were also active in the 2016 cycle, contributing nearly $30 million by June, with Mercer ranking as the #1 individual federal donor, largely to Republicans, and Simons ranked #5, largely to Democrats. They were top donors to the presidential campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. During the 2016 campaign cycle, Simons contributed $26,277,450, ranking as the 5th largest individual contributor. Simons directed all but $25,000 of his funds towards liberal candidates. Robert Mercer contributed $25,059,300, ranking as the 7th largest individual contributor. Robert Mercer directed all funds contributed towards conservative candidates. Between 1990 and 2016, Renaissance has contributed $59,081,152 to federal campaigns and since 2001 has spent $3,730,000 on lobbying. See also High-frequency trading Quote stuffing Winton Group D. E. Shaw & Co. PDT Partners Two Sigma Investments Flash Boys Dark liquidity Algorithmic trading References Financial services companies established in 1982 Hedge fund firms in New York City Hedge funds Companies based in Suffolk County, New York Investment management companies of the United States