stature in the world. An example of this attitude has been the continued support for whaling through the International Whaling Commission that has brought increasing opposition from several important trading partner countries such as the US, the UK, New Zealand and Australia. Anti-terrorism As a Part of Japanese Foreign Policy Japan, since the end of the WWII has operated via a policy of pacifism and passivism. This began to change in the late eighties and early nineties, in tandem with a shift in national identity, as understood via a change in its conception of its international role as a great economic power. Among the major catalysts were a shift in Japan's national security objectives, and widespread criticism of its “checkbook diplomacy” policy during the first Gulf War. This shift, ultimately, moved Japan from the realm of pacifism into a more activist assertive power. It was characterized by increased participation in international and regional organizations (monetarily) and by increased participation in global Peace-Keeping operations and in conflict resolution more broadly, under the umbrella of the UN. Japan's anti-terrorism policy can be seen as a part of this broader foreign policy platform, as it stems from these large objectives. Its anti-terrorism policy is an integral part of its larger foreign policy objectives, which are 1) the maintenance of the US/Japanese security alliance 2) continued international peace and security 3) a moderate defense buildup. This last objective is new, and ends up being very connected to its anti-terrorism policies. This represents some concern for the US as it signals the beginning of a more independent Japan in the future, but for the time being it hasn't resulted in any significant increase in Japanese independence from the US in terms of foreign policy formation, especially as it relates to anti-terrorism. See also Foreign relations of Japan Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia Economic relations of Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) Fukuda Doctrine References - JAPAN - A Country Study Further reading Bradford, John. "Southeast Asia: A New Strategic Nexus for Japan's Maritime Strategy." CIMSEC (September 2020). online Chudinova, Ksenia. "US-Japan Trade and Economic Relations: New Trends." USA & Canada: ekonomika, politika, kultura 3 (2021): 60–72. online Gourevitch, Peter. "In Search of Models: International Political Economy in France, Japan, and Elsewhere." in Ideas & Ideals (Routledge, 2019) pp. 183–199. Gourevitch, Peter, et al. eds. United States–Japan Relations and International Institutions After the Cold War