or e. Thus we find giār 'year' and even gēr 'year', the latter betraying a strong Old Frisian influence. h represents and its allophone : holt 'wood', naht 'night' (mod. nacht). i is used for both the vowels and and the consonant : ik 'I' (mod. ick, ik), iār 'year'. qu and kw always represent : quāmun 'they came'. s represented , and between two vowels also . th is used to indicate : thōhtun 'they thought'. ð is used for , occasionally also written dh. u represented the vowels and , or the consonant ~ , which was denoted sporadically across manuscripts by either ⟨ƀ⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨v⟩, or ⟨f⟩'. uu was normally used to represent , predating the letter w. z only appeared in a few texts due to Old High German influence. Literature Only a few texts survive, predominantly baptismal vows the Saxons were required to perform at the behest of Charlemagne. The only literary texts preserved are Heliand and fragments of the Old Saxon Genesis. There is also: Beda homily (Homilie Bedas) Credo (Abrenunciatio diaboli et credo) → Old Saxon baptismal vow. Essener Heberegister Old Saxon Baptismal Vow () Penitentiary (altsächsische Beichte, altwestfälische Beichte) Trierer Blutsegen () Spurihalz (Wiener Pferdsegen) () Wurmsegen (Wiener Wurmsegen) ( Psalms commentary (Gernroder Psalmenkommentar) Text sample A poetic version of the Lord's Prayer in the form of the traditional Germanic alliterative verse is given in Old Saxon below as it appears in the Heliand. See also Old Saxon Genesis Old Saxon Baptismal Vow Heliand Middle Low German Low German Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Notes Bibliography Sources General Euler, Wolfram (2013). Das Westgermanische - von der Herausbildung im 3. bis zur Aufgliederung im 7. Jahrhundert - Analyse und Rekonstruktion (West Germanic - from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE - Analyses and Reconstruction). 244 p., in German with English summary, London/Berlin 2013, . Ringe, Donald R. and Taylor, Ann (2014). The Development of Old English - A Linguistic History of English, vol. II, 632p. . Oxford. Lexicons Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, (5. Auflage) 2014. ("An Old Saxon Dictionary") External history External links Einführung in das Altsächsische (An Introduction to Old Saxon) by Roland Schuhmann (in German); copy at the Internet Archive (at the Internet Archive) Low German Germanic languages German dialects Dutch dialects Saxon, Old Languages of the Netherlands Languages of Germany North Sea