book from his private press: A Treatise on the Venereal Disease. One thousand copies of the first edition were printed. Academics Porter Garnett (1871–1951), of Carnegie Mellon University, was an exponent of the anti-industrial values of the great private presses – namely those of Kelmscott, Doves, and Ashendene. Following Garnett's inspirational proposal to Carnegie Mellon, Garnett designed and inaugurated on April 7, 1923, the institute's Laboratory Press – for the purpose of teaching printing, which he believed was the first private press devoted solely for that purpose. The press closed in 1935. Selected private presses United States Canada Ireland United Kingdom France Asia-Pacific Western Asia Opponents of the private press movement William Addison Dwiggins (1880–1956), a commercial artist, is lauded for high quality work, namely with Alfred Knopf. And, in contrast to many first-rate book designers joining private presses, he refused. Historian Paul Shaw explained, "He had no patience with those who insisted on retaining hand processes in printing and publishing in the belief that they were inherently superior to machine processes." Dwiggins's "principal concern ultimately centered on readers and their reading needs, esthetic as well as financial. [His] goal was to make books that were beautiful, functional, and inexpensive." Gallery See also Alternative media Arts and Crafts movement Bookbinding Fine press Israeli printmaking Small press Private Internet connections vs. onion routing Private Libraries Association City Lights Bookstore of San Francisco References Further reading Will Ransom, Private Presses and Their Books. New York City: R. R. Bowker, 1929; Roderick Cave, The Private Press (2nd ed.). New York City: R. R. Bowker, 1983; Johanna Drucker, The Century of Artists' Books. New York City: Granary Books, 1995 Colin Franklin, The Private Presses London: Studio Vista Ltd. (1969); Colin Franklin, The Private Presses (2nd ed.). Aldershot: Scolar Press; Brookfield: Gower Publishing Company, 1991; John Carter, ABC for Book Collectors. Oak Knoll Press, 1995; Charles L. Pickering, HMI, The Private Press Movement, an address by Pickering to the Manchester Society of Book Collectors, Maidstone, Kent: Maidstone College of Art, School of Printing (1967); Gilbert Turner (1911–1983), The Private Press: Its Achievement and Influence, Birmingham, England: Association of Assistant Librarians, Midland Division (1954); The Private Press Today, for the 17th King's Lynn Festival: an exhibition, arranged by Juliet Standing, designed to show the scope and quality of work produced during the last few years at various private presses [etc.], illustrations by Rigby Graham, The Riverside