sugar from their markets. "In the 1630's, about 80 percent of the sugar sold in London originated in Brazil. By 1670, that figure had fallen to 40 percent, and by 1690, to only 10 percent". The sugar colonies in the Caribbean now competed for slaves and this raised that cost. Quilombos Runaway African slaves and their quilombos (settlements) had long been a problem in Pernambuco and throughout Brazil. Well before the Dutch incursion governors had appointed capitães-do-mato (bush captains) to hunt out quilombos and recapture slaves. However, in addition to a large number of Africans imported to Pernambuco, the turmoil and destruction of the guerrilla war against the Dutch provided ample opportunities for slaves to escape and take refuge in Quilombos. Alagoas, which was part of Pernambuco until 1817, was the site of Palmares, the largest and most famous quilombo in Brazil. Palmares, although dispersed for defense, was nevertheless a small city, with streets and residences along with cultivated fields and at some point self-styled as the Republic of Palmares. Moreover, Africans were not content to live a stone-age existence without metal tools, firearms, and other implements and conveniences, the principal source of which was to raid Portuguese settlements. Thus, aside from the Portuguese wanting to reclaim their escaped slaves, the Portuguese were under threat of attack from the quilombos. As early as 1627 Governor-general Diogo Botelho ordered an attack against a quilombo near the Real river, with limited success. The Dutch likewise attacked Palmares unsuccessfully with 300 Muskateers and 700 Indians. After the Dutch were expelled there was a period of relative non-aggression against Palmares, but beginning in 1672 there began a period of repeated attacks on Palmares (eight between 1672 1680) culminating in the destruction of Palmares in 1694. This ended the largest and most famous of the quilombos, but a multitude of smaller quilombos would remain for decades. Other factors In the 1680s Europe, including Portugal and