those with NBS often have congenital kidney malformations. In the treatment of malignancies, radiation therapy, alkylating antineoplastic agents, and epipodophyllotoxins are not used, and methotrexate can be used only with caution; the dose should be limited. Bone marrow transplants and hematopoietic stem cell transplants are also considered in the treatment of NBS. The supplementation of vitamin E is also recommended. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt can be placed in patients with hydrocephalus, and surgical intervention for congenital deformities is also attempted. Prognosis A review from 2000 stated that life expectancy was reduced because of a tendency to develop cancer relatively early as well as deaths due to infections related to immunodeficiency. References External links Chromosome instability syndromes DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorders Autosomal recessive disorders Rare syndromes Syndromes affecting stature IUIS-PID table 3 immunodeficiencies Syndromes affecting head size Syndromes with tumors