morals Pathos, appeals to emotion, connecting with audience through shared feelings Kairos, appeals to timing, presenting key information at the best moment, typically to persuade or to provoke action Written discourse As oral discourse shifted to more written discourse, the stage of memory and delivery began to fade, yet the first three stages hold its rank in the writing process of most composition classrooms. The rhetorical appeals also prove important in written texts, as the strategies of using these appeals become more complex as writers understand their audience's needs when not in physical view. Visual While, strictly speaking, even a printed page of text is multimodal, the teaching of composition has begun to attend to the language of visuals. Some have suggested privileging only the linguistic mode limits the opportunity to engage in multiple symbols that create meaning and speak rhetorically. In thinking about how visuals are used to communicate, and how they are composed or analyzed in a rhetorical work, Foss argues that one considers: Nature, the present elements/physical features and suggested elements/concepts and ideas Function, the action it communicates Evaluation, assessed rhetorically Foss, who acknowledges visual rhetoric, demonstrates that composition studies has to consider other definitions and incorporations of language. Digital This composition refers to work produced in digital spaces. The writer or speaker must not only consider all the composing processes of the above-mentioned discourse (like purpose, arrangement, etc.), but the relationship medium plays in the composing and decision process of that work. In digital discourse, the fifth canon of delivery takes on new meaning, and digital spaces change how traditional views of authority, circulation, and context are understood, like composing in a Wikipedia. Thus digital rhetoric, or eRhetoric offers new ways of composing. See also Composition studies Conference on College Composition and Communication Creative writing Kishotenketsu Non-linear writing Writing process References