tense morphemes in Máku: distant past, recent past, present, near future, and distant future. While the tense boundaries are relative and not absolute, distant past is used just for mythological stories, and generally the distant future refers to events after the current day while the near future refers to events later in the day. Aspect Máku has six aspect morphemes. The permanent aspect suffix -na is used only with stative verbs and marks permanent and inherent properties. The temporary aspect suffix -sia indicates temporary properties when used with stative verbs, and unfinished action with active verbs. The progressive aspect suffixes are present tense in meaning. Mood Verbs marked for the imperative do not have an explicit subject marker. However the hortative does agree with subject. The conditional mood only occurs in multiclause constructions. However, the purposive can occur both in multiclause and monoclausal sentences, as shown in the below examples. Evidentiality The evidentiality suffixes are only used with past tense and are not obligatory. Negation Negation is signified by -ʔV, where the value of the vowel is the vowel before the suffix, unless followed by -bala, in which case it is /a/. Transitive active verbs can optionally take the additional negative suffix -bala following -ʔV. -ʔV can also be used as a prohibitive marker, as in The negative suffix appears to precede the evidential suffixes, which appear to precede the tense suffixes, as in the following: Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Máku. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Máku |- | one || nukuzamuké |- | two || bãtá |- | three || shünãlyá |- | head || tsi-gáte |- | eye || tsis-kóte |- | tooth || tse-um |- | man || lásepa |- | water || náme |- | fire || níheː |- | sun || kélé |- | maize || lükü |- | jaguar || zówi |} References Bibliography Dixon & Aikhenvald (1999). "Máku", in The Amazonian Languages (pp. 361–362) Migliazza, Ernesto (1965). "Fonología Makú", Boletim do MPEG. Antropología 25:1–17. ———— (1966). "Esbôço sintático de um corpus da língua Makú", Boletim do MPEG. Antropología 32:1–38. ———— (1978). "Makú, Sapé and Uruak languages. Current status and basic lexicon", AL 20/3:133–140. Rogers, Chris (2020). Máku: A Comprehensive Grammar. Taylor & Francis. Language isolates of South America Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Languages of Venezuela Languages extinct in the 2000s Macro-Puinavean languages