that is becoming more common is the sparring camp/fight camp. These events are often more casual than tournaments, with events and competitions not typical of more formal tournaments, and an emphasis on classes and sparring. Umbrella groups In 2001, the Historical European Martial Arts Coalition (HEMAC) was created to act as an umbrella organization for groups in Europe, with 4 sets of goals: Martial reconstruct historical martial arts from primary sources; refine interpretations into viable, effective martial arts; test martial skills in a variety of competitive environments Research locate, transcribe, translate primary sources; have a better understanding of the socio-historical context of the arts Outreach promote and publicise HEMA; dispel misconceptions & stereotypes; educate the general public Community establish a network of individuals and groups devoted to HEMA; foster close friendships and a sense of community among members; organise at least one annual HEMAC event. Since 2002, HEMAC has organized the annual International Historical European Martial arts Gathering in Dijon, France. In 2003, the Australian Historical Swordplay Federation became the umbrella organization for groups in Australia. In 2010, several dozen HEMA schools and clubs from around the world united under the umbrella of the HEMA Alliance, a US-based martial arts federation dedicated to developing and sharing the Historical European Martial Arts and assisting HEMA schools and instructors with such things as instructor certification, insurance, and equipment development. In 2012, Ruth García Navarro and Mariana López Rodríguez started Esfinges, an umbrella affinity group for women in or interested in HEMA. The goal of Esfinges is to encourage more participation of underrepresented genders in HEMA, and to support those already practicing the discipline. See also Arne Koets Historical European Martial Arts in Australia Combat reenactment English Longsword School Fencing French school of fencing German school of swordsmanship Italian school of swordsmanship Laurentius Guild Martial arts manual Spanish school of swordsmanship Renaissance Sword Club Schola Gladiatoria Swordsmanship Waster History of physical training and fitness References Further reading Angelo, Domenico, The School of Fencing: With a General Explanation of the Principal Attitudes and Positions Peculiar to the Art, eds. Jared Kirby, Greenhill Books, 2005. Anglo, Sydney. The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe. Yale University Press, 2000. Blanes, Jerome. Nicolaes Petter, the Biography. Lulu.com, 2014. Brown, Terry. English Martial Arts. Anglo-Saxon Books, 1997. Butera, Matteo, Francesco Lanza, Jherek Swanger, and Reinier van Noort. The Spada Maestra of Bondì di Mazo. Van Noort, Reinier, 2016. Clements,