in India at one time. Asanga makes reference to kasiṇas in the Samāhitabhūmi section of his Yogācārabhūmi. Uppalavanna, one of the Buddha's chief female disciples, famously attained arahantship using a fire (tejo) kasina as her object of meditation. Of the forty objects meditated upon as kammatthana, the first ten are kasiṇa described as 'things one can behold directly'. These are described in the Visuddhimagga, and also mentioned in the Pali Tipitaka. They are: earth (; Pali: paṭhavī kasiṇa, Sanskrit: pṛthivī kṛtsna) water (; āpo kasiṇa, ap kṛtsna) fire (; tejo kasiṇa, tejas kṛtsna) air/wind (; vāyo kasiṇa, vāyu kṛtsna) blue (; nīla kasiṇa, nīla kṛtsna) yellow ; pīta kasiṇa, pīta kṛtsna) red (; lohita kasiṇa, lohita kṛtsna) white (; odāta kasiṇa, avadāta kṛtsna) enclosed space, hole, aperture (; ākāsa kasiṇa, ākāśa kṛtsna) consciousness (; viññāṇa kasiṇa, vijñāna kṛtsna) in the Pali suttas and some other texts; the bright light (of the luminous mind) (; āloka kasiṇa) according to later sources such as Buddhaghosa's Visuddhimagga. The kasiṇas are typically described as a colored disk, with the particular color, properties, dimensions and medium often specified according to the type of kasiṇa. The earth kasiṇa, for instance, is a disk in a red-brown color formed by spreading earth or clay (or another medium producing similar color and texture) on a screen of canvas or another backing material. Paṭikkūla-manasikāra The next ten are impure (asubha) objects of repulsion (paṭikkūla), specifically 'cemetery contemplations' (sīvathikā-manasikāra) on ten stages of human decomposition which aim to cultivate mindfulness of body (kāyagatāsati). They are: a swollen corpse a discolored, bluish, corpse a festering corpse a fissured corpse a gnawed corpse a dismembered corpse a hacked and scattered corpse a bleeding corpse a worm-eaten corpse a skeleton Anussati The next ten are recollections (anussati): First three recollections are of the virtues of the Three Jewels: Buddha Dharma Sangha Next three are recollections of the virtues of: morality (śīla) liberality (cāga) the wholesome attributes of Devas The additional four recollections of: the body (kāya) death (see Upajjhatthana Sutta) the breath (prāna) or breathing (ānāpāna) peace (see Nibbana) Brahma-vihārā Four are 'stations of Brahma', which are the virtues of the "Brahma realm" (Pāli: Brahmaloka): unconditional kindness and goodwill (mettā) compassion (karuna) sympathetic joy over another's success (mudita) evenmindedness, equanimity (upekkha) Āyatana Four are formless states (four arūpa-āyatana): infinite space (Pāḷi ākāsānañcāyatana, Skt. ākāśānantyāyatana) infinite consciousness (Pāḷi viññāṇañcāyatana, Skt. vijñānānantyāyatana) infinite nothingness (Pāḷi