office of Adjutant and Inspector General on the Republican ticket. In addition, he was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives from Charleston and advanced to the speaker of that body. His father was elected as Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court the same year. While speaker of the House, Moses organized a statewide militia. This 14,000-man body was composed mostly of freedmen and headed by white officers. He used them to protect black voters during a period of intimidation and violence by the Ku Klux Klan and other white insurgents leading up to the 1870 elections, and was not above trying to disrupt Democratic Party meetings and voters. In this period, as noted by historian Benjamin Ginsberg, 'election outcomes depended as much upon the balance of armed force as upon the distribution of political popularity.' After the legislature appointed Moses as a trustee for the University of South Carolina in 1869, he expressed his goal to integrate the state university. There was concerted white opposition. Also appointed as trustees that year were Republicans Francis L. Cardozo, who was of mixed race, born free before the war, and who had earned college and seminary degrees from Scotland; and Benjamin A. Boseman. They were the first men of color appointed to the University Board of Trustees. Moses encouraged admission of black students, and the college established a preparatory school and 5-year, pre-freshman program to help blacks make up for having been closed out of formal education. In 1873 Henry E. Hayne, the Republican secretary of state, was the first black student admitted to the college; he studied medicine. This notable event was covered by national media; The New York Times described the mixed-race Hayne, who was born free before the war, "as white as any of his ancestors" (Hayne was known to be a descendant of a white South Carolina statesman and likely had other white ancestors.) Some of the faculty objected so much to the fact of his admission that they resigned. Moses arranged for new hires. After Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1876, the General Assembly closed the college. In 1877 the legislature passed a law restricting admission to whites and ending the preparatory programs. It authorized the college to re-open in 1880 as a whites-only Morrill Act land grant college. The legislature authorized Claflin College in Orangeburg to serve as the state's land