The following list of Americans in the Venona papers is a list of names deciphered from codenames contained in the Venona project, an American government effort from 1943–1980 to decrypt coded messages by intelligence forces of the Soviet Union. To what extent some of the individuals named in the Venona papers were actually involved with Soviet intelligence is a topic of dispute. The following list of individuals is extracted in large part from the work of historians John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr and reflects their previous points of view. However, Haynes' positions on the meaning and correct identification of names on the list continues to evolve. Non-Americans may also be mentioned in passing. Notes and disclaimers on the list Names marked with a double asterisk (**) do not appear in the Venona documents. Inclusion has been inferred to correlate with codenames or similarly spelled names found in the documents. Similarly, identities that have been inferred by researchers (i.e., the name appears in the Venona documents, but positive identification of the individual bearing that name does not), are also marked with a double asterisk (**). List John Abt, attorney and politician** Solomon Adler, economist** Rudy Baker, politician** Joel Barr, engineer Alice Barrows, educator Theodore Bayer, President, Russky Golos Publishing Cedric Belfrage, journalist Elizabeth Bentley, teacher and politician Joseph Milton Bernstein Earl Browder, American communist and General Secretary of the Communist Party USA from 1934 to 1945. Paul Burns** Sylvia Callen** Virginius Frank Coe Lona Cohen** Morris Cohen**, Communist Party USA & Portland Spy Ring member who was courier for Manhattan Project physicist Theodore Hall. Judith Coplon, Department of Justice employee Lauchlin Currie, White House economic adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt and director of World Bank mission to Colombia. Byron T. Darling** William Dawson, United States Ambassador to Uruguay Eugene Dennis, politician and labor organizer Samuel Dickstein, politician and judge** Martha Dodd**, daughter of William Dodd, who served as the United States ambassador to Germany between 1933 and 1937. William E. Dodd, Jr., educator; son of William Dodd and brother of Martha Dodd Laurence Duggan, head of the South American desk at the United States Department of State during World War II. Eufrosina Dvoichenko-Markov Nathan Einhorn Jack Bradley Fahy Linn Markley Farish, senior liaison officer with Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslav Partisan forces Edward J. Fitzgerald Charles Flato Isaac Folkoff Jane Foster Zalmond David Franklin Isabel Gallardo Boleslaw K. Gerbert Rebecca Getzoff