force still exist after accounting for confounding variables, there does not appear to be any relationship between race and deadly force once confounders are taken into account As can be seen from these examples, disparities do not necessarily imply discrimination. It is important to account for all relevant variables when investigating whether or not discrimination exists between two or more groups. See also Causal inference Disparate treatment Housing discrimination Indirect discrimination (Sufficient disparate impact is equivalent) Jurimetrics Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Regression analysis Simpson's paradox#UC Berkeley gender bias Notes External links The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Free online software that assesses whether or not disparate impact has occurred Explanation of disparate impact under the Fair Housing Act and example briefs Anti-discrimination law in the United States Causal inference United States labor law