the SHAEF Psychological Warfare Division from 1944 to 1945. After the war, Bishop returned to Cornell. In 1962, he wrote A History of Cornell, its standard history. The same year, he was presented with a festschrift, Studies in Seventeenth-Century French Literature. A review concluded that the book "demonstrates a continuing vitality and . . . an increasing sophistication in the study of French baroque (?) literature". Bishop was a visiting professor at the University of Athens (with a Fulbright teaching fellowship) in 1951, at Wells College from 1962 to 1963, and at Rice University in spring 1966. In 1964, he was president of the Modern Language Association. After retirement from Cornell in 1960, Bishop served as its marshal, officiating at graduations. During the 1970 ceremony (when he was 77), Bishop used the university mace to fend off a graduate who was trying to seize the microphone. "The jab was given in typical Bishop style: with spontaneity, grace and effectiveness," commented the president, Dale R. Corson. Writings and scholarship "[Bishop's] scholarly forte was biography": he wrote biographies of Pascal, Petrarch, Ronsard, La Rochefoucauld, Cabeza de Vaca, Champlain, and St. Francis. Bishop was aware of the minor impact of academic biographies, and instead wrote for a wide readership: speaking to an audience of writers, he suggested that would-be biographers consider writing "biofiction", which "may be more bio than fiction, or more fiction than bio", but either way "is based solidly on fact", though permitting "a good deal of invention, a good deal of decoration". His Survey of French Literature, first published in 1955, was for many years a standard textbook (revised editions were published in 1965 and, posthumously, in 2005). During the late 1950s and early 1960s his reviews of books on historical topics often appeared in The New York Times. , his 1968 history of the Middle Ages is still in print (as The Middle Ages). He was a frequent contributor of historical articles to American Heritage and also wrote a miscellany of lighter material, including the pseudonymous comic mystery The Widening Stain, and humorous verse and prose pieces that were published by a variety of magazines. Bishop's more than 400 publications are noteworthy not only by reason of their volume and their varied subject matter but also because of their charming style and formidable erudition. Bishop was fluent in German, French, Spanish, Swedish, modern Greek, and Latin; his command of