viewing Contrast gloss – the perceived brightness of specularly and diffusely reflecting areas Defined as the ratio of the specularly reflected light to that diffusely reflected normal to the surface; Absence of bloom – the perceived cloudiness in reflections near the specular direction Defined as a measure of the absence of haze or a milky appearance adjacent to the specularly reflected light: haze is the inverse of absence-of-bloom Distinctness of image gloss – identified by the distinctness of images reflected in surfaces Defined as the sharpness of the specularly reflected light Surface texture gloss – identified by the lack of surface texture and surface blemishes Defined as the uniformity of the surface in terms of visible texture and defects (orange peel, scratches, inclusions etc.) A surface can therefore appear very shiny if it has a well-defined specular reflectance at the specular angle. The perception of an image reflected in the surface can be degraded by appearing unsharp, or by appearing to be of low contrast. The former is characterised by the measurement of the distinctness-of-image and the latter by the haze or contrast gloss. In his paper Hunter also noted the importance of three main factors in the measurement of gloss: The amount of light reflected in the specular direction The amount and way in which the light is spread around the specular direction The change in specular reflection as the specular angle changes For his research he used a glossmeter with a specular angle of 45° as did most of the first photoelectric methods of that type, later studies however by Hunter and Judd in 1939, on a larger number of painted samples, concluded that the 60 degree geometry was the best angle to use so as to provide the closest correlation to a visual observation. Standard gloss measurement Standardisation in gloss measurement was led by Hunter and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) who produced ASTM D523 Standard test method for specular gloss in 1939. This incorporated a method for measuring gloss at a specular angle of 60°. Later editions of the Standard (1951) included methods for measuring at 20° for evaluating high gloss finishes, developed at the DuPont Company (Horning and Morse, 1947) and 85° (matte, or low, gloss). ASTM has a number of other gloss-related standards designed for application in specific industries including the old 45° method which is used primarily now used for glazed