Intra-arterial injection (especially in drug addicts) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – connective tissue disorder, often with many secondary conditions, may be present in all types Pheochromocytoma Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation FILS syndrome (polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature) Primary hyperoxaluria, oxalosis (oxalate vasculopathy) Cytomegalovirus infection (very rare clinical form, presenting with persistent fever and livedo reticularis on the extremities and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis of the toes) Generalized livedo reticularis induced by silicone implants for soft tissue augmentation As a rare skin finding in children with Down syndrome Idiopathic livedo reticularis with polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy CO2 angiography (rare, reported case) A less common skin lesion of Churg–Strauss syndrome Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and Sjögren's syndrome Livedo vasculopathy associated with IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody Livedo vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity As a first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma (very rare) Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma (rare) Buerger's disease (as an initial symptom) As a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism Associated with pernicious anaemia Moyamoya disease (a rare, chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknown cause, characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis leading to an abnormal capillary network and resultant ischemic strokes or cerebral hemorrhages) Associated with the use of a midline catheter . ( atheroempolic renal DX )due to angioplasty Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia. Diagnosis Livedo reticularis is diagnosed by its clinical appearance and history. No further test or examination confirms idiopathic livedo reticularis, however, further investigations may be undertaken where an underlying cause is suspected such as skin biopsies, or blood tests for antibodies associated with antiphospholipid syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment Other than identifying and treating any underlying conditions in secondary livedo, idiopathic livedo reticularis may improve with warming the area. See also Livedoid dermatitis Livedo racemosa Perinatal gangrene of the buttock erythema ab igne (AKA livedo recticularis e calore) - a rash caused by prolonged heat exposure (e.g. hot water bottle or heat pad) List of cutaneous conditions References External links DermNet Vascular-related cutaneous conditions Rheumatology