twelve concurrent claimants to the caliphate who, he claims, competed in the fifth/eleventh century. His third proposal is that the hadith refers to the golden age of Islam that ended with the death of Umar II in 101/720. This means fourteen rulers, rather than twelve. So al-Qastallani removes Mu'awiya II () and Marwan I (), saying that their reigns were too short. He does, however, retain Hasan ibn Ali (). Al-Nawawi () gives a similar explanation in his commentary on Sahih Muslim. With an anti-Umayyad attitude, al-Fadl ibn Ruzbihan (tenth/sixteenth century) instead identifies the twelve successors as the "five" (rather than four) Rashidun caliphs, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Umar II, and five Abbasid caliphs whom he does not name. Twelver sources Before occultation Perhaps the earliest Shia versions of this hadith appear in the Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays, attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays, who might have been a companion of Ali. One version therein is related on the authority of Ali, Abd Allah ibn Ja'far (), and Salman the Persian, among others. Shortly before he died in 11/632, Muhammad is reported to have told his companions at Ghadir Khumm, Neglect Sulaym's statement did not garner much attraction until the late third/ninth century among Imamites, who went on to form the Twelver community after the occultation of their twelfth Imam in 260/874. In particular, this hadith is absent from the works of the contemporary Imamite Muhammad ibn al-Haan al-Saffar (), Sa'd ibn Abd Allah al-Ash'ari, and Ibn Qiba. This was the case, Modarressi argues, because the Imamite community in the first decades of the occultation likely expected their twelfth Imam to reemerge soon and the line of the Imams to continue as before. It was probably sometime after 295/908 that the community realized that there might not be a manifest Imam for the foreseeable future, Modarressi writes. Only then the number of Imams became a central issue. After occultation Al-Kulayni () and Ibn Babawahy () are among the first Imamite traditionists who include in their works such hadiths that set the number of the Imams at twelve. In particular, al-Kulayni has a chapter in his canonical Kitab al-Kafi about the number of Imams. As for Sulaym's hadith above, al-Kulayni, al-Nu'mani, and al-Tusi () all cite it while al-Mas'udi questions its authenticity. Another version of the hadith, cited by Ibn Babawahy on the authority of Ali, identifies the twelfth successor as Muhammad