retroflex coloration the way other retroflex consonants do, but that the vibration itself is not much different from the other trills. Grammar Verbal Morphology As described by Murray B. Emeneau, in his "Toda Grammar and Texts," the entire Toda verbal system is based on the addition of many suffixes to the two base verb stems, stem 1 (henceforth, S1) and stem 2 (henceforth, S2). There are fifteen classes of verbs in Toda, each of which uses one of four suffixes to form its S2 from its S1. A short summary is given below: 1Emeneau lists the rule "S1 -ṟ/-ɬ/-ṛ/-ꞎ/-ḍ/-x + -t- = S2 -ṯ/-ṯ/-ṭ/-ṭ/-ṭ/-k; S1 -r/-l/-n/-s̠/-ḷ/-ṇ + -t- = S1 -d/-ḏ/-ḏ/-ḏ/-ḍ/-ḍ" for this class. To each of these stems, further suffixes may be added to create verb forms indicating different tenses and moods. The following table summarizes them: See also E. E. Speight, who was compiling Toda grammar in the period before his death Notes External links The Toda Language, as part of the Endangered Languages project Toda at the UCLA Phonetics Archive Toda resources Toda swadesh list Toda morphology Bibliography Emeneau, Murray B. 1984. Toda Grammar and Texts. American Philosophical Society, Memoirs Series, 155. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. Siniša Spajić, Peter Ladefoged, P. Bhaskararao, 1994. "The rhotics of Toda". In UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II. Agglutinative languages Dravidian languages Languages of Tamil Nadu Languages of Kerala