aid of context. Nouns There are nine morphemic slots within the "noun matrix": 1 – Base 2 – Possessive Pronoun 3 – Pronoun Plural 4A – Base Plural 4B – Combining Form 5 – 'The' 6 – Particles 7 – Enclitics 8 – Reflexive Only slot 1 and 4A must be filled in order for the lexeme to be a noun. Verbs Timucua verbs contain many subtleties not present in English or even in other indigenous languages of the United States. However, there is no temporal aspect to Timucua verbs – there is no past tense, no future tense, etc. Verbs have 13 morphemic slots, but it is rare to find a verb with all 13 filled, although those with 8 or 9 are frequently used. 1 – Subject pronoun 2 – Object pronoun 3 – Base (verb) 4 – Transitive-Causative 5 – Reflexive/Reciprocal 6 – Action designation 7 – Subject pronoun plural 8 – Aspect (Durative, Bounded, Potential) 9 – Status (Perfective, Conditional) 10 – Emphasis (Habitual, Punctual-Intensive) 11 – Locus (Proximate, Distant) 12 – Mode (Indicative, Optative, Subjunctive, Imperative) 13 – Subject pronouns (optional and rare – found only in questions) Particles Particles are the small number of free bases that occur with either no affixes or only with the pluralizer -ca. They function as nominals, adverbials, prepositions, and demonstratives. They are frequently added onto one another, onto enclitics, and onto other bases. A few examples are the following: amiro 'much, many' becha 'tomorrow' ocho 'behind' na 'this' michu 'that' tulu 'immediately' quana 'for, with' pu, u, ya 'no' Syntax According to Granberry, "Without fuller data ... it is of course difficult to provide a thorough statement on Timucua syntax." Timucua was an SOV language; that is, the phrasal word order was subject–object–verb, unlike the English order of subject–verb–object. There are six parts of speech: verbs, nouns, pronouns, modifiers (there is no difference between adjectives and adverbs in Timucua), demonstratives, and conjunctions. As these are not usually specifically marked, a word's part of speech is generally determined by its relationship with and location within the phrase. Phrases Phrases typically consist of two lexemes, with one acting as the "head-word," defining the function, and the other performing a syntactic operation. The most frequently-occurring lexeme, or in some cases just the lexeme that occurs first, is the "head-word." All phrases are either verb phrases (e.g. Noun + Finite Verb, Pronoun