of lantern that functioned as a lighthouse) or Bixley tower mill (137 feet to the cap top) both in Norfolk. In the Netherlands windmills named torenmolens (tower mills) have a compact, cylindrical or only slightly conical tower. In the southern Netherlands four mills of that type (Dutch definition) survive, the oldest one dating from before 1441. The cap of three of those mills is turned by a luffing gear built in the cap. Older types of tower mill with a fixed cap were found in castles, fortresses or inside city walls from the 14th century, and are still be found around the Mediterranean Sea. They were built with the sails facing the prevailing wind direction. Tower mills were very expensive to build, with cost estimates suggesting almost twice that of post mills; this is in part why they were not very prevalent until centuries after their invention. Sometimes these mills were even built on the sides of castles and towers in fortified towns to make them resistant to attacks. Some tower mills were still in operation well into the 20th century in southern parts of the United Kingdom. Citations References Lucas, Adam . Wind, water, work: ancient and medieval milling technology. (BRILL, 2006) Righter, Robert W. Wind energy in America: A History. (University of Oklahoma Press, 1996) Hills, Richard Leslie. Power from wind: a history of windmill technology. (Cambridge University Press, 1996) Langdon, John. Mills in the medieval economy: England, 1300–1540. (Oxford University Press, 2004) Thomas Kingston Derry and Trevor Illtyd William. A short history of technology: from the earliest times to A.D. 1900. (Courier Dover Publications, 1993) Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia: Volume 11 of Routledge encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. (Routledge, 2005) Harvard University. Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 187. (Pergamon Press, 1919) Watts, Martin. Water and wind power. (Osprey Publishing, 2000) Ball, Robert Steele. Natural sources of power. (D. Van Nostrand company, 1908) Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Miller in Eighteenth Century Virginia. (Colonial Williamsburg, 1958) Cipolla, Carlo M. Before the industrial revolution: European society and economy, 1000–1700. (W. W. Norton & Company, 1994) External links Chesterton Windmill Interesting smaller site about Tower Mills Shows components of the Tower Mill Several interesting images of Tower Mills Dutch website presenting the "Lana Mariana" windmill at Ede with a built-in restaurant Morgan Lewis Windmill, Barbados. A good example of