not) of the mimic Lampropeltis elapsoides and the model Micrurus fulvius showed that color proportions in these snakes were important in deceiving predators but that the order of the colored rings was not. Acoustic mimicry Predators may identify their prey by sound as well as sight; mimics have accordingly evolved to deceive the hearing of their predators. Bats are nocturnal predators that rely on echolocation to detect their prey. Some potential prey are unpalatable to bats, and produce an ultrasonic aposematic signal, the auditory equivalent of warning coloration. In response to echolocating red bats and big brown bats, tiger moths such as Cycnia tenera produce warning sounds. Bats learn to avoid the harmful moths, but similarly avoid other species such as some pyralid moths that produce such warning sounds as well. Acoustic mimicry complexes, both Batesian and Müllerian, may be widespread in the auditory world. Electrical mimicry The electric eel, Electrophorus, is capable of delivering a powerful electric shock that can stun or kill its prey. Bluntnose knifefishes, Brachyhypopomus, create an electric discharge pattern similar to the low voltage electrolocation discharge of the electric eel. This is thought to be Batesian mimicry of the powerfully-protected electric eel. See also Phylogenetics of mimicry Papilio dardanus (females mimic multiple model species) Locomotor mimicry Notes References Further reading Cott, H.B. (1940) Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Methuen and Co, Ltd., London Provides many examples of Batesian Mimicry For a historical perspective. Wickler, W. (1968) Mimicry in Plants and Animals (Translated from the German) McGraw-Hill, New York. Especially the first two chapters. Edmunds, M. 1974. Defence in Animals: A Survey of Anti-Predator Defences. Harlow, Essex & NY: Longman 357 p. Chapter 4 discusses this phenomenon. A detailed discussion of the different forms of mimicry. Ruxton, G. D.; Speed, M. P.; Sherratt, T. N. (2004). Avoiding Attack. The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapter 10 and 11 provide an up-to-date synopsis. External links Review of Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley by Charles Darwin The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. Biographical sketch of Bates, with picture Mimicry Antipredator adaptations Chemical ecology