down and with his family he joined the religious community of the Shakers, where he remained for a year. In 1879 he returned to Europe, and in 1880 took up his residence in England, renewing his active participation in the Russian revolutionary organizations abroad. He met Peter Kropotkin, a former member of the Tschaikovsky Circle, in London in 1881, and together they attempted to organize English workers. He was a member of the “Red Cross of the Narodnaia Volia,” and organized the supply of revolutionary literature to Russia. In 1905, during the first Russian revolution, he made a tour of America, lecturing on the subject and collecting funds for the struggle against the Imperial regime. In 1907 he returned to Russia. There he was arrested on a charge of conspiracy against the Government and spent 11 months in the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress at St. Petersburg. He was released on bail, £5,000 having been collected by his friends, chiefly in England and the United States. In 1910 he was brought to trial, but discharged for lack of proof. He remained in Russia and took a great interest in the work of cooperative organizations. During World War I, he was very active under the flag of the Russian Red Cross, supplying food to the population of the fighting area. After the February Revolution of 1917, he was elected member of the Petrograd Soviet, where he used his influence to oppose Bolshevik propaganda. After the Bolshevik October revolution of 1917, He was elected member of the short-lived Constituent Assembly. As a member of the “Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and of the Revolution,” and of the “Committee for the Defence of the Constituent Assembly,” he helped organize the struggle against the Bolsheviks in the ensuing Russian Civil War. In 1918 Tchaikovsky was one of the founders of the “Union of the Reconstruction of Russia,” an anti-Bolshevik organization of the left parties of Moscow. He was also elected member of the Ufa directorate. On his way to Siberia, he came to Vyatka, where he took the lead in an insurrection against the Bolsheviks and entered into negotiations with the Allied force at Archangel. He took part in the coup d'état of August 2 at Archangel and became president of the Supreme Administrative Board of the North Region. After the break-up of a conspiracy of monarchist officers, he organized the