as fine (soft, high-pitched) or coarse (louder, low-pitched). These are the result of alveoli opening due to increased air pressure during inspiration. Common causes include congestive heart failure. Stridor a high-pitched musical breath sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the larynx or lower in the bronchial tree. It is not to be confused with stertor. Causes are typically obstructive, including foreign bodies, croup, epiglottitis, tumours, infection and anaphylaxis. Appropriate ratio of inspiration to expiration time (expiration time increased in COPD) Bronchial or vesicular breath sounds. Lastly an assessment of transmitted voice sounds is performed. Egophony Bronchophony Whispered pectoriloquy References External links Lung sounds - 3M - Littmann Stethoscopes Respiratory system procedures Physical examination Medical mnemonics