have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than the short counterpart. Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with /b/, /t/, /tʃ/, /k/, /q/, /s/, /ɫ/ and /j/, but they do not usually begin with /p/, /d/, /g/, /ɢ/, /l/, /ɾ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /m/, /ʃ/, or /z/. The only exceptions are 𐰤𐰀 (ne, “what, which”) and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding a nasal in a word such as 𐰢𐰤 (men, “I”). Nominal suffixes This is a partial list of nominal suffixes attested to in Old Turkic and known usages. Denominal The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as denominal noun suffixes. Deverbal The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as deverbal suffixes. Literary works Uyuk-Tarlak inscription (date unknown) by an unknown writer (in Yenisei Kyrgyz) Elegest inscription (date unknown) by an unknown writer (in Yenisei Kyrgyz) Orkhon Inscriptions (732 and 735) by Yollıg Khagan (in Orkhon Turkic) Bain Tsokto inscriptions (716) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic) Ongin inscription (between 716 and 735) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic) Kul-chur inscription (between 723 and 725) a writer called "Ebizter" (in Orkhon Turkic) Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription (724) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic) Tariat inscriptions (between 753 and 760) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) Choiti-Tamir inscriptions (between 753 and 756) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) Sükhbaatar inscriptions (8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) Bombogor inscription (8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) Book of Divination (9th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) See also Old Turkic script Proto-Turkic Orkhon Turkic language References Further reading Noten zu den alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei und Sibiriens (1898) Ö.D. Baatar, Old Turkic Script, Ulan-Baator (2008), M. Erdal, Old Turkic word formation: A functional approach to the lexicon, Turcologica, Harassowitz (1991), . M. Erdal, Old Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), M. Erdal, A Grammar of Old Turkic, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia, Brill, Leiden (2004), . L. Johanson, A History of Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), Talat Tekin, A