defends the democratic system. Nationalist, in that it promotes local traditions and economic and cultural development. Revolutionary, inasmuch as it aspires to keeping up-to-date with the new modernity and rapid change that improves social and cultural structures. The idea of "Peru as Doctrine" is based on the values and principles arising from the historical and cultural particularity in which Peru developed but which have universal significance. An important part of their doctrine is developed in what they call Popular Cooperation. In Peruvian political history it has happened that on occasions the right has called Popular Action a leftist party (first government) or that the left has called it a right-wing party (second government). Towards the end of the 1960s, a radicalized sector split from the party (the so-called "hotheads"), forming Acción Popular Socialista (Manuel Seoane, Gustavo Mohme, among other intellectuals). Likewise, a significant percentage of the so-called "young Turks" (or "chapulines"/grasshoppers, young acciopopulistas of the early 1980s), at the beginning of the 1990s migrated to liberal political positions (to the Liberty Movement and then to Fujimorism). These are the two biggest party losses suffered by this party. Consequently, from then on, Popular Action is generally identified with positions of the center, with factions of both the progressive left and the conservative right. Towards the end of the 1990s, the ex-acciopopulista Luis Castañeda Lossio founded the National Solidarity Party, which with an alliance with the Christian People's Party within the National Unity coalition won the municipal elections in the capital, Lima, in 2002. Presidents of Peru from Popular Action Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1963–1968; 1980–1985) Valentín Paniagua (2000–2001) Manuel Merino (10–15 Nov. 2020) Electoral history Presidential Congress of the Republic References External links Official site Congress - Popular Action Political parties established in 1956 Political parties in Peru 1956 establishments in Peru