to Steverding (2020), while not definite: Near the African Great Lakes, schistosomes (e.g., S. mansoni, S. haematobium) underwent evolution. Subsequently, there was an expansion alongside the Nile River. From Egypt, the presence of schistosomes may have expanded, via migratory Yoruba people, into Western Africa. Thereafter, schistosomes may have expanded, via migratory Bantu peoples, into the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa (e.g., Southern Africa, Central Africa). Thalassemia Through pathways taken by caravan, or via travel amid the Almovarid period, a population (e.g., Sub-Saharan West Africans) may have introduced the –29 (A → G) β-thalassemia mutation (found in notable amounts among African-Americans) into the North African region of Morocco. Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites Ounjougou (Middle Pleistocene) Ugwuele (1,600,000 BP - 95,000 BP) Ngodo Mousteroid (30,000 BP) Bingerville (13,000 BP) Bosumpra Cave (11th millennium BCE) Iwo Eleru Rockshelter (11,000 BP) Iwo Eleru Skull Kiffian Culture (8400 BCE) Gobero Ifetedo Rockshelter (9000/7000 BP) Dutsen Kongba Rockshelter (6th millennium BCE) Konduga (6300 BP) Ita Ogbolu Rockshelter (5000/2000 BP) Kagoro Rockshelter (5000/2000 BP) Tenerian Culture (4300 BCE - 2400 BCE) Adrar Bous Yengema Cave (2560 BCE) Kamabai Rockshelter (2560 BCE) Kintampo Complex (2500 BCE - 1400 BCE) Karkarichinkat (4500/4200 BP) Rim (4000 BP) Dhar Tichitt (2000 BCE - 500 BCE) Tichitt Dhar Walata (2000 BCE - 500 BCE) Walata Dhar Nema (2000 BCE - 800 BCE) Daima (2nd millennium BCE - 16th/17th century CE) Sekkiret (2nd millennium BCE) Lejja (2000 BCE) Gajiganna (1800 BCE - 800 BCE) Nok Culture (1500 BCE - 1 BCE) Kagara Katsina-Ala Samun Dukiya Taruga Yagala Rockshelter (1070 BCE) Kissi (1st millennium BCE - 13th century CE) Azelik (1st millennium BCE) Dia (9th century BCE) Walalde (800 BCE) Kursakata (800 BCE) Opi (5th century BCE) Senegambian Stone Circles (3rd century BCE - 16th century CE) Itaakpa Rockshelter (271 BCE) Djenne-Djenno (250 BCE - 1100 CE) Afikpo Rockshelter (105 BCE) Akjoujt (1st century BCE) Rop Rockshelter (25 BCE) Kirikongo (100 CE - 1700 CE) Hambarketolo (300 CE - 1000 CE) Bura Culture (3rd century CE - 13th century CE) Bura Birnin Lafiya (4th century CE - 13th century CE) Niani (6th/10th century CE) Tondidarou (635/670 CE) Gao (700 CE) Tegdaoust (810 CE - 1800 CE) Chinguetti (8th century CE) Tissalaten (8th century CE - 11th century CE) Toyla (890/980 CE) Igbo-Ukwu (9th century CE) Koumbi Saleh (9th century CE - 15th century CE) Kawinza (950/715 CE) Begho (1000 CE) Walls of Benin