the coins of the assassins of Julius Caesar, defenders of the Roman republic. The medieval republics, mostly in Italy, greatly valued their liberty, and often use the word, but produce very few direct personifications. With the rise of nationalism and new states, many nationalist personifications included a strong element of liberty, perhaps culminating in the Statue of Liberty. The long poem Liberty by the Scottish James Thomson (1734), is a lengthy monologue spoken by the "Goddess of Liberty", describing her travels through the ancient world, and then English and British history, before the resolution of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 confirms her position there. Thomson also wrote the lyrics for Rule Britannia, and the two personifications were often combined as a personified "British Liberty", to whom a large monument was erected in the 1750s on his estate at Gibside by a Whig magnate. But, sometimes alongside these formal figures, a new type of national personification has arisen, typified by John Bull (1712) and Uncle Sam (c. 1812). Both began as figures in more or less satirical literature, but achieved their prominence when taken in to political cartoons and other visual media. The post-revolutionary Marianne in France, official since 1792, is something of a mixture of styles, sometimes formal and classical, at others a woman of the streets of Paris personified. The Dutch Maiden is one of the earliest of these figures, and was mainly visual from the start, her efforts to repulse unwelcome Spanish advances shown in 16th-century popular prints. See also Anthropomorphism Allegorical sculpture Heraldry Mascot Moe anthropomorphism; personification style mainly used in anime and manga Pathetic fallacy, the literary device involving ascribing human emotion and conduct to non-human objects in the natural world Tropical cyclone naming Notes References Bartrum, Giulia, Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy, British Museum Press, 2002, Escobedo, Andrew, Volition's Face: Personification and the Will in Renaissance Literature, 2017, University of Notre Dame Press, , 9780268101695, google books Gombrich, Ernst, "Personification", in R. R. Bolgar (ed.), Classical Influences in European Culture AD 500–1500, 1971, Cambridge UP, PDF Hall, James, Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art, 1996 (2nd edn.), John Murray, Hartt, Frederick, History of Italian Renaissance Art, (2nd edn.)1987, Thames & Hudson (US Harry N Abrams), Heuer, Jennifer, "Gender and Nationalism" in Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview, Eds Guntram H. Herb, David H. Kaplan, 2008, ABC-CLIO, , 9781851099085, google books Higham, John