but the apparel of el verdugo –the hated hangman or executioner- and that no respectable person would wear such a thing. The populace thus peacefully adopted more modern apparel. Charles III's advisers blamed the riots as a plot organized by the Jesuits. The riots thus helped seal the fate of the Jesuits, already not in favor in Charles III's court. One scholar states that "Charles III would never have dared to expel the Jesuits had he not been assured of the support of an influential party within the Spanish Church." The Spanish Crown expelled the Jesuits in January 1767 and dismantled the Jesuit missions of the Americas. Despite the near-insurrection of the populace, Charles would continue his program of reforms. The painter Francisco de Goya, an eyewitness to these events, would paint his Motín de Esquilache around 1766–7. Comparisons In the 1600s, the Qing dynasty ordered all Chinese men to adopt the queue hairstyle on pain of death. In 1698, Czar Peter the Great commanded all of his courtiers and officials to cut off their long beards and wear European clothing. In 1925, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk banned the traditional local headdress, the fez, as a symbol of the former Ottoman Empire. See also Enlightenment Spain Esquilache, a 1989 Spanish film about the life of the Marques and the riot. Further reading Anes, Gonzalo. "Antecedentes próximos del motín contra Esquilache". Moneda y Crédito, 128 (1974), pp. 219-24. Eguía Ruiz, Constancio. Los jesuitas y el motín de Esquilache. Madrid 1947. Lynch, John, Bourbon Spain, 1700-1808. London: Basil Black 1989. Navarro Latorre, J. Hace doscientos años. Estado actual de los problemas históricos del motín de Esquilache. Madrid 1966. Rodríguez, Laura. "The Riots of 1766 in Madrid", European Studies Review 3,3(1973), pp. 223–42. Rodríguez, Laura. "The Spanish Riots of 1766", Past and Present 59, (1973), pp. 117–46. Vilar, Pierre. "El motín de Esquilache y las crisis del Antiguo Régimen." Revista de Occidente, 107 (1972), pp. 200–47. References Motín de Esquilache Riots and civil disorder in Spain 1766 riots 1766 in Spain Conflicts in 1766 Food riots Price controls Regulation in Spain History of Madrid