names and borrowings A common source of allophonic variation is borrowed words, especially proper names, when non-Esperantized remnants of the source-language orthography remain, or when novel sequences are created in order to avoid duplicating existing roots. For example, it is doubtful that many people fully pronounce the g in ('Washington') as either or , or pronounce the in ('Buddha') at all. Such situations are unstable, and in many cases dictionaries recognize that certain spellings (and therefore pronunciations) are inadvisable. For example, the physical unit "watt" was first borrowed as , to distinguish it from ('cotton-wool'), and this is the only form found in dictionaries in 1930. However, initial violates Esperanto phonotactics, and by 1970 there was an alternative spelling, . This was also unsatisfactory, however, because of the geminate , and by 2000 the effort had been given up, with now the advised spelling for both 'watt' and 'cotton-wool'. Some recent dictionaries no longer even list initial in their index. Likewise, several dictionaries now list the spellings for 'Washington' and for 'Buddha'. Violations Before Esperanto phonotactics became fixed, foreign words were adopted with spellings that violated the apparent intentions of Zamenhof and the norms that would develop later, such as ('poop deck'), ('watt'), and ('sports match'). Many of these coinages have proven to be unstable, and have either fallen out of use or been replaced with pronunciations more in keeping with the developing norms, such as for , for , and for . On the other hand, ('Yiddish') was also sometimes criticized on phonotactical grounds, but was used by Zamenhof after its introduction in the Plena Vortaro as a replacement for novjuda and judgermana'' and is well established. See also Esperanto orthography Notes References Phonologies by language Phonology