treaty signed with China, coinciding with American aid through the Marshall Plan and Truman’s Point Four Program manifested the great power competition for spheres of influence under the cold war framework and mentality through which the Soviet Union managed to secure China’s newly emerged communist regime safeguarding its interest in the Far East. On the other hand, in the diplomatic exchanges between the two sides, Chinese leaders often appealed to the merit of “Sinicization of Marxism”, including “peasant encirclement of the cities”, “land revolution”, and “secret and open struggle within cities”, which were adaptations based on Chinese context and significantly diverged from the orthodox Soviet interpretation of Marxism-Leninism. These sowed the seeds for the Sino-Soviet split in the late 50s and early 60s. Austin Jersild, in his The Sino-Soviet Alliance: An International History, offers a similar perspective that the potentially paternalistic Soviet advising program and years of interaction generated unintended resentment of Soviet involvement, which resembled and reminded the Chinese people of imperialism. See also Sino-Soviet relations Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1937) Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945) Sino-Soviet split (1956–1966) Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969) 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship References Bibliography Ballis, William B. “The Pattern of Sino-Soviet Treaties, 1945-1950.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 277, no. 1 (September 1951): 167–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271625127700117. Cheng, Joseph Y. S. "Challenges to China's Russian Policy in Early 21st Century." Journal of Contemporary Asia 34, no. 4 (2004): 480–502. Elleman, Bruce A. 2020. "14 February 1950—Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty." In International Rivalry and Secret Diplomacy in East Asia, 1896–1950. 1st ed., 242-252: Routledge. Elleman, Bruce A., Stephen Kotkin, and Taylor & Francis eBooks A-Z. Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China: An International History. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2010;2009;2015;. doi:10.4324/9781315702643. Foot, Rosemary. "New Light on the Sino-Soviet Alliance: Chinese and American Perspectives." Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 10, no. 3 (1991): 16. Heinzig, Dieter. The Soviet Union and Communist China 1945-1950: The Arduous Road to the Alliance. 1st ed. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2004;1998;2003;.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315698984 Knight, John M. "Mandated Internationalism: Sino-Soviet Friendship 1949-1956." Twentieth Century Communism 19, no. 19 (2020): 26–60.https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=e494e396-a147-4bcc-825d-52f5fc43f90e%40redis Lawrance, Alan. "PART I the Era of Sino-Soviet Friendship 1945-55." In China's Foreign Relations since 1949, 39-87: Routledge. Lee, Wonhee. "Review - the Sino-Soviet Alliance: An International History." E-IR, July 11, 2015.https://www.e-ir.info/2015/06/27/review-the-sino-soviet-alliance-an-international-history/ Zhou, Hong. 2014. "Soviet Aid to China." In Foreign Aid in China, 57–106. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin