Phase-shift masks are photomasks that take advantage of the interference generated by phase differences to improve image resolution in photolithography. There exist alternating and attenuated phase shift masks. A phase-shift mask relies on the fact that light passing through a transparent media will undergo a phase change as a function of its optical thickness. Types and effects A conventional photomask is a transparent plate with the same thickness everywhere, parts of which are covered with non-transmitting material in order to create a pattern on the semiconductor wafer when illuminated. In alternating phase-shift masks, certain transmitting regions are made thinner or thicker. That induces a phase-shift in the light traveling through those regions of the mask (see the illustration). When the thickness is suitably chosen, the interference of the phase-shifted light with the light coming from unmodified regions of the mask has the effect of improving the contrast on some parts of the wafer, which may ultimately increase the resolution on the wafer. The ideal case is a phase shift of 180 degrees, which results in all the incident light being scattered. However, even for smaller phase shifts, the amount of scattering is not negligible. It can be shown that only for phase shifts of 37 degrees or less will a phase edge scatter 10% or less of the incident light. Attenuated phase-shift masks employ a different approach. Certain light-blocking parts of the mask are modified to allow a small amount of light to be transmitted through (typically just a few percent). That light is not strong enough to create a pattern on the wafer, but it can interfere with the light coming from the transparent parts of the mask, with the goal again of improving the contrast on the wafer. Attenuated phase-shift masks are already extensively used, due to their simpler construction and operation, particularly in combination with optimized illumination for memory patterns. On the other hand, alternating phase-shift masks are more difficult to manufacture and this has slowed their adoption, but their use is becoming more widespread. For example, the alternating phase-shift mask technique is being used by Intel to print gates for their 65 nm and subsequent node transistors. While alternating phase-shift masks are a stronger form of resolution enhancement than attenuated phase-shift masks, their use has more complex consequences. For example, a 180 degree phase edge or boundary will generally print. This printed edge is usually an