harmonics where use of the 1-3 and 1-2-3 valve combinations is not needed. Singing of an opening phrase In vocal music, intonation can signify the singing of an opening phrase. For example, compositions of sacred vocal music, or sections thereof, often only start after the first phrase, meaning that that first phrase has to be intoned according to a traditional (usually Gregorian) melody. Where that tradition was not upheld, an intonation had to be composed afterwards for a performance of the complete work. Johann Sebastian Bach composed such inserts for church music by other composers, for example the Credo intonation in F major, BWV 1081, for the Credo of one of the Masses in Giovanni Battista Bassani's Acroama missale. Other related concepts Intonation sensitivity Intonation sensitivity is "determined by how the preference for a chord varies with the tuning, or mistuning, of the center note," and may be used to assess and evaluate a known or new chord and its perceptibility as the harmonic basis for a scale. For example, the chord formed by pitches in the ratios 3:5:7 has a very similar pattern of intonation sensitivity to the just major chord, formed by 4:5:6—more similar than does the minor chord. The major or minor triad may be used to form the diatonic scale and the 3:5:7 triad may be used to form the Bohlen–Pierce scale. Semiotic concept The semiotic concept came to musicology from linguistics. In Soviet musicology, it refers to Boris Asafiev’s concept of intonation in music. This concept looks at intonation as a basis of musical expression, and relates it to the peculiarities of different national or personal styles. The basis of the intonation doctrine was laid by Russian musicologist Boleslav Yavorsky (1877–1942) and later developed by Asafiev. See also Musical tuning Sources External links Byers, Gregory: Classical Guitar Intonation with Nut compensation from Pro Guitar Schwingenstein, Konrad: Intonation of stringed instruments with straight frets. Brown, Malcolm H.: The soviet Russian concepts of "intonazia" and "musical imagery". Pegley, Karen: Censored Musical Messages. Mahoney, N.: Intonation on the Classical Guitar. Guitar Intonation — article about intonation information and how to set guitar intonation on the Guitar Repair Bench Website. How to Intonate Your Electric Guitar from the zZounds Music Blog Pitch (music)