men and media organizations." In 1974, James W. Carey identified the 'Problem of Journalism History'. The field was dominated by a Whig interpretation of journalism history. "This views journalism history as the slow, steady expansion of freedom and knowledge from the political press to the commercial press, the setbacks into sensationalism and yellow journalism, the forward thrust into muck raking and social responsibility....the entire story is framed by those large impersonal forces buffeting the press: industrialization, urbanization and mass democracy. O'Malley says the criticism went too far because there was much of value in the deep scholarship of the earlier period. See also History of broadcasting History of newspaper publishing History of television News broadcasting Newspaper Online magazine Online newspaper United States defamation law References Citations Sources History of Journalism lecture notes by Dr. Wally Hastings, Northern State University, South Dakota Further reading Bösch, Frank. Mass Media and Historical Change: Germany in International Perspective, 1400 to the Present (Berghahn, 2015). 212 pp. online review Burrowes, Carl Patrick. "Property, Power and Press Freedom: Emergence of the Fourth Estate, 1640–1789," Journalism & Communication Monographs (2011) 13#1 pp2–66, compares Britain, France, and the United States Collins, Ross F. and E. M. Palmegiano, eds. The Rise of Western Journalism 1815–1914: Essays on the Press in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States (2007) Conboy, Martin. Journalism: A Critical History (2004) Crook; Tim. International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice (Routledge, 1998) online Pettegree, Andrew. The invention of news: How the world came to know about itself (Yale UP, 2014). Wolff, Michael. The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch (2008) 446 pages and text search, A media baron in Australia, UK and the US Asia Desai, Mira K. "Journalism education in India: Maze or mosaic." in Global journalism education in the 21st century: Challenges and innovations (2017): 113–136. online Hassan, M. S. Two hundred years of Indian Press: Case of lopsided growth, Media Asia (1980), 218–228. Huang, C. "Towards a broadloid press approach: The transformation of China's newspaper industry since the 2000s." Journalism 19 (2015): 1–16. online, With bibliography pages 27–33. Lagerkvist, Johan. After the Internet, Before Democracy (2010), the media in China Lynch, Marc. Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today (Columbia University Press 2006) online Rugh, William A. Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics