– smallest of the Einsatzgruppen units responsible for liquidations in the German-occupied territories. Einwohner – resident, inhabitant. Eisenbahn – "iron road"; railroad. Eisernes Kreuz – "iron cross"; medal awarded for valorous service, and the German national military insignia from 1910 to the beginning of spring 1918, and once again from 1955 (with the establishment of the Bundeswehr) to today. Eiserne Kuh – "iron cow"; evaporated milk Eiserne Ration – "iron ration"; emergency rations El Alamein (October–November 1942) – crucial battle of WW2 pitting the British under General Montgomery's 8th Army (approximately 1200 tanks) against General Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps (500 tanks) and fought primarily in Egypt. Outnumbered and outgunned, the Germans never regained the operational initiative, forcing Rommel to withdraw the bulk of his forces into Libya, marking the final stages of the Nazis' North African campaign. Elefant – "Elephant"; a heavy Panzerjäger (tank hunter or tank destroyer) built on the chassis of Porsche's unsuccessful prototypes for the Tiger tank, and mounting the 88mm L/71 PaK 43. Elektra – a German radio-navigational system. Endlösung or Endziel – the "Final Solution"; refers to the genocide planned against the Jewish people. Endsieg – final victory. Enigma – German message encryption equipment. Ententeich – duck pond, maritime manoeuvre to create an area of calm sea in order to lower boats into the water or land aircraft Entmenscht – bestial, inhuman, brutish. Entscheidender Sieg – decisive victory. Entwicklung series, more commonly known as the E-series, was a late-World War II attempt by Germany to produce a standardised series of tank designs. Einsatzgruppen reports – Einsatzgruppen commanders' report delivered daily to the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) in Berlin which comprehensively listed secretly coded murder activities in the occupied territories along the Eastern Front. Erobert – conquered. Erkennungsmarke – identity tag; "dog tag". Erprobungsstelle – test centre. Ersatz – substitute, replacement, reserves; could refer to replacement troops or any substance used in place of another (e.g., ersatz coffee, ersatz rubber, etc.). Ersatzbataillone or Marschbataillone – coherent military replacement groups. Erschießungsaktion – Shooting action usually carried out by a member of a firing squad (Erschießungskommando). Etappendienst – German naval intelligence department. Etappenschwein – (slang) "rear swine" (REMF), a soldier with a safe job away from danger. Compare with Frontschwein. Exerzierpanzer – practice or exercise tank. Exzellenz – honorary address for a General officer from the rank of Generalleutnant upwards in the Prussian and Imperial Army F