of 1994)." There are "two levels" of litigation (two trials of fact)" with another appellate level in civil litigation in Egypt. "Small claims cases are tried before a single judge, with a right to de novo appeal to a panel of three judges from the Court of First Instance." "Larger claims originate with a panel of three Court of First Instance judges, with a right of de novo appeal to a three-judge panel of Court of Appeals judges. Appeals from the Court of Appeals are limited to legal issues, and are conducted before the Court of Cassation, which is the highest court of Egypt's common court system." according to EgyptJustice.com. Hisbah Unlike Saudi Arabia and some other Muslim countries, the Egyptian legal system has no office of hisbah (Islamic religious police force), but it does allows for "hisbah" lawsuits. Hisbah is an Islamic doctrine calling for Muslims, including rulers and governments, to enjoin good and forbid bad. At least as of March 2016, hisbah lawsuits in Egypt "are based on Article 3 of the Code of Procedure". The article allows "anyone to file a lawsuit against any creative work by an artist, writer or public figure as long as the plaintiff has an interest in it" and the lawsuit is "aimed at avoiding imminent damage or at documenting evidence". (While under standard legal rules a plaintiff attempting to sue must demonstrate they have standing to sue the defendant because they have not incurred loss or otherwise have any "direct interest", which they would not if they were suing an alleged Muslim deviant for the defendant's beliefs – specifically alleged heresy or blasphemy – under the doctrine of hisbah the plaintiffs have direct interest by virtue of their being "Muslims exercising their duty of commanding right and forbidding wrong". This was made clear by a 1995 ruling by the appeals court against professor Nasr Abu Zayd) Hisbah lawsuits in Egypt (in which the word "ḥisba" may rarely appear, but in which "the logic of ḥisba can easily be detected"), "are submitted to the public prosecutor, who determines their merit". The law has been criticized by the Institution of Freedom of Thought and Expression and the Supreme Council for the Press for violating provisions of the Egyptian Constitution, which state, "Freedom of thought and opinion is guaranteed. Every person has the right to express his opinion verbally, in writing, through imagery, or