during the Jim Crow era, after White Democrats regained control of state legislatures in the South. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to an earlier proliferation of historical categories (such as "mulatto" and "octaroon" among persons with partial African descent) and "blood quantum" distinctions, which became increasingly untethered from self-reported ancestry. In the 20th century, efforts to classify the increasingly mixed population of the United States into discrete categories generated many difficulties (Spickard 1992). By the standards used in past censuses, many mixed-race children born in the United States were classified as of a different race than one of their biological parents. In addition, a person may change personal racial identification over time because of cultural aspects, and self-ascribed race can differ from the assigned race (Kressin et al. 2003). Until the 2000 census, Latinos were required to identify as one race, and none was Latino. Partly as a result of the confusion generated by the distinction, 33% (U.S. census records) of Latino respondents in the 2000 census ignored the specified racial categories and checked "some other race". (Mays et al. 2003 claim a figure of 42%.) Historical trends influencing the ethnic demographics of the United States include: Patterns of original settlement settlement of the Americas by a variety of Native American peoples, including Alaska Natives. settlement of Pacific islands by Polynesian people, including Native Hawaiians, Samoans in American Samoa, and the Chamorros in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. settlement of Puerto Rico by the Taíno people. settlement of the United States Virgin Islands by the Arawak, Ciboney, and Kalinago. Colonization Colonization of what is now eastern Canada and the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River as New France. Historical events, including the Expulsion of the Acadians, influenced the ethnic mix, especially in Louisiana, northern New England, and New York State. Colonization of the Thirteen Colonies by the English/British, Dutch, and later immigrants such as Germans from Northern Europe. Spanish colonization of the Americas, including Florida, the Southwest, and Puerto Rico, later acquired by the US. Denmark and other historical colonial powers influenced the ethnic makeup of what are now the United States Virgin Islands. Penal transportation to the Americas of felons under British rule. Indentured servitude, usually from Ireland, was common in British America until the late 18th century. The Atlantic slave trade, bringing millions of Africans to the South, Caribbean, and Latin America.