the child compared to sole physical custody, both between the parents and between one of their homes and their school. Some commentators believe that infants and preschoolers do not benefit from joint custody arrangements due to the importance of a consistent routine and the security of a primary attachment figure at that age. However, a consensus report published in an American Psychological Association journal that was endorsed by experts on attachment, early child development, and divorce, has rejected that perspective. Another concern that may be raised by joint physical custody is that the children's parents are in frequent contact with each other than in other custodial arrangements, and that contact may increase conflict and thereby negatively impact all parties involved, including the children. However, numerous studies have found that joint physical custody reduces the levels of conflict. Some critics of joint physical custody express concern that frequent ping-pong moves back and forth between their parents' homes will have a negative emotional impact on children, and that the children may develop the feeling that there is "Mom's House" and "Dad's House", and no residence that a child may consider to be "my home". Advocates Based on scientific research, there are many advocates for joint physical custody as being in the best interest of children, with exceptions for child abuse and neglect. These advocates include non-custodial mothers and fathers; grandparents, step-parents and other family members of non-custodial parents; children's rights advocates; family court reform advocates who see sole custody as a disruptive practice pitting one parent against the other; mental health professionals who consider joint physical custody as the best prevention against parental alienation; women who view it as a gender equality issue; father's rights advocates; domestic violence experts; academic scientists who have conducted studies and found that children with shared parenting have better on physical health, mental health and social relationships; and psychologists, therapists, politicians and others who are familiar with those studies. In 2014, a group of 110 scientists endorsed a consensus report supporting the view that shared parenting should be the norm for parenting plans for children of all ages, including very young children. In 2018, scientists and practitioners at the conference of the International Council on Shared Parenting called upon governments and professional associations to identify shared parenting as a fundamental right of the child. In the United States, the oldest shared parenting advocacy organization is the Children's