purchases of Huawei and ZTE equipment was formalized in a defence funding bill passed in August 2018. Following the 2020 China–India skirmishes, India announced that ZTE would be blocked from participating in the country's 5G network for national security reasons. Sweden has also banned the use of ZTE telecommunications equipment in its 5G network on the advice of its military and security service, which said China is "one of the biggest threats against Sweden." Operations in Russia During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, ZTE refused to withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University published on August 10, 2022, identifying how companies were reacting to Russia's invasion identified ZTE in the worst category of "Digging in", meaning Defying Demands for Exit: companies defying demands for exit/reduction of activities. References External links Companies formerly in the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index Chinese companies established in 1985 Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange Companies in the CSI 100 Index Electronics companies of China Mobile phone companies of China Mobile phone manufacturers Networking hardware companies Telecommunication equipment companies of China Telecommunications equipment vendors Multinational companies headquartered in China Chinese brands Civilian-run enterprises of China Government-owned companies of China Electronics companies established in 1985 Defence companies of the People's Republic of China 1997 initial public offerings