refrain from describing Johnston as a "genius" due to the musician's emotional instabilities. The Guardians David McNamee argued that "it's almost taboo to say anything critical about Johnston. This is incredibly patronising. For one thing, it makes any honest evaluation of his work impossible." Terry A. Davis (1969–2018) was an American computer programmer who singlehandedly created and designed an entire operating system, TempleOS, alongside full 2D and 3D graphics libraries, a programming language (HolyC) and a compiler. Although his remarks were often incomprehensible or abrasive, he was known to be exceptionally lucid if the topic of discussion was computers. He refused medication for his schizophrenia because he believed it limited his creativity. In 2017, the OS was shown as a part of an outsider art exhibition in Bourgogne, France. Kanye West (born 1977) is an American record producer, rapper, singer, and fashion designer who has bipolar disorder. The creativity in his art and his outspoken views on different topics are sometimes attributed in part to him having bipolar disorder. West has said this on his bipolar disorder, "I can just tell you what I'm feeling at the time, and I feel a heightened connection with the universe when I'm ramping up. It is a health issue. This — it's like a sprained brain, like having a sprained ankle. And if someone has a sprained ankle, you're not going to push on him more. With us, once our brain gets to a point of spraining, people do everything to make it worse." See also Mad genius Savant syndrome Tortured artist References External links The 'Sylvia Plath' effect by Deborah Smith Bailey from American Psychological Association The Myth of the Mentally Ill Creative blog entry about creativity and mental illness by a professor of psychology and creativity scientist Keith Sawyer A journey into chaos: Creativity and the unconscious by Nancy C Andreasen, Mens Sana Monographs, 2011, 9(1), p 42–53. Bipolar disorder Concepts in aesthetics Concepts in the philosophy of mind Creativity Empathy Mental health Psychological theories