engineering to construct because his designs go against their form. Zaha Hadid Zaha Hadid was a British-Iraqi architect known for deconstructivist designs with fantastic shapes. Her geometric designs have a sense of movement, fragmentation, and instability. However, most of her designs from the 1980s and 1990s were not constructed. One of her significant buildings is the Lois & Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati, Ohio, essentially "a vertical series of cubes and voids". She also designed the MAXXI museum of contemporary art and architecture in Rome, Italy. Walter Jonas Walter Jonas is a Swiss-German painter who designed Intrapolis for West Germany in the 1970s. Intrapolis consisted of housing units shaped like funnels and made of stacked concentric circles. Jonas said that his funnel-shaped buildings minimized ground contact and would "save valuable soil". West Germany never built Intrapolis because it lacked the funds. One writer notes, "Jonas's funnels question the assumption that urban residences ought to be refuges from the cities in which we live, and encourage us to consider more holistic options. The Intrapolis captivates us precisely because it's so bizarrely different from anything in our experience. It belongs to an alternate reality that we can visit to escape the built-in assumptions of our everyday environment." Rem Koolhaas Rem Koolhaas moved to Manhattan, New York in 1972 where he developed a fascination with the city. He began to examine the dynamics that constructed the city, resulting in his manifesto, Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan, which outlines his theory of Manhattanism. Koolhaas saw a symbiotic relationship between Manhattan's "culture of congestion" and its architecture, arguing that the architecture generated the culture. His book is also a spatial project, using the narrative sequence and typographic layout to mimic the space effectively. Daniel Libeskind Daniel Libeskind designed the Jewish Museum Berlin and the World Trade Center site redesign. Before those projects, he was an academic for sixteen years and had designed only two constructed buildings. Libeskind advocates for buildings that are both beautiful and also communicate a historical and cultural context. His visionary architectural designs include floor plans of destroyed buildings and sketches of piles of sticks. Libeskind calls these efforts "exploring space". Russian paper architects In the 1980s, a group of Russian architects emerged from the Moscow Institute of Architecture, united by what architect Yuri Avvakumov dubbed paper architecture. The slang name "paper architecture" was meant to