caused scouring or erosion of the earthen levee walls. In April 2007, the American Society of Civil Engineers called the flooding of New Orleans "the worst engineering catastrophe in US History." Levee and floodwall breaches Many of the levee and floodwall failures were reported on Monday, August 29, 2005, at various times throughout the day. There were 28 reported failures in the first 24 hours and over 50 were reported in the ensuing days. A breach in the Industrial Canal, near the St. Bernard/Orleans parish line, occurred at approximately 9:00 a.m. CDT, the day Katrina arrived. Another breach in the Industrial Canal was reported a few minutes later at Tennessee Street, as well as multiple failures in the levee system, and a pump failure in the Lower Ninth Ward, near Florida Avenue. Local fire officials reported a breach at the 17th Street Canal levee shortly after 9:00 a.m. CDT. An estimated 66% to 75% of the city was now under water. The Duncan and Bonnabel Pumping Stations were also reported to have suffered roof damage, and were non-functional. Breaches at St. Bernard Parish and the Lower Ninth Ward were reported at 5:00 p.m. CDT, as well as a breach at the Hayne Blvd. Pumping Station, and another breach along the 17th Street Canal levee. By 8:30 p.m. CDT, all pumping stations in Jefferson and Orleans parishes were reported as non-functional. At 10:00 pm CDT, a breach of the levee on the west bank of the Industrial Canal was reported, bringing of standing water to the area. At about midnight, a breach in the London Avenue Canal levee was reported. The Orleans Canal about midway between the 17th Street Canal and the London Avenue Canal, engineered to the same standards, and presumably put under similar stress during the hurricane, survived intact because an incomplete section of floodwall along this canal which allowed water to overtop at that point, thus creating a spill way. Investigations Levee investigations In the ten years following Katrina, over a dozen investigations were conducted. There was no federally ordered independent commission like those ordered after the September 11 terrorist attacks and after the BP Oil Spill in the Gulf. The only federally ordered study was convened and managed by the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal agency responsible for the flood protection's performance. A major independent study was conducted by the University of California at Berkeley. A