and Muslim students. Boré's school triggered unrest among ulama of Tabriz but under the protection of Mohammad, they could not harm Boré. Education During his tenure as the governor of Azerbaijan, Abbas Mirza sent several students to France, mainly with the goal of improving the military. Mohammad Shah took his father's path and sent seven students of noble birth to Europe, among whom were Mirza Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh, the future grand vizier of Naser al-Din Shah; and Mirza Malkam Khan, who put in place the basis of the Iranian Enlightenment. These students were to master skills in military, painting, medicine, and geometry. Another 10 people were to be sent to France in 1847 but it is uncertain they were sent. In 1837, on the orders of Mohammad, Mirza Saleh Shirazi published the first Iranian newspaper in Tehran. This newspaper was untitled and was referred to as Kaghaz-e Akhbar (news-paper). It lasted only for one issue but Mirza Saleh's determination led to him publishing another newspaper called Akhbar-i Vaqa-a which became Iran's first regular newspaper. Many lithographic printing presses were established in Tehran, Urmia, Tabriz and Isfahan on the orders of Mohammad. Administration As a result of various wars and the continual unrest throughout Iran, Mohammad Shah's treasury was virtually empty. In hope of improving financial conditions, he sought to revive barren fields that were burned in the wars with Russia and the local insurgencies. He asked the French foreign minister for a French irrigation expert but nothing came of it. With Mohammad's efforts, however, 1,438 villages—of these villages were part of the royal domain—were made habitable. Mohammad inherited many domain lands from Fath-Ali Shah and Agha Mohammad Khan, and he greatly increased the amount. He confiscated properties of Aqasi and through revoking the lands of Hossein Ali Mirza, gained ownership over Fars and Persian Iraq. He also confiscated properties seized by the Lutis during the Isfahan rebellion, which was disliked by major landowners. On his orders, the number of the royal domains were recorded in the Raqabat-e Mohammadshahi, which included and superseded all previous inventories. Most of these domains were given to the villagers and the tribes who wanted a settlement. A part of Nader Shah's personal domains were returned to the Afshar tribe, who inherited the lands once the Afsharid dynasty died out. Despite granting two crores of land per person, many of these lands still belonged to