have been widely critiqued. There is particular concern regarding the potential capture of the public into the sphere of influence of governance stakeholders, leaving communities frustrated by participatory initiatives. In England, where communities may produce statutory Neighbourhood Development Plans, evidence has shown that neighborhood planning has promoted sustainability and social purpose in the housing market, however it has also been critiqued for concentrating too heavily on housing growth at the expense of community empowerment. That neighborhood planning is a complex and often burdensome process, primarily undertaken by more affluent, rural neighborhoods has also been long-standing criticism. Researchers have questioned whether Neighbourhood Planning in England is democratically legitimate where those leading the plan are not representative of the wider community. See also Urban planning Public Participation GIS Parish Plan Village design statement Localism Act 2011 Reference Neighbourhoods Urban planning