L'Action nationale () is a French-language monthly published in Quebec, Canada. The magazine publishes critical analyses of Quebec's linguistic, social, cultural and economic realities. Since 1917, approximately 17,000 authors have appeared in it, including such Quebec intellectuals such as André Laurendeau, Pierre Vadeboncoeur, Pierre Trudeau, Lionel Groulx, Marcel Rioux, Richard Ares, Fernand Dumont and Esdras Minville. At first a Catholic-Nationalist publication, L'Action nationale moved to a secular, separatist stance, and became one of the main inspirations for Québécois nationalism in the 1960s, the decade that saw the Quiet Revolution and the first successes of the Parti québécois. History L'Action nationale was founded in 1917 under the name L'action française (French Action) by members of the Ligue des droits du français (League for French Rights). It was published in Montreal from 1917 to 1927. The first director was Omer Héroux. He was followed by the Catholic priest Lionel Groulx, whose name would become strongly associated with the periodical. With his colleagues, Groulx dedicated himself to the defense of the French Language, the Catholic Church, traditional values, and agriculture; all of which seemed under threat from Quebec's industrialization and urbanization. The journal also aimed to find solutions to the problem of economic and intellectual (educational) development in Quebec. Two annual reports were particularly notable. The 1922 report examined the possibility of Quebec's independence, and the 1927 report criticized the place allotted to Quebec and French Canadians since Canadian Confederation in 1867. The periodical was associated with Integralism, a right-wing nationalist movement founded by French thinker Charles Maurras and the organization he founded, which like the magazine was called Action française. Integralist ideas were used by French Canadian intellectuals in debates about culture, politics, and identity. In Quebec, L'Action française was first the name of a periodical, but also the name of a league (1921–1927), which was supported by a group of self-styled defenders of the French language. The league was also led by Lionel Groulx, who was its theoretician. Its members advocated the defense of the French language, family, and rural life. The league defended the idea of an independent state for French Canadians which would protect them against the threats of urban, modern life. Some members of the league had personal contacts with the directors of the French organization Action française, and borrowed from Maurras' thought a hostility to parliamentary democracy; a distinction between 'official' countries and 'real' nations; and various