seminaries vary in curriculum and hashkafah, or outlook. All cover the Tanakh (Bible), Jewish philosophy, practical Halacha (Jewish law; "Halacha LeMaaseh"), and Hasidus / Musar (character development); topics in applied Jewish ethics, such as the "laws of speech", are usually taught separately. The Jewish holidays are similarly often studied as a separate topic, "Ma'agal Hashana", in terms of both philosophy and Halacha; Tefillah, "prayer", likewise. Depending on the institution's stance, the weight and role assigned to Talmud particularly, and in fact to textual-skills generally, will differ re men's yeshivot, and between schools. Midrashot At Midrashot, the treatment of the Tanakh and Jewish philosophy - there referred to as Machshavah - is typically text-focused, built around chavruta-based study as at yeshivot. This entails paired-study where assigned sources are prepared for a shiur, a lecture delivered as a discursive-review. At some institutions, the Talmud is directly studied, as at men's yeshivot, if less intensively; others treat Talmud similar to seminaries, as below. Regardless, Halachah will generally be studied with practice in view, as opposed to the yeshiva approach, where the derivation is from Talmudic sources through codification. At Matan, Nishmat and Lindenbaum, the treatment is Talmud-based; see also Drisha Institute. Women usually attend Midrasha for one year, either before or following their Sherut Leumi (national civic service); a second year is sometimes offered. Programs often emphasize Machshavah, deepening their students' religious identity at this life-stage; this may include specific study of the writings of Rav Kook, and/or Torat Eretz Yisrael in general. Seminaries Seminary programs usually span two years post high-school. Seminaries are typically more conservative in their approach than Midrashot: selections from the Talmud - usually the non-legalistic aggadah - may be studied, but only in the context of other classes, especially philosophy and Musar; the only section of Talmud studied directly is Pirkei Avot, comprising ethical teachings and maxims. These institutions relatedly assign less weight to textual skills, with content delivered primarily via lecture. As appropriate to the program in question, formal teacher training and certification is often provided additional to these courses. Parallel to their academic content, most Seminaries also focus on the role of women in Torah (several Midrashot similarly), covering topics such as Tzniut (modesty), Shalom Bayit ("domestic harmony") and Chinuch (education of one's children), and preparing students for the role of akeres habayis, or "household mainstay". These classes often emphasize "values", as opposed to sources. Hasidic-aligned