hostile vote in the chamber. Their ideal in fact was a combination of a king who frankly accepted the results of the Revolution and who governed in a liberal spirit, with the advice of a chamber elected by a very limited constituency in which men of property and education formed, if not the wholes at least the very great majority of the voters. This king was not to be found until Louis-Philippe's reign during the July Monarchy. Guizot set forth the Doctrinaires' ideology in his 1816 treatise Du gouvernement représentatif et de l'état actuel de la France. The chief organs of the party in the press were the Indépendant (renamed the Constitutionnel in 1817) and the Journal des Débats. The Doctrinaires were chiefly supported by ex officials of the empire who believed in the necessity for monarchical government, but had a lively memory of Napoleon's authoritative rule and a no less lively hatred of the Ancien Régime — merchants, manufacturers and members of the liberal professions, particularly the lawyers. English terminology The word doctrinaire has become naturalized in English terminology as applied in a slightly contemptuous sense to a theorist as distinguished from a practical man of affairs. Prominent members The Baron of Barante Jacques Claude Beugnot Louis Becquey Maine de Biran The Duke of Broglie Pierre Paul Royer-Collard Benjamin Constant Victor Cousin Georges Cuvier Élie Decazes The Marquis Dessolles Tanneguy Duchâtel François Guizot Prosper Duvergier de Hauranne Hippolyte François Jaubert Camille Jordan Théodore Simon Jouffroy The Marquis of Lafayette Jean Maximilien Lamarque Étienne-Denis Pasquier The Count of Rémusat The Duke of Richelieu Hercule de Serre Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Abel-François Villemain Electoral results See also Modification of political parties under the Restoration References Further reading Craiutu, Aurelian. Liberalism under Siege: The Political Thought of the French Doctrinaires. Lexington Books, 2003. Rosanvallon, Pierre. Le Moment Guizot. Gallimard, 1985. Siedentop, Larry. "Two Liberal Traditions". The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin. Oxford University Press, 1979. Starzinger, Vincent E. The Politics of the Center: The Juste Milieu in Theory and Practice, France and England, 1815-1848. Transaction Publishers, 1991. Bourbon Restoration Classical liberal parties Conservative liberal parties Conservative liberalism Centre-left parties in Europe Centrist parties in France Orléanist parties Political parties of the Bourbon Restoration