realm of justice, even experienced a revival in the middle to late 1880s. One such explanation for this area of discrepancy in which there still maintained a strong use of the kurbash is that some reformists stood to benefit from its continued use: in order to keep crime rates low, some reformists ignored the use of the purportedly illegal whip. The kurbash would not be recognized as abolished until 1922, with the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence from Great Britain. In popular culture In his 1899 book The River War, Winston Churchill draws upon the image of the kurbash as a symbol of oppression: "Ages of oppression and poverty rarely produce proud and warlike spirits. Patriotism does not grow under the 'Kourbash.'" See also Sjambok Egyptian Armed Forces Muhammad Ali of Egypt Military of the Ottoman Empire Fallah Mamluk Sultanate Egyptian Public Works References Turkish words and phrases Whips Instruments of torture