were unethical and the results not generalizable to real-life memories of trauma. Loftus responded to their criticism, noting "exaggerations, omissions and errors" in Crook and Dean's description of the technique and mistakes about the study's representation in the media. Loftus made it clear that the Lost in the Mall study (and other studies using memory implantation techniques) in no way claimed that all memories of childhood sexual abuse discovered in therapy were false; instead, they tried to show how easy it was to manipulate human memory if an older relative said they witnessed the incident. Loftus also accused Crook of writing the article as part of a long series of efforts to discredit her integrity as a researcher and her work. A later paper published by Crook and McEwen in 2019 cites Loftus' testimony in a 2017 court deposition that the study failed to control for "the possibility the participants were lost without their relatives’ knowledge," which allows for the possibility that participants were drawing upon details from true childhood experiences rather than experimental suggestion. Upon analyzing participants and conflicting data in the study, Crook and McEwen conclude that "the five subjects reported to the HSRC in 1995 were able to differentiate between events they experienced and events that were suggested to them" and that "our examination suggests the experiences of the two subjects did not qualify" as "existence proof for false memory formation." In 2019, Ruth Blizard and Morgan Shaw, both private-practice clinical psychologists/psychoanalysts who have consulted on recovered memory cases, published a criticism of Loftus and Pickrell (1995) that was heavily sourced from Lynn Crook in the trade journal Journal of Child Custody. They said that False Memory Syndrome (FMS), along with Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), were only developed as defenses for parents accused of child abuse, as part of a larger movement to undermine prosecution of child abuse and that because most of the time recovered memories of childhood abuse involved repeated instances, the results of the Lost in the Mall study were not applicable to their practice. In 2020, a study documenting the implanting of repeated instances of false memories was posted on the PsyArXiv preprint server that explicitly disputed the Bizzard and Shaw argument. See also Memory conformity Memory implantation Misinformation effect Footnotes References Memory Cognitive biases Experiments