grant college for students of color. No black students were admitted again to the state's flagship university until 1963, years after the US Supreme Court had ruled in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Moses supported social programs and the idea of publicly funded old-age pensions. He organized a state militia, which was staffed mostly by blacks and men of color, that helped protect freedmen in years of growing white insurgency to revive white supremacy. Moses was reelected in 1870 to the House and continued to serve as the speaker. White Democrats accused the legislature of rampant corruption and bribery, but it was also investing in infrastructure, such as railroads, and public welfare institutions, which the pre-war planter-dominated legislature had neglected. The state debt in 1868 stood at $5,407,306, and by 1872 it had risen to $18,350,000, a tripling of the debt in four years. As Marxist historian W.E.B. Du Bois noted in his history, Black Reconstruction (1930), one reason that debt increased in numerous Southern states was that Reconstruction legislatures were "investing" for public purposes; the planter elite had avoided such actions before the war; all education was private, there were few hospitals or other institutions, and the South was behind in investing in railroad construction to improve regional transportation. Du Bois acknowledged there was corruption after the war, but asserted that it was generally within limits of comparable periods and tumultuous social conditions of the postwar societies. When Moses was nominated by the Republicans as the candidate for governor, opponents within the party organized to block his election. But with overwhelming black Republican support, Moses was elected in 1872 as the 75th governor of South Carolina. His biographer Ginsberg noted that Moses created new alliances with African-American men during this period; they each had been somewhat on the margins before. Serving with Moses were Francis Cardozo, secretary of state, and Robert De Large, elected as state land commissioner and later as US Representative. Both men were mixed-race sons of enslaved mothers (who were themselves mixed race) and Jewish fathers. As Governor, Moses became known for extravagant spending of state money. He spent $40,000 to buy the Preston mansion to use as the official governor's residence. During his two years as governor, with a salary of $3,500, he spent $40,000 on living expenses, which included official entertaining. What really rankled many