author of the first recension (whom he calls Gratian 1), but rather another jurist versed in Roman law. However, Winroth's thesis of two Gratians remains controversial. This field of inquiry is hampered by ignorance of the compiler's identity and the existence of manuscripts with abbreviated versions of the text or variant versions not represented by Winroth's two recensions. One of these is the manuscript St. Gall, , 673 (=Sg), which some have argued contains the earliest known draft (Larrainzar's ) of the , but which other scholars have argued contains an abbreviation of the first recension expanded with texts taken from the second recension. Criticism During the reformation, individuals such as Martin Luther strongly criticized the claims of papal primacy within the . One of Luther's chief concerns surrounded 40 (Chapter "") which reads: Additional concerns about papal primacy in the context of 2 Thessalonians 2:4 were raised regarding Distinctio 96 chapter 7 which reads: Sources Gratian's sources were Roman law, the Bible, the writings of (or attributed to) the Church Fathers, papal decretals, the acts of church councils and synods. In most cases, Gratian obtained the material not from a direct reading of the sources but rather through intermediate collections. Thanks to the research of modern scholars (in particular Charles Munier, Titus Lenherr, and Peter Landau) it is now known that Gratian made use of a relatively-small number of collections in the composition of most of the : Anselm (II) of Lucca's canonical collection, originally compiled around 1083 and existing in four main recensions: A, B, Bb, and C. Peter Landau suggests that Gratian probably employed a manuscript containing an expanded form of recension A which he calls recension A’; the attributed to Ivo of Chartres, usually thought to date to 1095; the of Ivo of Chartres, also usually dated to 1095, although several scholars have argued for a later date and some even question Ivo's authorship; Gregory of St. Grisogono's , completed some time after 1111; the (Collection in Three Books), inspired by the doctrines of Paschal II and the reform of the Church, composed in Italy (probably in Pistoia, Tuscany, by an anonymous Roman canonist) between 1111 and 1123 or 1124; the ; secular texts such as Plato (Greek version – there was still no Latin translation); the to the Bible. Other sources are known to have been used in the composition of particular sections of the