the basic sciences at the School of Medicine, School of Engineering, Graduate School of Public Health, Faculty of Arts and Sciences and similar programs at Carnegie Mellon University. The estimated time to complete the entire dual degree program is 7.6 years, ranging from six to ten years. Graduate programs The School of Medicine offers a variety of programs leading to the Doctor of Philosophy, the Master of Science, or a certificate. As of the fall of 2017, there are 273 registrants in PhD programs (including those in the medical scientist training program), 87 students in MS programs, and 27 students in certificate programs. The school works with other schools of the university through collaborative graduate programs. The School of Medicine offers a joint MD/PhD program. Doctoral programs The medical school offers PhDs through the Interdisciplinary Biomedical Graduate Program, the Center for Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, the Biomedical Informatics Training Program, the Joint Program in Computation Biology, the Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology Graduate Program, the Integrative Systems Biology Program, and the program in Clinical and Translational Science. Pitt's Institute for Clinical Research Education also offers MS certificates in clinical research and medical education, as well as a certificate in comparative effectiveness research. Interdisciplinary Biomedical Science Graduate Program The Interdisciplinary Biomedical Science Graduate Program includes students in the School of Arts and Sciences. Its programs include: Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Cell biology and Molecular physiology Cellular and Molecular pathology Immunology Molecular pharmacology Molecular virology and Microbiology Center for Neuroscience Graduate Training Program The CNUP graduate program introduces students to the fundamental issues and experimental approaches in neuroscience and trains them in the theory and practice of laboratory research. Biomedical Informatics Training Program The Biomedical Informatics Training Program, in the Department of Biomedical Informatics, prepares individuals for research and development careers emphasizing the application of modern information technology to health care, biological and clinical research, and education of health professionals. The program offers master's and doctoral degrees in biomedical informatics. Specific concentrations of study can be obtained in bioinformatics, dental informatics, health services research, and infectious disease and public health informatics (biosurveillance). A Certificate Program is also available to serve students with a wide variety of goals and backgrounds. At the discretion of the director of the program, short-term traineeships can be arranged. Such training can be done on a part-time basis. The program also offers non-degree postdoctoral fellowships (such applicants must