topics Steal This Book Groups Guerrilla Girls The Yes Men Billboard Liberation Front Crimethinc Merry Pranksters Operation Mindfuck Billboard Utilising Graffitists Against Unhealthy Promotions monochrom Criticism The intent of those participating in culture jamming sometimes differs from that of people whose intent, apolitical and with no radical orientation, is either artistic or merely destructive. Some activities, notably street art, may be deemed culture jamming, artistic appropriation, vandalism, or even all three at once, by the social institutions and authorities that it seeks to disrupt. Some scholars and activists, such as Amory Starr and Joseph D. Rumbo, have argued that culture jamming is futile because it is easily co-opted and commodified by the market, which tends to "defuse" its potential for consumer resistance. A newer understanding of the term has been called for that would encourage artists, scholars and activists to come together and create innovative, flexible, and practical mobile art pieces that communicate intellectual and political concepts and new strategies and actions. See also Anti-corporate activism Banksy Brandalism Counterculture Critical theory Doppelgänger brand image Minority influence Protest art Subvertising Tactical media The Firesign Theatre Notes References Branwyn, Gareth (1996). Jamming the Media: A Citizen's Guide - Reclaiming the Tools of Communication. California: Chronicle Books Dery, Mark (1993). Culture Jamming: Hacking, Slashing, and Sniping in the Empire of Signs. Open Magazine Pamphlet Series: NJ. King, Donovan (2004). University of Calgary. Optative Theatre: A Critical Theory for Challenging Oppression and Spectacle Klein, Naomi (2000). No Logo London: Flamingo. Kyoto Journal: Culture Jammer's Guide to Enlightenment Lasn, Kalle (1999) Culture Jam. New York: Eagle Brook. LeVine, Mark (2005) Why They Don't Hate Us: Lifting the Veil on the Axis of Evil. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. LeVine, Mark (2017) "Putting the 'Jamming' into Culture Jamming: Theory, Praxis and Cultural Production During the Arab Spring," in DeLaure, Marilyn; Fink, Moritz; eds. (2017). Culture Jamming: Activism and the Art of Cultural Resistance. New York University Press. Tietchen, T. Language out of Language: Excavating the Roots of Culture Jamming and Postmodern Activism from William S. Burroughs' Nova Trilogy Discourse: Berkeley Journal for Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture. 23, Part 3 (2001): 107–130. Milstein, Tema & Pulos, Alexis (2015). "Culture Jam Pedagogy and Practice: Relocating Culture by Staying on One's Toes". Communication, Culture & Critique 8 (3): 393–413. Further reading DeLaure, Marilyn; Fink, Moritz; eds. (2017). Culture Jamming: Activism and the Art of Cultural Resistance. New York