the quality of higher education in Norway. Where there are more applicants than students admitted, applicants are ranked based on their grades from upper secondary school. To gain access to studies commonly requiring a high GPA, like medicine, law and engineering, many students re-sit their upper secondary school examinations to improve their grades. Higher education is broadly divided into: Universities, which concentrate on theoretical subjects (arts, humanities, natural science), Supply bachelor (3 years), master (5 years) and PhD (8 years) titles. Universities also run a number of professional studies including law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and psychology. However, these are generally separate departments that have little to do with the rest of the university institution. Universities can offer their own curriculums at any levels without external accreditation. University colleges (høgskole), which supply a wide range of educational choices, including university degrees at bachelor, master and PhD levels, engineering degrees and professional vocations like teacher and nurse. University colleges are required to obtain accreditation from NOKUT for study programmes at master's and PhD level. The grade system is the same as it is for universities. Private schools, which tend to specialize in popular subjects with limited capacity in public schools, such as business management, marketing or fine arts. Private schools do not loom large on the horizon, although the fraction of students attending private schools is 10% in higher education, compared to 4% in secondary and 1.5% in primary education. There is no formal distinction between vocational and non-vocational higher education. Timeline of Norwegian higher education Before the 19th century the main source for higher education of Norwegians were the University of Copenhagen. 1750: The Norwegian Military Academy is established as the "Free Mathematical School" with officer training and technical disciplines such as geographic surveying, drawing, fortification, and mathematics. 1757: The "Mining Seminar" is established at Kongsberg to train engineers for the Kongsberg Mines. This education was moved to the Royal Frederik's University in Christiania (Oslo) in 1814 (three years after the establishment of this university). 1811: The University of Oslo is established as Universitas Regia Fredericiana modeled on the University of Berlin (the "Humboldt Model"). 1859: The Norwegian University of Life Sciences is established as an agricultural school at Ås, Akershus 1910: The Norwegian Institute of Technology is established in Trondheim. 1936: The Norwegian School of Economics is established in Bergen. 1943: The BI Norwegian Business School (BI) is established as