(usually an ellipsoid), and one or more anchor points or control points, established locations (often marked by physical monuments) for which the measurement is documented. A definition for a projected CRS must also include a choice of map projection to convert the spherical coordinates specified by the datum into cartesian coordinates on a planar surface. Thus, a CRS definition will typically consist of a "stack" of dependent specifications, as exemplified in the following table: Examples by continent Examples of systems around the world are: Asia Chinese Global Navigation Grid Code, China Israeli Cassini Soldner, Israel Israeli Transverse Mercator, Israel Jordan Transverse Mercator, Jordan Europe British national grid reference system, Britain Lambert-93 (fr), the official projection in Metropolitan France Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987, Greece Irish grid reference system, Ireland Irish Transverse Mercator, Ireland SWEREF 99 (sv), Sweden North America United States National Grid, US Worldwide Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system Lambert conformal conic projection International mapcode system Military Grid Reference System Identifiers A Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID) is a unique value used to unambiguously identify projected, unprojected, and local spatial coordinate system definitions. These coordinate systems form the heart of all GIS applications. Virtually all major spatial vendors have created their own SRID implementation or refer to those of an authority, such as the EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset. SRIDs are the primary key for the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) spatial_ref_sys metadata table for the Simple Features for SQL Specification, Versions 1.1 and 1.2, which is defined as follows: CREATE TABLE SPATIAL_REF_SYS ( SRID INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, AUTH_NAME CHARACTER VARYING(256), AUTH_SRID INTEGER, SRTEXT CHARACTER VARYING(2048) ) In spatially enabled databases (such as IBM Db2, IBM Informix, Ingres, Microsoft SQL Server, MonetDB, MySQL, Oracle RDBMS, Teradata, PostGIS, SQL Anywhere and Vertica), SRIDs are used to uniquely identify the coordinate systems used to define columns of spatial data or individual spatial objects in a spatial column (depending on the spatial implementation). SRIDs are typically associated with a well-known text (WKT) string definition of the coordinate system (SRTEXT, above). Here are two common coordinate systems with their EPSG SRID value followed by their WKT: UTM, Zone 17N, NAD27 — SRID 2029: PROJCS["NAD27(76) / UTM zone 17N", GEOGCS["NAD27(76)", DATUM["North_American_Datum_1927_1976", SPHEROID["Clarke 1866",6378206.4,294.9786982138982, AUTHORITY["EPSG","7008"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","6608"]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0, AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]], UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328, AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","4608"]], UNIT["metre",1, AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]], PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"], PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0], PARAMETER["central_meridian",-81], PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996], PARAMETER["false_easting",500000], PARAMETER["false_northing",0], AUTHORITY["EPSG","2029"], AXIS["Easting",EAST], AXIS["Northing",NORTH]] WGS84 — SRID 4326 GEOGCS["WGS 84", DATUM["WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563, AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0, AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],