his sick and injured during the long march to Bahia, Maurits responded by forwarding a copy of the letter Luis Barbalho had written to implement this policy and, of course, refusing quarter in return. After the failure of the armada to expel the Dutch, the recall of various officials by the crown, the arrival of Dutch reinforcements for Dutch Pernambuco, and the arrival of Dom Jorge de Mascarenhas (newly the marquis of Mantalvão and the first Governor-general to bear the title of viceroy) the two men, Montalvão and Maurits, both humane according to the standards of the time, negotiated an end to the slaughter of prisoners that occurred on both sides and returned the struggle for control of Pernambuco and Northeastern Brazil to a less barbaric level in which quarter was again extended to a defeated enemy. In 1640, the house of Braganza wrested the throne of Portugal from the Hapsburgs. While Philip IV of Spain did not willingly let Portugal go and war with Spain was always a possibility for years to follow, Portugal was able to negotiate a truce with the Dutch, which although mostly observed in Europe and seldom and reluctantly observed outside of Europe, it did, with two important exceptions, mark the beginning of the closure of Johan Maurits’ military exploits. The first of these exceptions was another expedition to Africa in the interest of securing slaves. The second was the occupation of Maranhão in 1641. As Pernambuco required slaves to support its sugar industry the African expedition was important to Pernambuco whereas the occupation of Maranhão was not so significant to the history of Pernambuco. “During his stay in Brazil Johan Maurits gathered around him a carefully selected entourage of forty-six scholars, scientists, artists, and craftsmen from the Netherlands, all of whom had their own special functions and assignment. Piso studied tropical diseases and their remedies, Marcgraf made scientific collections of the fauna, flora, and geography of Brazil and Angola, in addition to astronomical and meteorological observations; while half a dozen painters, including Frans Post and Albert Eckout...filled their portfolios with sketches of every aspect of local life and culture.” He was also appreciative of the need to win the cooperation of the residents of Pernambuco. A Protestant himself he tolerated the Catholic priests and friars (excepting the Jesuits). He permitted Jewish religious practices, including the establishment of two synagogues in Recife, in the face