were in the process of taking California. The constituent congress assembled on June 6. Paredes appeared before it and proclaimed his loyalty to the republican form of government. Six days later, the congress ratified Paredes as president, and chose Nicolás Bravo as vice president with the latter being given command of Mexico's land forces in the ongoing war against the United States. The government was given emergency powers to seek funds for the war effort, stopping at the nationalization of property. The course of the war inflamed opposition against the government, and facing revolution, Paredes resigned on July 28, choosing to return to the military to help with the war effort. On August 3, the garrisons of Veracruz and San Juan de Ulúa revolted, proclaiming the plan of Guadalajara, and in the upheaval, the ex-president was captured and imprisoned. President Bravo was also deposed and Mariano Salas, the provisional president, on August 22 restored the Federal System which Paredes had played a role in overthrowing eleven years earlier. Paredes was exiled on October 2, 1846, and headed for France. He returned before the end of the war, but never participated in the conflict, and found himself living in Tulancingo. He was invited to serve in the government, but declined for health reasons. A general amnesty absolved him of all previous charges in April 1849, and he died in September of that year. See also List of heads of state of Mexico References Further reading Robertson, Frank D. "The Military and Political Career of Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, 1797–1849". PhD diss. University of Texas, Austin, 1955. Diccionario Porrúa de historia, biografía y geografía de Mexico, 5th ed. rev. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1986, v. 3, p. 2203. Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europea-americana, 1st ed. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1958, v. 42, p. 14. "Paredes y Arriaga, Mariano", Enciclopedia de México, v. 11. Mexico City, 1996, pp. 6206–07, . García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984, pp. 35–36. Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, pp. 274–76, . Musaccio, Humberto. Diccionario enciclopédico de México. Mexico: Andrés León, 1989, v. 3, p. 1466. Rivera, Manuel. Los gobernantes de México. Mexico: Imprenta de J.M. Aguilar Ortiz, 1873, v. 2, pp. 286–298. External links Mariano Paredes Some biographical facts and a chronology Presidents of Mexico Mexican monarchists Mexican generals Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War 1797