the battle, in expectation of Licinius retreating on Byzantium, Constantine advanced in the direction of this city. However, Licinius had withdrawn northwards and this placed him across Constantine's lines of communication, Constantine also lost much of his baggage to Licinius. A treaty highly favorable to Constantine was subsequently negotiated; this included the ceding by Licinius of the greater part of the Balkan Peninsula and the elevation of Constantine's sons, Crispus (then about 14) and Constantine II (who was only an infant), with Licinius' young son (Licinius II), to the rank of caesar. Licinius then deposed and executed his erstwhile co-emperor Valens. Notes References Grant, Michael (1993), The Emperor Constantine, London. Lieu, S.N.C and Montserrat, D. (Ed.s) (1996), From Constantine to Julian, London. Odahl, C.M., (2004) Constantine and the Christian Empire, Routledge 2004. Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395, Routledge, 2004. Stephenson, P. (2009) Constantine: Unconquered Emperor, Christian Victor, Quercus, London. Taylor, D. (2016) Roman Empire at War: A Compendium of Roman Battles from 31 B.C. to A.D. 565, Pen and Sword, Barnsley. 316 Cibalae 310s in the Roman Empire Cibalae Cibalae