glanders (Bacillus anthracis and Burkholderia mallei) were produced. A 1941 report revealed that the bacteria were to be painted onto the nostrils of horses. In the U.S., Baltimore stevedores, who were at first recruited by German officers to plant incendiary devices among ships and wharves, were eventually given bottles of liquid culture with orders to infect horses near Van Cortland Park. The stevedores claimed to have done the deed with rubber gloves and needles. The U.S. biological sabotage program is thought to have ended sometime in late 1916 after which Anton returned to Germany. Upon his return to the U.S., Dilger found himself under suspicion of being a German agent by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and fled to Mexico, where he used the surname "Delmar." Sabotage program The United States was the only target of German biological sabotage to which Dilger traveled personally, but Romania, Norway, Spain, and South America were all wartime targets of the program. Dilger was the only known individual with the required medical knowledge to have presided over the program in Germany even if he was not directly involved in each country. The methods of infecting livestock became more advanced as the war progressed and went from crude needles to capillary tubes of bacterial culture hidden inside sugar cubes. The effects of the German effort to sabotage the neutral support of Allied countries is unknown. Since reports were made of disease outbreaks among livestock, it is not known whether the cultures used were pathogenic or even viable. Certainly, the amateurish method by which the U.S. stevedores infected horses would have given rise to accidents, but none was reported. That alone is cause for suspicion among researchers of the cultures used. Indeed, in the treaties signed in the wake of World War I, no specific provisions were made for the prohibition of biological warfare; it is presumed officials either did not know about the German effort or did not consider it a serious threat. His relative Jürgen Schöfer, Ph.D., now writes about biosafety in science magazines. References Further reading External links Berliner-zeitung.de Eurasischesmagazine.de Diepresse.com May the Mindanao conflict be 'forever history' 1884 births 1918 deaths German military doctors American people of German descent German people of World War I World War I spies for Germany Terrorist incidents in the 1910s People from Front Royal, Virginia Deaths from Spanish flu American emigrants to Germany American expatriates in