Filippo Turati (; 26 November 1857 – 29 March 1932) was an Italian sociologist, criminologist, poet and socialist politician. Early life Born in Canzo, province of Como, he graduated in law at the University of Bologna in 1877, and participated in the Scapigliatura movement with the most important artists of the period in Milan, publishing poetry. His Inno dei Lavoratori ("Workers' Hymn"), adapted to music, became the most popular song of the nascent labor movement. Turati became interested in politics, being attracted to the democratic movement before joining the more specific Socialist groups. His most important sociological work of this period is Il Delitto e la Questione Sociale, in which he examines how social conditions affect crime. He met Anna Kulischov while working on a survey of social conditions in Naples. Kulischov was an exile from Russia who had become the companion of Andrea Costa, an Anarchist leader – when she converted to non-Anarchist Socialism, Costa followed, sending an important letter to his anarchist comrades in which he abandoned the movement. Kulischov and Costa had split by the time she met Turati. The two immediately fell in love, and lived together until her death in 1925. In France, Turati had a close relationship with the Italian lawyer Giuseppe Leti (1866–1939), former head of the Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite national Freemasonry who resided in France from 1929 to 1937. Leti was familiar with other Italian anti-fascist politicians such as Francesco Saverio Nitti, Alberto Cianca, Pietro Nenni, Emanuele Modigliani and Emilio Lussu. Socialist Party Turati joined the socialist Italian Workers' Party (POI) in 1886. He and Anna Kulischov were the most instrumental intellectuals involved in the founding of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1892 (it took that name in 1895). They were reformists, believing that Socialism would come about gradually, primarily through action in the Italian Parliament, labor organization, and education, spreading their ideas through their journal Critica Sociale – a review founded by their friend Arcangelo Ghisleri under the title Cuore e Critica. It was the most influential Marxist review in Italy before World War I. Shut down by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, it was reestablished after World War II, and is still in print. In the years following the party's foundation, the Italian government attempted to suppress it. Turati advocated alliances with other Italian democratic forces, meant to defeat the government's reactionary policies, and to advance left-wing