and also created a political police force, the PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado; State Defense and Vigilance Police). Opposition After 28 May 1926, there were four coup attempts against the Ditadura Nacional by Republican forces. On 3 February 1927, there was a large coup attempt that started in Porto, involving military and civil forces from the North, Coimbra, Évora, Algarve, and would end four days later on 7 February. On that same day, a coup attempt started in Lisbon, led by Mendes dos Reis, Agatão Lança, Câmara Lente, and Filipe Mendes, with navy, GNR, and civil forces, as well as the decaying NRP Carvalho Araújo and Canhoeira Ibo. The government forces in Lisbon greatly outnumbered the rebel forces, and were supported by some units that had already reached the capital after putting down the coup attempt in Porto and this second coup attempt ended at 7:30 p.m. on 9 February 1926. About 90 people died, 400 people were wounded and 700 buildings were damaged. Over a thousand people were exiled after these two revolts and from then on, the Republican rebels mostly organised in exile, through an association known as the Liga de Paris. On 20 July 1928, a coup attempt was planned by the Liga de Paris, Major Sarmento Beires, and military leaders of the Portuguese mainland interior, which were supported by various syndicalists (namely railroad syndicalist workers). But the negotiations were hard and the government's forces learned about the plot and preemptively bombed São Jorge Castle, where the rebels were located. This caused the rebel forces within Castelo de São Jorge to start the plot, hours before the provincial rebel forces arrived in Lisbon. The rebel forces in Lisbon surrendered on the morning of 21 July 1928 and the forces outside the capital at 22 July the latest. About 1100 military members and 200 civilians were imprisoned, many of which were later exiled. Between 4 April and 2 May 1931, there was an uprising which started in Madeira, and spread to the Azores and Guinea. It was badly prepared and received little support from mainland Portugal, so it failed. On 26 August 1931, the Ditadura Nacional would see its last coup attempt, this time with the support of the Spanish Republic. It was led by Hélder Ribeiro, Utra Machado, Jaime Batista, Dias Antunes, Sarmento Beires. Yet, again due to bad planning, the hostilities would