"intransigent". Father Thomas N. Burke, O.P., in a sermon at a solemn Requiem mass, the "Month's Mind" of 27 November 1878, said: "The guiding spirit animating, encouraging and directing the wonderful work of the Irish Catholic Church for the last twenty eight years was Paul, Cardinal Cullen." Cullen has been credited with the revival of regular Catholic devotion in Ireland. An extreme Ultramontanist, he vigorously opposed secret societies with revolutionary aims, as well as the system of mixed education then in force. His opposition was largely responsible for the failure of Gladstone's Irish Universities Bill in 1873. In James Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the protagonist's father mentions Cullen: "Mr Dedalus uttered a guffaw of coarse scorn. O, by God, he cried, I forgot little old Paul Cullen! Another apple of God's eye!" Although a devout Catholic herself, Mary Jane, wife of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, wrote a blistering response in her poem, "Tis for the Glory of the Faith", to what she saw as Cullen's suggestion that Irish emigrants had the role of spreading Catholicism abroad. Who said 'twas willed our race should be Live monuments of misery? To spread the faith throughout the world? Who spoke such blasphemy, and why? Who dared the generous God belie? And yet thy bishops-Cullen-saith, 'Tis for the glory of Thy Faith. And yet the Lord Chief Bishop Cullen saith'Tis for the glory of our holy faith! See also St. Vincent's Industrial School, Goldenbridge References Further reading Bowen, Desmond. Paul Cardinal Cullen and the Shaping of Modern Irish Catholicism (1983) excerpt O'Connor, Anne. "Translating the Vatican: Paul Cullen, power and language in nineteenth-century Ireland." Irish Studies Review 22.4 (2014): 450-465. Rafferty, Oliver P. "Cardinal Cullen, early fenianism, and the Macmanus funeral affair." British Catholic History 22.4 (1995): 549-563. External links Translating the Vatican: Paul Cullen, power and language in nineteenth-century Ireland Paul Cullen – Catholic Encyclopedia article 1803 births 1878 deaths People from County Kildare Alumni of Carlow College Pontifical Urban University alumni Greek–Latin translators Roman Catholic biblical scholars Roman Catholic archbishops of Armagh Roman Catholic archbishops of Dublin 19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Ireland Irish cardinals Cardinals created by Pope Pius IX 19th-century translators