models of morphology instead of Item-and-Arrangement models. Ablaut-motivated compounding Ablaut reduplication or ablaut-motivated compounding is a type of word formation of "expressives" (such as onomatopoeia or ideophones). Examples of these in English include: criss-cross shilly-shally snip-snap tic-tac-toe tick-tock ticky-tacky wishy-washy zig-zag Many Turkic languages have the vowel alternation pattern of "low vowel - high vowel" in their reduplicatives, e.g. Turkish . Here the words are formed by a reduplication of a base and an alternation of the internal vowel. Some examples in Japanese: 'rattle' 'rustle' Some examples in Chinese: (, 'babbling') (, 'splashing') See also Alternation (linguistics) Consonant mutation Metaphony Morphology (linguistics) Nonconcatenative morphology References for ablaut References Bibliography Anderson, Stephen R. (1985). Inflectional morphology. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon (Vol. 3, pp. 150–201). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Especially section 1.3 "Stem modifications"). Asher, R. E. (Ed.). (1994). The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press. . Bauer, Laurie. (2004). A glossary of morphology. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Hamano, Shoko. (1998). The Sound-Symbolic System of Japanese. CSLI Publications,Stanford. Haspelmath, Martin. (2002). Understanding morphology. London: Arnold. Kula, Nancy C. (2000). The phonology/morphology interface: Consonant mutations in Bemba. In H. de Hoop & T. van der Wouden (Eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 2000 (pp. 171–183). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1997). Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. . Sapir, Edward. (1921). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. Spencer, Andrew; & Zwicky, Arnold M. (Eds.). (1998). The handbook of morphology. Oxford: Blackwell. Young, Robert W., & Morgan, William Sr. (1987). The Navajo language: A grammar and colloquial dictionary (rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. . Linguistic morphology