finances, with mayoral candidate Carol Bellamy saying that he "consistently failed to provide the leadership or sound management we need". Harold O. Levy was the last Chancellor to be selected directly by the Board of Education, serving during the final years of Mayor Rudy Giuliani and the early part of the Bloomberg administration. Under mayoral control Joel Klein was named as Chancellor in July 2002 by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the first to be named in the reorganized system in which the Mayor of New York was given direct control of the Board of Education. In November 2010, Cathie Black was named as the first female chancellor by Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Because of her lack of educational experience and administrative licensing, Black required a waiver from the Commissioner of Education of the State of New York, who at that time was David M. Steiner, in order to take office. The waiver was issued, and Black took office on January 3, 2011. List of New York City Schools chancellors Individuals who have led the New York City school system include: David C. Banks 2022–present Meisha Ross Porter 2021 Richard Carranza 2018–2021 Carmen Fariña 2014–2018 Dennis Walcott 2011–2013 Cathie Black 2011 Joel Klein 2002–2010 Harold O. Levy 2000–2002 Dr. Rudy Crew 1995–1999 Ramon C. Cortines 1993–1995 Dr. Harvey Garner (interim) July – August 1993 Dr. Joseph A. Fernandez 1990–1993 Bernard Mecklowitz (interim) June – December 1989 Dr. Richard Green 1988–1989 Dr. Charles I. Schonhaut (acting) 1988 Nathan Quinones 1984–1987 Anthony J. Alvarado 1983–1984 Richard F. Halverson (acting) 1983 Frank Macchiarola 1978–1983 Harvey B. Scribner 1970–1973 Irving Anker 1970, 1973–1978 Nathan Brown 1969–1970 Calvin E. Gross 1963–1965 Bernard E. Donovan 1962–1963, 1965–1969 John J. Theobald 1958–1962 William Jansen 1947–1958 John E. Wade 1942–1947 Harold G. Campbell 1934–1942 William J. O’Shea 1924–1934 William L. Ettinger 1918–1924 William H. Maxwell 1898–1918 References Further reading The Encyclopedia of New York City. New York: Yale University Press, 1995. New York City Department of Education