three described marri dominated assemblages, this one is distinguished by the drier soils of the community's range along the eastern edge of the Swan Coastal Plain. Old large trees became rare after extensive agricultural conversion of land during the twentieth century, but Mueller recorded specimens in the 1870s with trunks up to three metres in width. Removal of trees at farmland was found to be difficult, resisting labour-intensive mechanical methods and ringbarking, the cost-effective method, demonstrated in 1904 at an experimental farm in Narrogin, was to splinter the trunks and roots with Gelignite. Conservation status Corymbia calophylla is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, but was added to the IUCN Red List as "near threatened" species in 2019. Uses Marri trees played a significant role in Noongar culture, the applications of its products were adapted and exported by the people occupying the Southwest of Australia. The kino, mayat, which oozes from the tree contains tannins which have antiseptic qualities. Mayat was powdered and sprinkled onto open wounds to prevent bleeding, added to water for a mouthwash or disinfectant, mixed with clay and water and used as a medicinal drink for dysentery or used to tan kangaroo skins for cloaks or bags. The use as a remedy for diarrhoea by people of the region was noted by colonist Jane Dodds of Guildford, Western Australia, "as we do rhubarb but it does not answer for Europeans". Rosendo Salvado, the Spanish Bishop, contradicts this notion in reporting the efficacy of this remedy for a widespread problem in the new colony, taken in tea or as one or two small lozenges; he says the effect is produced in a day, but also warns that overdose can lead to paralysis. The use of the kino for tanning of animal skins was also adopted by European migrants. Early mentions in literature often remark on the blood-like appearance of the kino that flowed from the marri trees in their new environment, the Diary of George Fletcher Moore recording its use in 1831. The colony began to export the product to England. Mueller gave a price at markets in London of twenty to twenty five pounds per ton in 1879. The value of the product was recognised by a 1922 investigation of the state's forestry. A method was patented to improve the use as a tanning agent for