of a later date. These are the , so called from Paucapalea, the name of the principal commentator on the . The Roman revisers of the 16th century (1566–1582) corrected the text of the "Decree" and added many critical notes designated by the words . Citing the The is cited by referring to the larger units of the distinction or the cause and question, and then the specific canon or dictum. For clarity, the distinctions of 33, 3 of the second part are referred to as (or ), while the distinctions of the third part are referred to as (or ). The Part is usually not included, as the citation form is different for each. Citation styles for the have changed over time and can generally be categorised under the modern, obsolescent, and obsolete forms. Modern form This form, common since the twentieth century, cites all units in Arabic numerals, from largest unit to smallest unit. Distinctions are referenced by an uppercase "D.", Causes by an uppercase "C.", questions by a lowercase "q.", and canons by a lowercase "c.". Gratian's are referred to with a lowercase "d. a. c." (, for commentary preceding the canon) or "d. p. c." (, for commentary following the canon). Examples: [Part I] D. 23 c.7 [Part II] C. 15 q. 2 c. 4 [Part II] C. 23 q. 8 d. p. c. 25 [Part II, ] D. 3 de pen. c. 24 [Part III] D. 2 de cons. c. 82 Obsolescent form Commonly used between the seventeenth and early twentieth centuries, this form generally begins with a reference to the smallest unit in Arabic numerals, followed by the Distinction or Cause in Roman numerals and (if required) the question in Arabic numerals, e.g. "c. 5, C.3 q.1". Obsolete form This is the form used by medieval and early modern writers, falling out of use after the eighteenth century. Major divisions () were cited with (usually Roman) numerals. Since the numbering of the 's capitula only became standard in the sixteenth century, canons were cited by their opening word(s). Two or more canons beginning with the same word/phrase might be distinguished with numbers, e.g. . Examples (using the same references as above): Early commentators might also refer to the first few canons by number (e.g. for the third canon of a distinction), or to the last few canons as (, that is, third to last),