personal autonomy, an approach more favourable to empirical analyses and thus more coherent, and which is substantiated in part by the Supreme Court's own definition of human dignity. Lastly, an analysis of case law reveals that the six section 15 claims to reach the Supreme Court immediately following the Law decision were all denied on the ground they did not fulfill the human dignity requirement. However, another analysis of section 15 claims reports that the success rate of claimants under Law was greater than the success rate under Andrews. One scholar has explained this phenomenon by suggesting Law did not create a new test of human dignity, but rather that the court crystallized a pre-existing yet implicit criterion into law. That said, a disproportionately high number of section 15 claims under Law fail at this third stage of the test (63.6%). Supreme Court response to criticisms of Law In R v Kapp, the Supreme Court addressed these widespread criticisms of the human dignity test: But as critics have pointed out, human dignity is an abstract and subjective notion that, even with the guidance of the four contextual factors, cannot only become confusing and difficult to apply; it has also proven to be an additional burden on equality claimants, rather than the philosophical enhancement it was intended to be. Criticism has also accrued for the way Law has allowed formalism of some of the Court’s post-Andrews jurisprudence to resurface in the form of an artificial comparator analysis focussing on treating likes alike. While the Supreme Court noted these criticisms, it did not explicitly reject human dignity as a factor in equality claims. It noted the centrality of the concept but read down the Law decision by noting that the human dignity test should not be seen as a separate and straightforward criterion or test. Rather, the Court implied that the concept of human dignity should instead be considered generally as an important factor in deciding s. 15 equality claims and that it should remain a central idea. Moreover, despite many claims that Law furthered a formalistic understanding of equality at the expense of substantive equality, the Supreme Court in Kapp explicitly noted that the human dignity test and the Law decision in general confirmed "Andrews’ interpretation of s. 15 as a guarantee of substantive, and not just formal equality. Moreover, Law made an important contribution to our understanding of the conceptual