and additionally by a suffix -er in the plural form. English also displays similar forms with a -ren suffix in the plural and a -en suffix in the past participle forms along with the internal vowel alternation: Chechen features this as well: A more complicated example comes from Chickasaw where the positive/negative distinction in verbs displays vowel ablaut along with prefixation () and infixation (): Transfixation The nonconcatenative morphology of the Afroasiatic languages is sometimes described in terms of apophony. The alternation patterns in many of these languages is quite extensive involving vowels and consonant gemination (i.e. doubled consonants). The alternations below are of Modern Standard Arabic, based on the root 'write' (the symbol indicates gemination on the preceding consonant): Other analyses of these languages consider the patterns not to be sound alternations, but rather discontinuous roots with discontinuous affixes, known as transfixes (sometimes considered simulfixes or suprafixes). Some theoretical perspectives call up the notion of morphological templates or morpheme "skeletons". It would also be possible to analyze English in this way as well, where the alternation of goose/geese could be explained as a basic discontinuous root g-se that is filled out with an infix -oo- "(singular)" or -ee- "(plural)". Many would consider this type of analysis for English to be less desirable as this type of infixal morphology is not very prevalent throughout English and the morphemes -oo- and -ee- would be exceedingly rare. According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "Israeli" (Modern Hebrew) has many verbs that follow the Indo-European ablaut rather than the Semitic transfixation. For example, the Israeli verbs 'splashed (masculine 3rd person singular)' and 'splashed (masculine 1st person singular)' are based on a root but rather on the , which is traceable back to the Yiddish , which means 'splash, spout, squirt' (see German ). Zuckermann argues that is similar to Indo-European stems such as English s⌂ng (as in sing-sang-song-sung) and German 'speak' (as in ). Replacive morphemes Another analytical perspective on sound alternations treats the phenomena not as merely alternation but rather a "replacive" morpheme that replaces part of a word. In this analysis, the alternation between goose/geese may be thought of as goose being the basic form where -ee- is a replacive morpheme that is substituted for oo. goose → g-ee-se This usage of the term morpheme (which is actually describing a replacement process, and not a true morpheme), however, is more in keeping with Item-and-Process