U.S. political situation. His hypothesis prefigured the organized civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Finally leaving the Socialist Workers Party, Johnson–Forest founded their own organization for the first time called Correspondence which was renamed the Correspondence Publishing Committee the next year. However, tensions that had surfaced earlier presaged a split, which took place in 1955. Through his theoretical and political work of the late 1940s, James had concluded that a vanguard party was no longer necessary, because its teachings had been absorbed in the masses. In 1956, James would see the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 as confirmation of this. Dunayevskaya had agreed that the Leninist vanguard party was outmoded, but, in contrast to James, felt the need for some kind of revolutionary organization. In 1953, James was deported from the U.S. to Britain for the lack of a visa, and the polemic continued. The split was completed in 1955, when Dunayevskaya and her faction founded the group News and Letters Committees. Grace Lee remained with the Johnsonites who founded Facing Reality, as well as a newsletter based in Detroit of the same name. When Lee moved away from the group in the early 1960s, the continuity of the Johnsonite tradition was maintained by Martin Glaberman until Glaberman's death in 2001. Publications The Invading Socialist Society a pamphlet published by the JFT in 1947. Trotskyism in the United States, 1940-1947 BALANCE SHEET The Workers Party and the Johnson Forest Tendency a pamphlet published by the JFT in 1947. See also Autonomist Marxism Chaulieu–Montal Tendency Marxist humanism Notes References External links Marxist Humanism, subject index Raya Dunayevskaya Archive C L R James Archive Boggs Center News & Letters, the Newspaper Libertarian Communist Library Raya Dunayevskaya holdings Libertarian Communist Library CLR James holdings Socialist Workers Party (United States) Anti-Stalinist left Libertarian socialism Political party factions in the United States Trotskyism in the United States