of segmenting the speech current into phonemes. 2) The most adequate model of a phonetic change continuing for centuries, such as apocope and consonant shifts, is that of a change caused by some event and is over once the potential of the initial impulse has been used up. The cause of every major change is another change. 3) Stress is not a force but a privileged position in a word, a position in which some oppositions occur that are not allowed in any other syllable. 4) The greatest phonetic changes in the history of Germanic were the concentration of all distinctive features in the root syllable and consonantal lenition as its consequence. 5) Allophones, that is, the phonetic variants of a phoneme, cannot be phonologized (by definition). 6) In Germanic, systemic changes of short vowels are reactions to changes in long vowels. Likewise, changes of voiced consonants are triggered by changes in voiceless consonants; what appears as voicing is really weakening. Works on etymology Liberman seeks to build an exhaustive purview of previous conjectures and hypotheses on word origins. His team has collected tens of thousands of articles on etymology from hundreds of journals, book chapters, and Festschriften, which feed his works. His books in this area include Etymology for Everyone: Word Origins and How We Know Them (2005), An analytic dictionary of English etymology: an introduction (2008) and A Bibliography of English Etymology (2009). He has also published articles on individual words and groups of related words. Poetical works His poetical works include translations and extended commentary on Mikhail Lermontov, Fyodor Tyutchev, Evgeny Boratynsky, and Shakespeare. Mikhail Lermontov. Major Poetical Works. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982 On the Heights of Creation: The Lyrics of Fedor Tyutchev. Oxford: JAI Press, 1993. Vrachevanie dukha / [The Healing of the Spirit: Original Poetry and Select Translations from English and Icelandic into Russian. NY: Effect, 1993. [Includes Oscar Wilde's "The Ballad of Reading Gaol".] Vil'iam Shekspir, Sonety / William Shakespeare, Sonnets. Moscow: Iazyki slavianskikh kul'tur [The Languages of Slavic Cultures], 2016. Evgeny Boratynsky and the Russian Golden Age: Unstudied Words That Wove and Wavered. Anthem Press, 2020. Original poetry has appeared in the journals Vstrechi [Encounters], Poberezh'e [The Coast], Novyi Zhurnal [The New Journal], and Mosty [Bridges]. Works on the history of philology Vladimir Propp, Theory and History of Folklore (University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Stefán Einarsson, Studies in Germanic Philology (Helmut