ceased protecting the Indians. All Creeks' lands were seized, and all Creeks removed from Georgia by 1827. Diplomat By 1826, President Adams was deeply unpopular compared to his opponent in 1824 (and presumptive in 1828), Andrew Jackson, as was Secretary of State Clay. Although some advocated Barbour as a vice-presidential candidate in the upcoming 1828 elections, Barbour sought an appointment as Minister to England. Critics claimed Barbour sought a "harbor in the storm" from the upcoming election. Nonetheless, European intellectuals accepted the new ambassador. During the 1820s, Barbour was a member of the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, as were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and other prominent military and medical professionals. On July 1, 1828, Barbour received an honorary LL.D. from the University of Oxford. Final years After President Adams' electoral defeat in 1828, Barbour returned to Virginia, announcing his candidacy for the General Assembly. However, Barbour's association with Adams and nationalistic policies made him unfavorable to the Virginian Republicans. Although his opponent was illiterate, the election was extremely close. And although Barbour was declared the winner, the election was contested. Before the legal decision, Barbour retired on February 16, 1831, citing the hostility in the Assembly against him. Barbour continued to remain active in national politics. In December 1831, he attended the first national convention of the National Republican Party in Baltimore and was elected its presiding officer. The convention nominated Henry Clay for President in 1832 and John Sergeant for Vice President. Barbour also became chairman of the 1839 Whig Party convention in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, which nominated Virginia-born William Henry Harrison for President (who won the election of 1840 to become the 9th President of the United States). Death and legacy After retiring from the Assembly, Barbour appeared and gave speeches to support political friends. One observer declared: "Gov. Barbour presented an imposing appearance, with a striking face, long, shaggy eyebrows, and head covered with silvery flowing locks; with a majestic and sonorous voice, he filled one's conception of a Roman Senator in the last days of the Republic." However, Barbour's health declined, and he spent his final months at Barboursville. He died on June 7, 1842. Senator James Barbour was buried in the family cemetery on the estate. The grave and ruin of his mansion, Barboursville, remain within the modern Barboursville Vineyards. The ruin is listed on the National Register of Historic