: Isidore of Seville's Etymologies for DD. 1-9 (the so-called Treatise on Laws); Alger of Liège's for C. 1; the for the and some other sections. Effect Gratian himself named his work – "Concord of Discordant Canons". The name is fitting: Gratian tried to harmonize apparently contradictory canons with each other, by discussing different interpretations and deciding on a solution, as a judge in a case. This dialectical approach allowed for other law professors to work with the and to develop their own solutions and commentaries. These legists are known as the decretists. These commentaries were called glosses. Editions printed in the 15th, 16th or 17th century frequently included the glosses along with the text. Collections of glosses were called "gloss apparatus" or (see also glossator). Systematic commentaries were called . Some of these were soon in circulation as well and obtained the same level of fame as the itself. Early commentators included Paucapalea and Magister Rolandus. The most important commentators were probably Rufin of Bologna (died before 1192) and Huguccio (died 1210). Less well-known was the commentary of Simon of Bisignano, which consisted of the Glosses on the and the . Peter Lombard borrowed and adapted from the when discussing penance in his Sentences (c. 1150). Importance to Western law The served as a model for 12th-century jurists in the formation of Western law, based on rational rules and evidence to replace barbaric laws which often involved trial by ordeal or battle. The has been called "the first comprehensive and systematic legal treatise in the history of the West, and perhaps in the history of mankind – if by 'comprehensive' is meant the attempt to embrace virtually the entire law of a given polity, and if by 'systematic' is meant the express effort to codify that law as a single body, in which all parts are viewed as interacting to form a whole." The made a direct contribution to the development of Western law in areas that it dealt with such as marriage, property and inheritance. Specific concepts included consent for marriage, and wrongful intent in determining whether a certain act constituted a crime. References Bibliography Brundage, James. Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe. University of Chicago Press, 1990. Brundage, James. The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession. University of Chicago Press, 2008. Donahue, Charles, Jr. A Crisis of Law? Reflections on the Church and the Law