due to the shaddah on the (). Sākinah (vowelless) letters Nūn sākinah and tanwīn Nūn sākinah refers to instances where the letter nūn is accompanied by a sukun sign, some cases of which involve tanwīns nun with a sukun. There are then four ways it should be pronounced, depending on which letter immediately follows: Iẓhār ("clarity"): the nūn sound is pronounced clearly without additional modifications when followed by "letters of the throat" (). Consider the nūn with a sukun pronounced regularly in the beginning of the last verse in "al-Fatiha": Iqlāb ("conversion"): the nūn sound is converted to a sound with imperfect closure if it is followed by a . Additionally, it is pronounced with ghunnah, i.e. nasalization which can be held for two morae. Consider the nūn sound on the tanwīn on the letter jīm that is pronounced as a mīm instead in the chapter Al-Hajj: Idghām ("merging"): the nūn sound fully assimilates to the following sound if the latter is or another . With and , there is no nasalization (ghunnah). The last 4 letters also receive ghunnah in the process ( and with ghunnah are pronounced as and ). Idghām only applies between two words and not in the middle of a word. Consider for example the nūn that is not pronounced in the fifth line (the Shahada) in the Call to Prayer: Ikhfāʼ ("concealment"): the nūn sound is not fully pronounced (i.e. the tongue does not make full contact with the roof of the mouth as in a regular /n/ sound) if it is followed by any letters other than those already listed, includes a ghunnah. Consider the nūn that is suppressed in the second verse of the chapter Al-Falaq: Mīm sākinah The term mīm sākinah refers to instances where the letter mīm is accompanied by a sukun. There are then three ways it should be pronounced, depending on which letter immediately follows: ("labial merging") when followed by another mīm (usually indicated by a ): the mīm is then merged with the following mīm and includes a ghunnah; ("labial concealment"): the mīm is suppressed (i.e. lips not fully closed) when followed by a , with a ghunnah; Consider the mīm that is suppressed in the fourth verse of the chapter Al-Fil: ("labial clarity"): the mīm is pronounced clearly with no amendment when followed by any letters other than those already listed. Qalqalah The five letters are