similar manner as coating application, on the exterior of pipes. For FBE coating application on the interior of pipe surface, a lance is used. The lance enters into the pre-heated pipe, and starts spraying the powder from the opposite end, while the pipe is being rotated on its axis and the lance pulls out in a pre-determined speed. On fittings such as Tee's, elbows, bends, etc., powder can be sprayed using hand held spray guns. Small sized fittings can also be coated by dipping in a fluidized bed of powder, after heating the steel to the required powder application temperature. After field welding of the pipe ends, FBE can be applied on the weld area as well. Advantages of FBE application over conventional liquid coating application are: Ease of application, Less waste of material, Rapid application, Cure schedules, which means faster production rates Failures There are a number of potential failure modes for Fusion bonded epoxy. One of these failure modes is by ultraviolet degradation. Manufacturers The world's leading FBE manufacturers are Valspar, SolEpoxy (former Henkel/Dexter), KCC Corporation, Jotun Powder Coatings, Sherwin-Williams, 3M, Axalta Coating Systems, Akzo Nobel, BASF, and Rohm & Haas. See also Epoxy Rebar Thermoset powder coatings Corrosion Cathodic protection Powder coating DCVG References Further reading External links Improving Functional Powder Coatings' Corrosion Protection Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI - Reinforcing Steel Coating Corrosion protection by coatings for water and wastewater pipelines Laboratory Evaluation of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings for Civil Works Applications Coatings