(1770–1831), German philosopher, one of the creators of German Idealism. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets. He also composed other chamber music, choral works (including the celebrated Missa Solemnis), and songs. He has been labeled a deist as well. Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840), German Romantic landscape painter. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), German philosopher. Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892), English poet. Tennyson praised Bruno and Spinoza on his deathbed, saying of Bruno, "His view of God is in some ways mine". Margaret Fuller (1810–1850), American journalist, editor, critic, translator, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalist movement. Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), German statesman and diplomat, first Chancellor of the German Empire. Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), American author, poet, philosopher, freemason, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. Walt Whitman (1819–1892), American poet, essayist and journalist. John Shertzer Hittell (1825–1901), American historian. Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910), Russian writer, philosophical essayist and pacifist. Robert G. Ingersoll (1833–1899), lawyer, Civil War veteran, political leader, orator, and notable agnostic. Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), German zoologist, natural historian, and philosopher. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), German philosopher. While sometimes interpreted as a proponent of atheistic existentialism by his statements about God, the German philosopher Martin Heidegger says about Nietzsche's conception of divine: “Is Nietzsche here teaching a pan-theism”, asks Heidegger. “If it were pantheism, we would first of all still have to ask what pan — the universe, the whole — and what theos — God — here mean. At all events, here we have a question! So, then, God is not dead? Yes and no! Yes, he is dead. But which God? The God of “morality,” the Christian God is dead — the “Father” in whom we seek sanctuary, the “Personality” with whom we negotiate and bare our hearts, the “Judge” with whom we adjudicate, the “Paymaster” from whom we receive our virtues’ reward, that God with whom we do business. Yet