are able to assist astronauts and support their operations during their mission. The collaboration between rovers, UAVs, and humans enables leveraging capabilities from all sides and optimizes task performance. Agricultural robots Human labor has been greatly used in agriculture but Agricultural robots like milking robots have been adopted in large-scale farming. Hygiene is the main issue in the agri-food sector and the invention of this technology has widely impacted agriculture. Robots can also be used in tasks that might be hazardous to human health like in the application of chemicals to plants. See also Robotics Autonomous robots Cobots Gesture recognition Humanoid robots Human–robot collaboration Mobile robots Motion planning Personal robot Robot simulations Robot teams Social robot Technology Artificial intelligence CAPTCHA Computer supported collaborative work Dialog management Face detection Haptic technology Human–computer interaction Interactive Systems Engineering Multimodal interaction Natural-language understanding Telematics Face recognition Human sensing Psychology Anthropomorphism and the uncanny valley Properties Bartneck and Okada suggest that a robotic user interface can be described by the following four properties: Tool – toy scale Is the system designed to solve a problem effectively or is it just for entertainment? Remote control – autonomous scale Does the robot require remote control or is it capable of action without direct human influence? Reactive – dialogue scale Does the robot rely on a fixed interaction pattern or is it able to have dialogue — exchange of information — with a human? Anthropomorphism scale Does it have the shape or properties of a human? Conferences ACE – International Conference on Future Applications of AI, Sensors, and Robotics in Society The International Conference on Future Applications of AI, Sensors, and Robotics in Society explore the state of the art research, highlighting the future challenges as well as the hidden potential behind the technologies. The accepted contributions to this conference will be published annually in the special edition of the Journal of Future Robot Life. International Conference on Social Robotics The International Conference on Social Robotics is a conference for scientists, researchers, and practitioners to report and discuss the latest progress of their forefront research and findings in social robotics, as well as interactions with human beings and integration into our society. ICSR2009, Incheon, Korea in collaboration with the FIRA RoboWorld Congress ICSR2010, Singapore ICSR2011, Amsterdam, Netherlands International Conference on Human–Robot Personal Relationships HRPR2008, Maastricht HRPR 2009, Tilburg. Keynote speaker was Hiroshi Ishiguro. HRPR2010, Leiden. Keynote speaker was