rather shifted racist beliefs to the "hearts" of Americans. To Jackson, this reimagines the manifestation of racism—away from blatant Jim-Crow era discrimination and towards covert, deniable subtleties. Jackson argues "De cardio racism is about what the law can’t touch, what won’t be easily proved or disproved, what can’t be simply criminalized and deemed unconstitutional. It is racism that is most terrifying because it is hidden, secret, papered over with public niceties and politically correct jargon." In this new era, Jackson states that we must develop new tools to detect racial dog whistles and to penetrate the "hearts" of those who harbor racist beliefs, not becoming distracted by empty rhetoric. As compared to the past, where activist confronted a clear and tangible discriminatory foe, Jackson states that modern activists must contend with an opponent parroting the rhetoric of racial equality, but not backing it up with any action. The racism is hidden, covert and tucked away in a part of Americans/' hearts that is hard to reach. He argues that they must navigate the head-scratching silence of white Americans who engaged in violent racist attacks just a generation ago. In Jackson's words,"De Cardio Racism asks: where did all of yesterday’s racial wolves go, and why do all these sheep seem to be standing around licking their chops?" De Facto Racism De facto racism refers to racism "in fact" or through the matter of circumstance and personal choice. In the post-Civil Rights Era, governments and institutions could no longer overtly discriminate based on race in law, regulation or policy. Modern De Facto racism refers to forms of discrimination that may not be overt, but still produce disparate outcomes. Pertinent examples include continued school segregation. Although de Jure racist practices of housing segregation were outlawed by the passage of the 1968 Fair Housing Act, de facto racist practices such as "Redlining" and "white flight" largely trapped Black households in the inner cities and saw white families move to the suburbs. Other De Facto racist policies like basing school funding off property taxes have led to disparate investment in public schools. De Facto racism can also exist as the lingering remnants of centuries of De Jure racism. Past generations of Black families inability to become homeowners or attend well-funded schools has hindered long-term social mobility. As a result, Black families are not able to cultivate generational wealth or pass on the social or cultural