‘true’ racism to a historical time period. Other forms of racism that are deployed in news are symbolic racism and nationalist language, where minorities are criticized due to their actions, as opposed to their identity and are indirectly referenced as parties that cannot uphold the values of greater society and must be defended against. Covert racism and education Covert racism in the education systems is shown both academically and through disciplinary measures. Discipline policies including mandatory, zero-tolerance suspensions or expulsions for minor offenses fuel the school to prison pipeline. White students are statistically more likely to be placed in an academic track according to the National School Boards Association (NSBA). Of the black students who take the SAT, less than 60% are enrolled in an academic track whereas about 90% of white students taking the SAT were on the academic track. Such concealed acts of racism impact education by lowering expectations, lacking rigor in curricula, lacking experienced teachers, and making fallacious assumptions about students’ intelligence, and issues in public policy. Despite the lack of explicit racism, covert racism continues to thwart the possibility of a successful future for Black students. As stated by NSBA's President Charlie Wilson, these practices and policies are critical factors that lead to gaps in the quality of education between black and white students. Studies have also shown stark resource disparities in predominantly black or Latino schools and white suburban schools. It has been shown that schools with predominant black students have scarce textbooks where students are not allowed to take them home. In some states like Mississippi the textbooks and resources are so outdated that many of the new events in history have not yet been added to them. Bathroom access has also been cited as an issue in predominantly black and Latino schools schools. At some schools, there were a lack of bathrooms resulting in school infestations with vermin. Many black activists have cited the lack of a well-resourced education as a stain on America's meritocracy. Without equality of condition or opportunity, some argue that Black students lack the resources necessary to accrue financial and cultural capital. Covert racism following major events Major traumatic events involving different ethnic groups result in an increase of both overt and covert racism. Following traumatic events there is a compulsion for individuals to continue to associate the past with the present. In the example of 9/11, the United