his chart even though there are no known roots belonging to these classes (which would presumably have the shapes CəRR and CəRY). Root class B3 is included with the changes noted in the original chart although states that there are no known roots of this type. An example of a suffix that triggers stem changes is -! "exclusively; real, really; just only; common," which belongs to class 3f. Its effect on roots of various shapes is shown in the following table. Other word-formation processes In addition to suffix-driven reduplication, word formation may also involve reduplication not tied to any suffix. There are at least two reduplication patterns. Morphosyntax Expansion of stems through suffixation is a central feature of the language, which transforms a relatively small lexicon of roots into a large and precise vocabulary. Different linguistic analyses have grouped these suffixes into classes in various ways, including "formative" vs. "incremental" and "governing" vs. "restrictive". rejects these morphosyntactic classifications and divides suffixes into various classes based mainly on semantic criteria. Nevertheless, there are morphosyntactic facts that distinguish classes of suffixes, including suffix ordering and the existence of paradigms for certain suffix types. At a minimum, there is sufficient evidence from syntax and phonology to distinguish between stem-forming suffixes and inflectional suffixes. The classes are comparable to the distinction between derivational and inflectional morphology although they are not necessarily homologous with them. Stem-forming suffixes The suffixes in Kwakʼwala can be grouped into at least nineteen different classes, principally on semantic grounds. In the order given by Boas, the classes correspond generally but not completely to the order in which these suffixes appear within a word: General locatives: e.g. = "away" ( "to go away for shame"); = "on a flat object" ( "sea hunter on flat, i.e. Orion"). Special locatives: e.g. - "round opening, eye, door" ( "to miss a round place"); = "open space, bottom of sea, world, beach, in body" ( "round thing in stomach"). Special locatives referring to body parts: e.g. -! "throat" ( "to have hanging on chest"); -! "in mind" ( "to begin to say in mind"). Limitations of form: Generally used with numerals, e.g. = "human beings" ( "two persons"); - "long" ( "only once along street of village"). Temporal suffixes: e.g. - "recent past" ( "he went (about a week ago)"); - "used to be, to do" ( "used to be a canoe-builder"). Suffixes creating