underwent a major religious reformation which was, unlike most European countries, remarkably peaceful and was never seriously threatened by counter-reformation, though neighbouring England was to undergo a counter-reformation under Queen Mary I. For a while, both countries were distracted by internal troubles. Eventually, Queen Elizabeth I came to rule England and restore stability. Scotland remained divided. The Catholic faction under the queen mother, Mary of Guise, held Leith and Edinburgh. Elizabeth was able to ensure victory for the Protestant faction by using her fleet to blockade the Catholics and prevent French aid reaching them. For the later part of the 16th century, peace was ensured by the probability that James VI of Scotland, who was raised as a Protestant and was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, would become King of England on the death of Elizabeth. There was perennial trouble from Border Reivers, but Elizabeth was inclined to forgive even their depredations rather than pick a quarrel with her Protestant neighbour. See also List of battles between Scotland and England References Further reading Dupuy, Ernest R. and Dupuy, Trevor N. The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present. Revised ed. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1977. Fraser, George MacDonald. The Steel Bonnets, Harper Collins, 1971, Lynch, Michael, ed. The Oxford companion to Scottish history (2007. Mackie, R. L. A History of Scotland. (2nd ed. 1978) Paterson, Raymond Campbell. My Wound is Deep: History of the Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380–1560 (1997) Phillips, Gervase. The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History (Boydell Press, 1999). Sadler, John. Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1568, Longman, 2004. 16th-century conflicts 16th century in Scotland 16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England Scottish Wars involving Scotland England–Scotland relations Battles between England and Scotland 15th-century military history of Scotland 15th-century military history of the Kingdom of England