vowel was retained, as e. Like the eh₁-stative, this suffix was often extended with -ye- in the daughter languages, giving -h₂ye-. Examples: *néweh₂ti. ye-factitive *-y-éti ~ *-y-ónti. Very similar to the denominative, but formed from adjectives only. The thematic vowel is retained, but this time as o. The existence of this type in PIE is uncertain. Perfective Root athematic *(é)-t ~ *(∅)-ént. The same as root athematic imperfective verbs. Most perfective verbs appear to have been of this type. Examples: *gʷémt, *léykʷt, *bʰúHt. Root thematic *(∅)-ét ~ *(∅)-ónt. The same as root thematic imperfective verbs. This formation was very rare in PIE, barely any are reconstructable, but became more widespread in the later languages. The formation seemed to have zero-grade of the root and accent on the thematic vowel, like the "tudati" type. Examples: *h₁ludʰét. Reduplicated thematic *(é)-(∅)-et ~ *(é)-(∅)-ont. This formation was maybe even rarer than the root thematic type, only one verb is reconstructable. Examples: *wéwket. s-suffix *(ḗ)-s-t ~ *(é)-s-n̥t. Inflected as the "Narten" athematic type, with lengthened grade in the singular and fixed accent. This suffix was the primary means of deriving perfective verbs from imperfective roots, though it appears that there were not many verbs created that way. The suffix became very productive in many of the descendants. Examples: *dḗyḱst, *wḗǵʰst. Stative Root *(ó)-e ~ *(∅)-ḗr. Owing to the rarity of stative roots, this formation was correspondingly rare. Only one verb can be reconstructed. Examples: *wóyde. Reduplicated *(e)-(ó)-e ~ *(e)-(∅)-ḗr. This was the only way to form new stative verbs. Examples: *memóne, *lelóykʷe. Examples The following is an example paradigm, based on , of the verb , "leave behind" (athematic nasal-infixed present, root aorist, reduplicated perfect). Two sets of endings are provided for the primary medio-passive forms (subjunctive and primary indicative) — the central dialects (Indo-Iranian, Greek, Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Albanian, and Armenian) use forms ending in , while the peripheral dialects (Italic, Celtic, Hittite, and Tocharian) use forms ending in , which are generally considered the original forms. Ringe makes certain assumptions about synchronic PIE phonology that are not universally accepted: Sievers' Law applies in all positions and to all resonants, including . Word-final becomes when adjacent to a voiced segment (i.e. vowel or voiced consonant). The effects of the generally accepted synchronic boukólos rule whereby becomes next to or are shown. The following is an example paradigm, based on , of the verb "carry" in