his accounts might very well be fabrications. Schramme himself fled to Uganda, where he heard about the State of Katanga led by Moise Tshombe. Schramme went to Katanga to fight as a mercenary and to reestablish himself as a planter in Africa, having abandoned his estate. In the spring of 1961, Schramme enlisted in Groupe Mobile E , a mercenary unit commanded by a hard-drinking Scotsman, Robert Chambers, who called himself Louis Chamois, and whose French was atrocious. Schramme was not impressed with Chambers, whom he stated: "At first glance, I thought I was dealing with a double crazy drunk. He pretended to be an officer, but he was interested in nothing more than his bottle and his revolver". The Groupe Mobile E had a terrible reputation for cruelty with one Belgian settler, Frans Heymans, complaining in May 1961 of "the brutalities at the hands of Chamois and his men". Schramme was furious when the United Nations ordered the Belgian settlers out of Katanga, writing in 1969: "The United Nations had imposed their orders on Tshombe, not a single white in the Katangese administration or army. You cannot imagine a more racist decision. We were being expelled on the basis of the color of our skin." Schramme was arrested by Swedish soldiers serving as United Nations peacekeepers and expelled to Belgium on 17 September 1961 as a troublemaker. Schramme spent several weeks in Belgium, and then went to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe), which he purchased the book Quotations from Chairman Mao to "know his enemy" as he phrased it. Schramme then returned to Katanga. During his time in Southern Rhodesia, Schramme had recruited several of the white British and South African settlers to come with him to fight for Katanga. In October 1961, Schramme took the town of Kisamba from the Congolese, proudly reporting his small unit had just routed two battalions of the Armée Nationale Congolaise, owing to their superior discipline. Schramme's claims to have taken Kisamba were not believed at first, leading him to ask if he should give Kismba back to the Armée Nationale Congolaise if they did not believe that his out-numbered force could had defeated two battalions on its own. Schramme was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. Following the final defeat of Katanga, in January-February 1963, Schramme led a force of about 400 Katangese gendarmes into Angola. In 1964, the