while the train continued to move past the station. With the latter, the paper order was placed in a train order fork or hoop, either held by the operator as the train passed or mounted at trackside. The train and engine crews addressed by the order were required to observe the instructions provided in the train order, the details of which were provided by the railroad's operating rule book to be acted upon. Australian usage Train orders are also used in Australia, but differ a lot from their North American counterparts. There is no need for block operators, as there is direct verbal communication between the dispatcher and driver. Authority to occupy a track is received directly from the dispatcher, with the train crew filling out the details on a form, similarly to as in Track Warrant Control. At the end of their authority, the crew "fulfills" the order, after which another order may be issued for another train to occupy that track. An order can be "cancelled" if the train cannot continue for any reason (stalled, broken down, etcetera), allowing another train to occupy that line as well. Most notably, the Trans-Australian Railway makes use of the system on most of its length. Some of the other lines that use it are: Orange - Dubbo, Parkes - Broken Hill and Joppa Junction - Canberra. See also Procedural control – A similar system used in early air traffic control, which was adapted from train order techniques References Further reading Articles on North American prototype and model railroad operation Rail transportation in North America Railway signalling block systems