1300). "Illustrations only" manuals do not become extinct with the appearance of prose instructions, but rather exist alongside these, e.g. in the form of the Late Medieval German illuminated manuscripts. Historical European martial arts German Fechtbücher (plural ) is Early New High German for 'combat manual', one of the manuscripts or printed books of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance containing descriptions of a martial art. Usually, the term is taken to include 15th- and 16th-century German manuals, but the nature of the subject matter does not allow a clear separation of these from treatises from other parts of Europe on one hand (particularly from the Italian and French schools), and from manuals of later centuries on the other hand. A list of include: Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 ("Walpurgis Manuscript") (c. 1300, predating Johannes Liechtenauer) Nürnberger Handschrift GNM 3227a (c. 1389) Fechtbuch of Sigmund Ringeck (1440s) Codex Vindobonensis B 11093, kept in Vienna, and "Gladiatoria", discovered in Poland, both dating to the mid-15th century and largely uninfluenced by Liechtenauer. of Hans Talhoffer (several surviving manuscripts dating from 1443–1467). of Peter von Danzig, Cod. 44 A 8, 1452 Jud Lew Cod.I.6.4°.3 (1450s), Augsburg of Paulus Kal (1460s) Cgm 558, a Swiss treatise of the later 15th century only loosely related to the German school. Codex Wallerstein (), 1470s, Augsburg Solothurner Fechtbuch, no text, dependent on Paulus Kal, 1470s, Solothurn Johannes Lecküchner Cod. Pal. Germ. 430, Heidelberg (1478), Cgm. 582, Munich (1482) Cod. Guelf. 78.2, Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel (late 15th century) Peter Falkner P 5012, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna Hans Folz Q566 (c. 1480), Weimar Hans von Speyer (MS M I 29) (1491) MS 862, c. 1500, influenced by Kal and Falkner, drawn upon by Wilhalm. Glasgow Fechtbuch (1505) Hans Wurm, grappling, (c. 1505) "Goliath (manuscript)" (1510s) Albrecht Dürer's fechtbuch HS. 26-232 (1512), Michigan State University Andre Pauernfeindt, , Vienna, 1516 Cologne Fechtbuch, anonymous (early 16th century) by Jörg Wilhalm (1520s) Egenolph: , anonymous, printed by Christian Egenolff, 1529, Frankfurt. This is largely derived from Pauernfeindt's 1516 manual. Hans Czynner MS. 963 (1538), Graz the compendia of Paulus Hector Mair (1540s). Johannes Lecküchner (1558) (this is a reprint from the , printed by Egenolph). Joachim Meyer "" (1570) Gunterrodt: "" (1579), Wittenberg Codex Guelf. 83.4 (c. 1591) Jakob Sutor von Baden (1612) Hanko Döbringer, Cod.ms.3227a (1389) Italian treatises The Italian school is attested in an early manual of 1410, at which