This list of mammals of India comprises all the mammal species alive in India today. Some of them are common to the point of being considered vermin while others are exceedingly rare. Many species are known from just a few zoological specimens in museums collected in the 19th and 20th centuries. Many of the carnivores and larger mammals are restricted in their distribution to forests in protected areas, while others live within cities in the close proximity of humans. They range in size from the Eurasian pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus) to the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). They include nocturnal small mammals endemic to India such as the Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina). While the status of many of these species is unknown, some are definitely extinct. Populations of many carnivores are threatened. The tiger (Panthera tigris), dhole (Cuon alpinus), and Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina) are some of the most endangered carnivore species. Two rhinoceros species are extinct within the Indian region, but the remaining species, the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) has its last stronghold within India. Order: Insectivora Family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs Indian long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus collaris) Brandt's hedgehog (Hemiechinus hypomelas) Indian hedgehog (Paraechinus micropus) Madras hedgehog (Paraechinus nudiventris) endemic Family Talpidae: moles White-tailed mole (Parascaptor leucura) Himalayan mole (Euroscaptor micrura) Family Soricidae: shrews Soricinae Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) Himalayan water shrew (Chimarrogale himalayica) Elegant water shrew (Nectogale elegans) Eurasian pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus) Kashmir pygmy shrew (Sorex planiceps) Hodgson's brown-toothed shrew (Soriculus caudatus) Long-tailed brown-toothed shrew (Soriculus leucops) Long-tailed mountain shrew (Soriculus macrurus) Himalayan shrew (Soriculus nigrescens) Crocidurinae Andaman shrew (Crocidura andamanensis) Asian grey shrew (Crocidura attenuata) Southeast Asian shrew (Crocidura fuliginosa) Andaman spiny shrew (Crocidura hispida) Horsfield's shrew (Crocidura horsfieldii) Jenkins's shrew (Crocidura jenkinsi) Bicolored shrew (Crocidura leucodon) Nicobar shrew (Crocidura nicobarica) Pale grey shrew (Crocidura pergrisea) Kashmir white-toothed shrew (Crocidura pullata) Sonnerat's shrew (Diplomesodon sonnerati) Kelaart's long-clawed shrew (Feroculus feroculus) Day's shrew (Suncus dayi) (endemic) Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus) Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) Anderson's shrew (Suncus stoliczkanus) Order: Scandentia Family Tupaiidae: treeshrews Tupaiinae Madras treeshrew (Anathana ellioti) Northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) Tupaia nicobarica (Tupaia nicobarica) Order: Chiroptera: bats Family Pteropodidae: fruit bats Lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) Greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) Lesser dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea) Cave nectar bat (Latidens salimalii) Long-tongued fruit bat (Macroglossus sobrinus) Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat (Megaerops niphanae) Nicobar flying fox (Pteropus faunulus) Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) Small