effective police presence, public order in some areas broke down and resulted in what the Liverpool Daily Post (4 August 1919) called "an orgy of looting and rioting". This continued for three or four days before the military, aided by non-striking police, brought the situation under control, but at the cost of several lives and more than 200 arrests for looting. The final outcome of the strike was that every man who had gone on strike throughout the country was dismissed from his respective force. Not one striker was reinstated anywhere. All those men lost their pension entitlements. Outcome The eventual outcome of the strikes of 1918 and 1919 partly benefited police workers. They received a pay increase that doubled their wages, and the government was for a time forced to take notice of their issues. However police officers were banned from being members of a trade union, banned from taking any future industrial action (such as striking) and the government established the Police Federation, functionally similar to a company union. The two strikes increased the government's awareness of the importance of the police in terms of the government's own stability. References Further information Bean, R. "Police Unrest, Unionization and the 1919 Strike in Liverpool", Journal of Contemporary History 15, 1980, p. 647 Cronin, J. E. Labour and Society in Britain 1918–1979 (London, 1984) Cronin, J. E. "Coping with Labour, 1918–1928", in J. E. Cronin and J. Schneer, eds, Social Conflict and the Political Order in Modern Britain (London, 1982). Judge, A. and Reynolds, G. W., The Night The Police Went On Strike (London, 1968) Wrigley, C. The British Labour Movement in the Decade After the First World War. (Loughborough, 1979) Contemporary accounts Police and Prison Officers' Magazine: 2 January 1919, 20 February 1919, 30 April 1919, 21 May 1919, 2 July 1919, 20 August 1919, and 3 September 1919 issues. 1918 labor disputes and strikes 1919 labor disputes and strikes Labour disputes in the United Kingdom 1918 in the United Kingdom 1919 in the United Kingdom 1918 in London Police strikes History of the Metropolitan Police