veterans with tuition, books, and a monthly subsistence allowance of between $90 and $145. In 1917 and 1918 legislation was passed by Congress to provide funding for farm colonies for disabled soldiers, and colonies were established by the Veteran's Bureau in Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota. According to one study however, “like so many other domestic colonial schemes they did not succeed for long.” The Public Health Service was made directly responsible for the hospitalization of veterans under the War Risk Insurance Act (1919). During Wilson's first term pension amendments were signed into law “that provided more liberal provisions to war widows, especially those who had married after 1890 and whose husbands had not died from causes originating from military service.” The Smith-Sears Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1918) supported programs to help veterans with disabilities return to civilian employment following the end of the First World War. The Bureau of War Risk Insurance was set up to provide direct assistance to the families of soldiers. By the end of the First World War, the bureau was sending regular checks to 2.1 million families. Education The 1914 Smith–Lever Act tied vocational education in home economics and agriculture to the land-grant college system. The Smith–Hughes Vocational Education Act extended the Smith-Lever provisions of 1914 and supported teacher training and other instruction in industrial occupations, home economics, and agriculture. The Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Fess Act) authorized a joint federal-state vocational rehabilitation program for handicapped civilians. Under the Industry Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Bankhead Act), Congress began providing federal funds for cooperation with the states in the vocational rehabilitation of persons disabled in industry. Constitutional The Jones Act (Philippines) of 1916 The Jones-Shafroth Act 1917 bestowed US citizenship upon the people of Puerto Rico. The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created the federal income tax. The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provided for the direct election of senators, who had previously been chosen by their state legislatures. The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed (1920), granting women the right to vote. Mother's Day was made an official national holiday (1914). Environment and public works The River and Harbors Act of 1914 The River and Harbors Act of 1915 The River and Harbors Act of 1916 The Irrigation District Act of 1916 (Smith Act) The Flood Control Act of 1917 (Ransdell-Humphreys Act) The