The Contributionship adopted "fire marks" to easily identify insured buildings. Firefighting started to become formalized with rules for providing buckets, ladders, and hooks, and with the formation of volunteer companies. A chain of command was also established. Firefighter duties A firefighter's goals are to save lives, protect property, and protect the environment. A fire can rapidly spread and endanger many lives, but with modern firefighting techniques, catastrophe can often be avoided. To prevent fires from starting, a firefighter's duties may include public education about fire safety and conducting fire inspections of locations to verify their adherence to local fire codes. Firefighter skills Firefighting requires skills in fire suppression, rescue, and hazardous materials mitigation. Firefighters must also have, or be able to acquire, knowledge of department organizations, operations, and procedures, and the district or city street system they will have to negotiate in order to perform their duties. They must meet minimum physical fitness standards and learn various firefighting duties within a reasonable period Examples are: Building construction Fire dynamics Firefighting PPE Fire extinguishers Ropes and knots Ground ladders Forcible entry Structural search and rescue Tactical ventilation Fire hose operations and streams Fire suppression Overhaul, property conservation, and scene preservation Building materials, structural collapse, and effects of fire suppression Technical rescue support and vehicle extrication operations Foam fire fighting, liquid fires, and gas fires Hazardous materials response Specialized skills Specialized areas of operations may require subject-specific training. Examples are: Fire apparatus driver/operator - trained to drive fire apparatus to and from fires and other emergencies, operate fire-apparatus pumps and aerial devices, and maintain apparatus. Hazardous materials technician - certified to mitigate hazardous materials and CBRNE emergencies. Rescue technician - certified to perform rescues such as high-angle rope, trench, structural collapse, confined space, vehicle and machinery, water, ice, and cave or mine rescues. Airport firefighter - trained in ARFF. Wildland firefighter - trained to extinguish fires in outdoor vegetation, including the wildland/urban interface. Shift hours Full-time career firefighters typically follow a 24-hour shift schedule, although some fire departments work 8- or 12-hour shifts. Australian firefighters work a 10/14 shift, in which the day shift works ten hours and the night shift works 14 hours. Firefighting personnel are split up into alternating shifts. Usually, the 24-hour shifts are followed by two days off. The shift personnel arrive for roll call at a specified time, ready to complete a regular tour of duty. While