website hosts under the Communications Decency Act. Fifth Circuit Cowden v. Commissioner, 289 F.2d 20 (5th Cir. 1961): Outlining the factors used to determine whether something received is a cash equivalent, and therefore taxable. Dixon v. Alabama 294 F. 2d 150 (5th Cir. 1961): Tax-funded college cannot expel students without due process. Hawkins v. Town of Shaw, 437 F.2d 1286 (5th Cir. 1971): Equal Protection Clause applied to distribution of municipal services and infrastructure. Gates v. Collier, 501 F. 2d 1291 (5th Cir. 1974): Abolished racial segregation in prisons and held that various forms of corporal punishment against prisoners constitute cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Smith v. Pilots Union, 296 F.3d 380 (5th Cir. 2002): Six-month period of limitations applies to Smith's suit against the Union whether or not he was a supervisor. McCorvey v. Hill, 385 F.3d 846 (5th Cir. 2004): Original party to the decision in Roe v. Wade lacked standing to have the case re-opened after 30 years. Horvath v. City of Leander, No. 18-51011 (5th Cir. 2020): An employer may require employees to receive vaccinations, so long as the employer makes reasonable accommodations to religious objections, even if the accommodations offered are not ideal for the employee. Sixth Circuit Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States, 85 F. 271 (6th Cir. 1898): Rule of reason in antitrust cases. Miller v. Commissioner, 733 F.2d 399 (6th Cir. 1984): Taxpayers can claim deductions for uncompensated economic detriments regardless of whether the property was insured. Alerding v. Ohio High School Athletic Association, 779 F.2d 315 (6th Cir. 1985): Participation in interscholastic sports is not a fundamental privilege protected by the Privileges and Immunities Clause. American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency, 493 F.3d 644 (6th Cir. 2007): No standing to sue NSA where plaintiff ACLU could not present evidence that they were the targets of surveillance. United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266 (6th Cir. 2010): Fourth Amendment rights bars government from compelling an Internet service provider (ISP) to turn over his emails without first obtaining a search warrant based on probable cause. Novak v. City of Parma, No. 21-3290 (6th Cir. 2022): Granting qualified immunity to police officers who arrested a parodist. Seventh Circuit Harris v. Harvey, 605 F.2d 330 (7th Cir. 1979): a judge engaging in acts of public defamation inspired by racial prejudice is not protected by judicial immunity