both hat- and -šo indicate reflexivity. Nominal morphology There are multiple ways to indicate a noun's plurality in Atakapa: attachment to the noun of the suffix -heu ("many") attachment to the noun of the prefix -šak (to indicate an indefinite plural) reduplication of the accompanying adjective employment of the plural suffix in the accompanying adjective and/or verb According to Swanton (1919), a noun-forming affix -nen or -nan exists in Atakapa. Verbal morphology The full order of morphemes within the verb complex is: Objective pronominal prefix Locative prefixes (if applicable) Verb stem Plural suffix -m or usitative suffix -u (if applicable) Infinitive or emphatic suffix -c (if applicable) Future suffix -ti (if applicable) Aspectual suffixes: continuative -k, intentional -n, etc. (if applicable) Assertive suffix: -š (if applicable) Subjective pronominal suffix Tense suffixes: past perfective -at, past imperfective -hinst (if applicable) Negative (if applicable) It is unclear whether or not a distinct class of auxiliary verbs exists in Atakapa; the difference between a stem-plus-auxiliary construction and a two-verb-serialization construction is not well marked. Additionally, there is no mention of the assertive suffix -š in Swanton's work; Kaufman (2014) derives it by analogizing Atakapa and Chitimacha. Verb serialization Verb serialization is a productive process in Atakapa. pam-nima (lit. "beat-die"): beat to death. ta-wat-ten (lit. "stand-come-talk"): pray. Syntax Atakapa exhibits strict subject-object-verb word order. While verbs are typically found in sentence-final position, it is common for adjuncts, or even subordinate clauses, to follow the verb of the principal clause. The suffixes -ne and -n are used to indicate the subordination of a clause to the main clause, as in tsanuk micat penene ("she gave a horse [for curing her]"). With occasional exceptions, adjectives follow the nouns they describe. Adverbs follow nouns and adjectives, but precede verbs. Case marking Atakapa marks only the locative case. The language has four locative suffixes, in addition to a series of locative postpositions. These suffixes and postpositions may be placed after nouns, adjectives, and demonstratives. -kin, the most frequently-occurring suffix, expresses the sense of English "in" or "on," as in nun-kin tōhulāt ("they lived in villages"). -ki (occasionally -ke) occurs in similar contexts. -ip corresponds roughly to English "at," and is very commonly used with nē, "down," to form nēp, "below." -ik generally parallels English "with," as in hatyūlcō nōhik ("they painted themselves with red"). Noun incorporation Swanton (1919) asserts that noun incorporation is present in Atakapa, but he