As opposed to Standard Arabic, Juba Arabic makes no distinction between short and long vowels. However, long vowels in Standard Arabic often become stressed in Juba Arabic. Stress can be grammatical, such as in "to give birth", and "to be born". Consonants Juba Arabic omits some of the consonants found in Standard Arabic. In particular, Juba Arabic makes no distinction between pairs of plain and emphatic consonants (e.g. and ), keeping only the plain variant. Moreover, is never pronounced, while and may be pronounced or omitted altogether. Conversely, Juba Arabic uses consonants not found in Standard Arabic: v , ny , and ng . Finally, consonant doubling, also known as gemination or in Arabic, is absent in Juba Arabic. Compare Standard Arabic and Juba Arabic , meaning "sugar". In the following table, the common Latin transcriptions appear between angle brackets next to the phonemes. Parentheses indicate phonemes that are either relatively rare or are more likely to be used in the "educated" register of Juba Arabic. Orthography Juba Arabic has no standardised orthography, but the Latin alphabet is widely used. A dictionary was published in 2005, Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi, using the Latin script. See also Languages of South Sudan Varieties of Arabic Sudanese Arabic Bimbashi Arabic References Bibliography Manfredi, Stefano, and Mauro Tosco. "Juba Arabic (ÁRABI JÚBA): A ‘less indigenous’ language of South Sudan." Sociolinguistic Studies 12, no. 2 (2018): 209-230. Leonardi, Cherry. "South Sudanese Arabic and the negotiation of the local state, c. 1840–2011." The Journal of African History 54, no. 3 (2013): 351-372. Miller, Catherine. "Southern Sudanese Arabic and the churches." Revue roumaine de linguistique 3 (2010): 383-400 Other Readings Manfredi, Stefano "Juba Arabic: A Grammatical Description of Juba Arabic with Sociolinguistic notes about the Sudanese community in Cairo", Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale". (unpublished thesis) Miller, Catherine, 1983, "Le Juba-Arabic, une lingua-franca du Sudan méridional; remarques sur le fonctionnment du verbe", Cahiers du Mas-Gelles, 1, Paris, Geuthner, pp 105–118. Miller, Catherine, 1983, "Aperçu du système verbal en Juba-Arabic", Comptes rendu du GLECS, XXIV–XXVIII, 1979–1984, T. 2, Paris, Geuthner, pp 295–315. Watson, Richard L., (1989), "An Introduction to Juba Arabic", Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 6: 95-117. External links Juba Arabic English Dictionary: Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi Juba Arabic Swadesh list Podcasts in Juba Arabic Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phrases Juba Arabic Facebook page Juba Arabic for Beginners (Chapter 1) by the South