development application (though payment timing can be deferred for a period). In 2018-19 it raised $53 million in revenue. The ACT also captures rezoning betterment for the community by deploying a public agency to undertake all the greenfield land development. This means that the public captures 100% of the betterment from converting rural to urban uses. In 2019-20, $100 million of revenue was raised from this approach. Sydney In 1969 a betterment levy of 30% In Sydney from 1970-74 a 30% rezoning betterment tax applied for the conversion of land from rural to urban uses. The tax payment was triggered by a sale or development approval. It raised, $17 million over its 4.5 years of operation. The Sydney experience in the 1970s was short-lived only because of organised political pressure of landowners who no longer got windfall gains as the city grew. Victoria In its 2021 budget, the Victorian government proposed a windfall rezoning tax of 50% for the conversion of industrial to high density residential uses. England In Housing, Town Planning Act 1909 granted local authorities the option, but not the obligation, to collect betterment and compensate "worsenment" due to planning changes. It was proposed that the entire increase in value due to the scheme be collected when the scheme was adopted, with calculation at that date, but an arbitrary 50% was adopted as a compromise, although some 1909-Act "progeny schemes" raised up to 80%. In 1932 the percentage was increased to a permissible 75%, claimable within 12 months of the change, with payment deferrable until a change of use or disposition of the property (including a transfer or lease for 3+ years), when it was payable with interest. Betterment provisions were removed in a 1948 change to the legislation. They were again introduced in the Land Commission Act 1967 at a 40% rate, but were abolished in 1970. Colombia In Colombia, a betterment levy (called contribución de valorización) has been applied since 1921. The model applied depends on the city. The "Bogotá model" of betterment levy reflects more a general tax to cover the cost of specific public works. In the "Medellín model", it's more a participation in the surplus value generated by public works. Brazil Since the 1990s São Paulo had obligations for property developers to contribute a minimum of 50 percent of the incremental value created although in the UO Agua Branca, this minimum was established