their magic. Scientific applications Physical computing can also describe the fabrication and use of custom sensors or collectors for scientific experiments, though the term is rarely used to describe them as such. An example of physical computing modeling is the Illustris project, which attempts to precisely simulate the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day, 13.8 billion years later. Methods Prototyping plays an important role in Physical computing. Tools like the Wiring, Arduino and Fritzing as well as I-CubeX help designers and artists to quickly prototype their interactive concepts. Further reading References External links Arduino, a highly popular open source physical computing platform Raspberry Pi, complete computer with GPIO's to interact with the world, huge community, many tutorials available. Many Linux distros available as well as Windows IoT and OS-less unikernel RTL's such as Ultibo Core. BeagleBone, a complete Linux computer with GPIO's, but a little less flexible FoxBoard (and others), yet another Linux computer with GPIO, but with little information Arieh Robotics Project Junior]. A Windows 7 based Physical Computing PC built using Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio. BluePD BlueSense. a physical computing platform by Blue Melon. This platform is visually programmable using the popular (open source) Pure Data system. Daniel Rozin Artist Page, bitforms gallery, features images and video of Daniel Rozin's interactive installations and sculptures. Dwengo, a PIC microcontroller based computing platform that comes with a Breadboard for easy prototyping. EmbeddedLab, A research lab situated within the Department of Computer Aided Architecture Design at ETH Zürich. Fritzing - from prototype to product: a software, which supports designers and artists to take the step from physical prototyping to actual product. GP3, another popular choice that allows building physical systems with PCs and traditional languages (C, Basic, Java, etc.) or standalone using a point and click development tool. Physical Computing, Interactive Telecommunications Program, New York University Physical Computing by Dan O'Sullivan Physical Computing, Tom Igoe's collection of resources, examples, and lecture notes for the physical computing courses at ITP. Physical Computing, A path into electronics using an approach of “learning by making”, introducing electronic prototyping in a playful, non-technical way. (Yaniv Steiner, IDII) Theremino, an open source modular system for interfacing transducers (sensors and actuators) via USB to PC, notebooks, netbooks, tablets and cellphones. Applications of computer vision User interfaces Design Digital art Virtual reality Computer systems