of the emirate's territory, including the important city of Samarkand. In 1873, the remainder became a Russian protectorate, and was soon surrounded by the Governorate-General of Turkestan. Reformists within the Emirate had found the conservative emir, Mohammed Alim Khan, unwilling to loosen his grip on power, and had turned to the Russian Bolshevik revolutionaries for military assistance. The Red Army launched an unsuccessful assault in March 1920, and then a successful one in September of the same year. The Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by the Bolsheviks and replaced with the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. Today, the territory of the defunct emirate lies mostly in Uzbekistan, with parts in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. In the first half of the 19th century it had some influence in northern Afghanistan, as the emirs of the Chahar Wilayat (Maimana, Sheberghan, Andkhui, Sar-i Pol) nominally accepted Bukharan suzerainty. Culture In the era of the Manghyt emirs in Bukhara, a large construction of madrasahs, mosques and palaces was carried out. Located along important trading routes, Bukhara enjoyed a rich cultural mixture, including Persian, Uzbek, and Jewish influences. A local school of historians developed in the Bukhara emirate. The most famous historians were Mirza Shams Bukhari, Muhammad Yakub ibn Daniyalbiy, Muhammad Mir Olim Bukhari, Ahmad Donish, Mirza Abdalazim Sami, Mirza Salimbek. The city of Bukhara has a rich history of Persian architecture and literature, traditions that were continued into the Emirate Period. Prominent artists of the period include the poet Kiromi Bukhoroi, the calligrapher Mirza Abd al-Aziz Bukhari and the scholar Rahmat-Allah Bukhari. Throughout this period, the madrasahs of the region were renowned. Administrative and territorial structure Administratively, the Emirate was divided into several beyliks or bekliks: Baljuvon, (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan). Hisar, (now Tajikistan) Burdalik, (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan) Guzar, (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan) Charjuy, (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan) Darvaz, (c 1878, now Darvaz district, Tajikistan) Dehnav, (now Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan) Kabakli, (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan) Karakul, (now Bukhara Region, Uzbekistan) Karategin, (now Rasht district, Tajikistan) Karshi, (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan) Kattakurgan, (now Samarkand region, Uzbekistan) Kulyab, (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan) Karshi, (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan) Kerki, (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan) Nurata, (now Navoiy Region, Uzbekistan) Panjikent, (now Sughd province, Tajikistan) Rushan, (now Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous region, Tajikistan) Samarkand, (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan — part of Russia since 1868 Shahrisabz, (c 1870, now Kashkadarya Region, Uzbekistan) Urgut, (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan) Falgar, (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)