policies will be brought back, sooner or later." Since the conclusion of the second Duma term Kozyrev left the government for private business. Kozyrev was a member of the Duma until the year 2000 elections. Later life, memoirs and punditry Kozyrev, who is convinced that the "authoritarian, anti-Western system Mr. Putin has re-imposed will not prevail", moved to the US in 2010, and has lived at least since 2015 in Miami, from where he published in 2019 a memoir of his time at the centre of Yeltsinian intrigue: The Firebird: The Elusive Fate of Russian Democracy (Foreword by Michael McFaul. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019) Kozyrev warned a 2014 audience of diplomats that "Empty promises are even worse than empty threats." In his memoir Kozyrev "complains that the U.S. aggressively pushed Russia out of its own traditional markets, (i.e. the Warsaw Pact countries) leaving Moscow to nurse its wounds and sell weapons and technology to rogue regimes. Overall, he feels that the West lacked "a figure of Winston Churchill’s caliber" in the 1990s who would have helped Russia make the perilous transition to democracy." In an audience at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy in 2020 Kozyrev said Obama's response to the 2014 Crimean status referendum and subsequent Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation was "feeble". Kozyrev feels that some of the problems in Chechnya stem from the particular brand of Wahhabi Islam supplied to the natives by Saudi Arabia. Kozyrev wrote somewhat presciently in 2016 of his time in government that "In the worst case, there could be a replay of the Yugoslavia catastrophe. The region was at a tipping point, and unfortunately, despite initial success, the democratizing forces inside the Russian government did not succeed." Kozyrev was a distinguished fellow at the Wilson Center’s Kennan Institute in 2016. 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Kozyrev has been an outspoken critic of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and of Russian President Vladimir Putin's attitude towards the west, stating, "All of these guys, mostly from the KGB, never agreed that the Soviet Union lost the Cold War to the Russian people together with the democratic world outside. They don’t buy it. They want to stop it. And now they think this [invasion of Ukraine] is their last decisive battle."Kozyrev said he anticipated that Kremlin officials may oust Putin following failures in the invasion. In