would receive one thousand strokes. Other such accounts of the military at the time list the whip being applied for various discrepancies of soldiers, from losing water buckets to stealing apricots from a market. The use of the kurbash in this way was intended to not only discipline the soldier receiving the punishment, but also enforce obedience on the rest of the soldiers: whippings took place in front of the punished soldier's battalion so that his fellow soldiers were to watch. Abolition The abolition of the kurbash as a tool of statecraft and maintenance of order in Egypt was an effort by both British foreigners with influence in the state as well as native Egyptians, respectively. Early efforts to ban the whip came from the Egyptian government, as Khedive Isma'il (r. 1863–1879) and Prime Minister Mustafa Riyad Pasha (r. 1879–1881, 1888–1891, 1893–1894) both led unsuccessful efforts to suppress or ban the use of the kurbash and the similar practice of bastinado. The British built off of these efforts by the Egyptians and approached the use of the kurbash from the lens of human rights violations. In the late 19th century, the British were in the midst of a reform project in Egypt characterized by humanitarian sentiment and a motivation to enforce stability in the state. The British government under Prime Minister William Gladstone sent its ambassador to the Ottoman Porte, Lord Frederick Dufferin, to Egypt in 1882. Upon arriving to Egypt, Dufferin was openly critical of the pervasive use of the kurbash, and worked towards abolishing its use as part of the greater schedule of reform along British lines. The following year, in 1883, the Egyptian minister of the interior Isma'il Aiyub issued a circulation forbidding the application of the kurbash after the death of a man by flogging provided a proximate cause for the illegality of the kurbash. The application of the whip vanished most quickly in the realm of tax collection, a phenomenon credited by the British Consul-General in Egypt to the tax reform under Anglo-French dual control. The practice for the use of enforcing corvée labor later disappeared, as this form of labor was largely abolished by the British in 1892. Despite the lessening of the practice in these two arenas, there was no clear and effective blanket prohibition on the use of the kurbash. While the practice disappeared from some areas, it remained widespread in the