part of the international standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 31320-2:2012. The standard describes the syntax and semantics of IDEF1X97, which consists of two conceptual modeling languages: a “key-style” language downward compatible with FIPS 184, which supports relational and extended relational databases, and a newer “identity-style” language suitable for object databases and object-oriented modeling. Logical database design technique The logical database design technique (LDDT) had been developed in 1982 by Robert G. Brown of The Database Design Group entirely outside the IDEF program and with no knowledge of IDEF1. Nevertheless, the central goal of IDEF1 and LDDT was the same: to produce a database-neutral model of the persistent information needed by an enterprise by modeling the real-world entities involved. LDDT combined elements of the relational data model, the E-R model, and data generalization in a way specifically intended to support data modeling and the transformation of the data models into database designs. LDDT included an environmental (namespace) hierarchy, multiple levels of model, the modeling of generalization/specialization, and the explicit representation of relationships by primary and foreign keys, supported by a well defined role naming facility. The primary keys and unambiguously role-named foreign keys expressed sometimes subtle uniqueness and referential integrity constraints that needed to be known and honored by whatever type of database was ultimately designed. Whether the database design used the integrity constraint based keys of the LDDT model as database access keys or indexes was an entirely separate decision. The precision and completeness of the LDDT models was an important factor in enabling the relatively smooth transformation of the models into database designs. Early LDDT models were transformed into database designs for IBM's hierarchical database, IMS. Later models were transformed into database designs for Cullinet's network database, IDMS, and many varieties of relational database. The LDDT software, ADAM, supported view (model) entry, view merging, selective (subset) viewing, namespace inheritance, normalization, a quality assurance analysis of views, entity relationship graph and report generation, transformation to a relational database expressed as SQL data declaration statements, and referential integrity checking SQL. Logical models were serialized with a structural modeling language. The graphic syntax of LDDT differed from that of IDEF1 and, more importantly, LDDT contained many interrelated modeling concepts not present in IDEF1. Therefore, instead of extending IDEF1, Mary E. Loomis of DACOM wrote a concise summary of the syntax and semantics of a substantial subset of LDDT, using terminology compatible with IDEF1 wherever possible.