sylvaticus), bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus), and leopard (Panthera pardus). Birds found in the range include the scaly spurfowl (Pternistis squamatus), olive woodpecker (Dendropicos griseocephalus), and the red-faced crimson-wing (Cryptospiza reichenovii). The Viphya mountains are the southernmost range for several Afromontane species of the East African mountains – the trees and shrubs Entandrophragma excelsum, Ficalhoa laurifolia, and Ocotea usambarensis; the birds Onychognathus tenuirostris and Laniarius fuelleborni; and the butterflies Precis sinuata, Henotesia ubenica, Uranothauma cuneatum, and Uranothauma heritsia. Forest Reserves South Viphya Forest Reserve, established in 1948, has an area of 1147.8 km², covering much of the southern range. The reserve is home to the vast Viphya Plantation, also known as the Chikangawa Forest, which is mostly composed of exotic pine trees. The South Viphya Forest Reserve also includes three enclaves of native evergreen montane forest at Nthungwa (11°40’S 33°49’E, 108 ha at 1,600–1,800 m), Chamambo (11°50’S 33°50’E, 260 ha at 1,600–1,800 m) and Kawandama (12°01’S 33°52’E, 75 ha at 1,750–1,850 m. Other forest reserves include Chimaliro and Dwambazi at the south end of the range, Mtangatanga and Perekezi on the western slope of the southern range, Ruvuo, Chisahira, and Nkhwazi on the eastern slope, Lunyangwa and Kaning'ina near Mzuzu, and Uzumara on Mt. Uzumara in the northern range. Viphya Plantation Starting in 1964, a 53,000-hectare plantation of exotic pines was planted in the South Viphya Forest Reserve. The plantation was managed by the state-owned Viphya Plywood and Allied Industries (VIPLY) corporation, and was part of a plan by Malawian president Hastings Banda to create an export-oriented pulp and paper industry in Malawi. The plantation was either the largest or the second-largest man-made forest in Africa. The pines, mostly Pinus patula, were planted on former montane grassland on the reserve's high central plateau. Enclaves of native montane forest were preserved. Plans for pulp mill to create wood pulp for export were abandoned in the 1980s, a consequence of reduced export demand and economic recession. VIPLY was privatized in the 1990s, and in 1998 the government gave Raiply Malawi Ltd. a 15-year concession to manage 20,000 hectares of the plantation. Raiply runs a factory which makes plywood, lumber, and wood furniture in the town of Chikangawa, west of the plantation. The remaining 33,000 hectares was reserved for Malawian loggers for sustainable harvesting. The concessionaires did little replanting, and illegal logging was rampant. By 2013, only 10% of the plantation was still covered with