(or unwholesome roots) are considered to be the root of all the other kleshas. Five poisons In the Mahayana tradition, the five main kleshas are referred to as the five poisons (Sanskrit: ; Tibetan-Wylie: ). The five poisons consist of the three poisons with two additional poisons: pride and jealousy. The five poisons are: Six root kleshas of the Abhidharma The Abhidharma-kośa identifies six root kleshas (mūlakleśa): Attachment (raga) Anger (pratigha) Ignorance (avidya) Pride/Conceit (māna) Doubt (vicikitsa) Wrong view/False view/Opinionatedness (dṛiṣṭi) In the context of the Yogācāra school of Buddhism, Muller (2004: p. 207) states that the Six Klesha arise due to the "...reification of an 'imagined self' (Sanskrit: )". Mahaparinirvana Sutra The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra lists approximately 50 kleshas, including those of attachment, aversion, stupidity, jealousy, pride, heedlessness, haughtiness, ill-will, quarrelsomeness, wrong livelihood, deceit, consorting with immoral friends, attachment to pleasure, to sleep, to eating, and to yawning; delighting in excessive talking and uttering lies, as well as thoughts of harm. Two obscurations Mahayana literature often features an enumeration of "two obscurations" (Wylie: sgrib gnyis), the "obscuration of conflicting emotions" (Sanskrit: kleśa-avaraṇa, Wylie: nyon-mongs-pa'i sgrib-ma) and the "obscuration concerning the knowable" (Sanskrit: jñeya-avaraṇa, Wylie: shes-bya'i sgrib-ma). Contemporary glosses Contemporary translators have used many different English words to translate the term kleshas, such as: afflictions, passions, destructive emotions, disturbing emotions, etc. The following table provides brief descriptions of the term kleshas given by various contemporary Buddhist teachers and scholars: Overcoming the kleshas All Buddhist schools teach that through Tranquility (Samatha) meditation the kilesas are pacified, though not eradicated, and through Insight (Vipassana) the true nature of the kilesas and the mind itself is understood. When the empty nature of the Self and the Mind is fully understood, there is no longer a root for the disturbing emotions to be attached to, and the disturbing emotions lose their power to distract the mind. Alternate translations The term kleshas has been translated into English as: Afflictions Mental afflictions Mental disturbances Afflictive emotions Conditioning factors Destructive emotions Defiled emotions Defilements Dissonant emotions Disturbing emotions Disturbing emotions and attitudes Negative emotions Dissonant mental states Kleshas Passions Poisons Mind poisons Worldly desires See also Āsava Five hindrances Mental factors (Buddhism) Ten fetters (Buddhism) Three poisons (Buddhism) Bhavacakra Maya (illusion) Buddhism and psychology Kleshas (Hinduism) Six Enemies (Hinduism) Five Thieves (Sikhism) Kashaya (Jainism) Seven deadly sins References Sources Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of