other than its original location. Serra has stated that the case exemplifies the U.S. legal system's preference towards capitalistic property rights over democratic freedom of expression. Influence The Tilted Arc controversy may have contributed to the enactment, in 1990, of the Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA). An amendment to the Copyright Act of 1976, VARA provides "moral rights" to the artist so that they have rights to attribution and integrity when it comes to paintings, drawings, and sculpture. However, a 2006 decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals established that VARA does not protect location as a component of site-specific work. William Gaddis satirized these events in his 1994 novel, A Frolic of His Own. See also Joel Wachs, Los Angeles City Council member on the committee who recommended what to do with the art piece. References Notes Bibliography Bresler, Judith. "Serra v. USA and its Aftermath: Mandate for Moral Rights in America?" in The Trials of Art, edited by Daniel McClean, 195-211. London: Ridinghouse, 2007. Hoffman, Barbara. "Law for Art's Sake in the Public Realm" in Critical Enquiry, vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring, 1991), pp. 540–573. Hopkins, David. After Modern Art 1945-2000. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Kammen, Michael. Visual Shock. United States: First Vintage Books Edition, 2006. Michalos, Christina. "Murdering Art: Destruction of Art Works and Artists' Moral Rights" in The Trials of Art, edited by Daniel McClean, 173-193. London: Ridinghouse, 2007. Serra, Richard. "Art and Censorship." in Ethics and the Visual Arts, edited by Elaine King and Gail Levin, 185. "Culture Shock: Richard Serra's Tilted Arc" on the PBS website External links Richard Serra's Tilted Arc (1981) Tilted Arc Tilted Arc Defense Fund Poster The cover of The Destruction of Tilted Arc: Documents (shows the dismantling of the piece) Sculptures by Richard Serra Lost sculptures Civic Center, Manhattan Abstract sculptures in New York City Modernist sculpture Installation art works Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Steel sculptures in New York City 1981 sculptures Buildings and structures demolished in 1989 Former buildings and structures in New York City 1989 disestablishments in New York (state)