A Post–Turing machine is a "program formulation" of a type of Turing machine, comprising a variant of Emil Post's Turing-equivalent model of computation. Post's model and Turing's model, though very similar to one another, were developed independently. Turing's paper was received for publication in May 1936, followed by Post's in October. A Post–Turing machine uses a binary alphabet, an infinite sequence of binary storage locations, and a primitive programming language with instructions for bi-directional movement among the storage locations and alteration of their contents one at a time. The names "Post–Turing program" and "Post–Turing machine" were used by Martin Davis in 1973–1974 (Davis 1973, p. 69ff). Later in 1980, Davis used the name "Turing–Post program" (Davis, in Steen p. 241). 1936: Post model In his 1936 paper "Finite Combinatory Processes—Formulation 1", Emil Post described a model of which he conjectured is "logically equivalent to recursiveness". Post's model of a computation differs from the Turing-machine model in a further "atomization" of the acts a human "computer" would perform during a computation. Post's model employs a "symbol space" consisting of a "two-way infinite sequence of spaces or boxes", each box capable of being in either of two possible conditions, namely "marked" (as by a single vertical stroke) and "unmarked" (empty). Initially, finitely-many of the boxes are marked, the rest being unmarked. A "worker" is then to move among the boxes, being in and operating in only one box at a time, according to a fixed finite "set of directions" (instructions), which are numbered in order (1,2,3,...,n). Beginning at a box "singled out as the starting point", the worker is to follow the set of instructions one at a time, beginning with instruction 1. There are five different primitive operations that the worker can perform: (a) Marking the box it is in, if it is empty (b) Erasing the mark in the box it is in, if it is marked (c) Moving to the box on its right (d) Moving to the box on its left (e) Determining whether the box it is in, is or is not marked. Then, the i th "direction" (instruction) given to the worker is to be one of the following forms: (The above indented text and italics are as in the original.) Post remarks that this formulation is "in its initial stages" of development, and mentions several possibilities for "greater flexibility" in its final "definitive form", including