Pre-engineering - completing a process flow diagram (PFD), basic piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID's) and initial equipment layouts. Engineering modeling and optimization - 2D and 3D models are created, using a simulation software to model the process parameters and scale the chemical processes. These modeling software help determine system limitations, non-linear chemical and physical changes, and potential equipment sizing. Mass and energy balances, finalized P&ID's and general arrangement drawings are produced. Automation strategies for the system are developed (if needed). Controls system programming begins and will continue through fabrication and assembly Fabrication and assembly - after an optimized design has been determined, the custom pilot is fabricated and assembled. Pilot plants can either be assembled on-site or off-site as modular skids that will be constructed and tested in a controlled environment. Testing - testing of completed systems, including system controls, is conducted to ensure proper system function. Installation and startup - if constructed offsite, pilot skids are installed onsite. After all equipment is in place, full system startup is completed by integrating the system with existing plant utilities and controls. Full operation is tested and affirmed. Training - operator training is complete and full system documentation is handed over. See also Chemical engineering Operations research Process engineering References Bibliography M. Levin (Editor), Pharmaceutical Process Scale-Up (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical), Informa Healthcare, 3rd edition, (2011) M. Lackner (Editor), Scale-up in Combustion, ProcessEng Engineering GmbH, Wien, (2009). M. Zlokarnik, Scale-up in Chemical Engineering, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2nd edition, (2006). Richard Palluzi, Pilot Plants: Design, Construction and Operation, McGraw-Hill, February, 1992. Richard Palluzi, Pilot Plants, Chemical Engineering, March, 1990. Industrial engineering Industrial processes