Freneau, a fiery editor of a New York City Anti-Federalist paper, to Philadelphia to start an Anti-Administration newspaper, the National Gazette. Jefferson gave the only State Department patronage position that he had to Freneau. During the Second Congress, the Anti-Administration elements were more numerous and included about 32 House members out of 72. In 1791, Madison and Hamilton again clashed after the latter proposed the creation of a national bank. Southern planters opposed but urban merchants supported the idea. Madison called the Bank unconstitutional, but Hamilton successfully argued that the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution allowed the bank. The French Revolutionary Wars, which began in April 1792, hardened the differences between the factions. The Pro-Administration party generally supported the British or wished to remain neutral, but the Anti-Administration party supported the French. Jefferson joined the latter party in 1792, and it contested the election that year and was called the Republican Party. Politics now became more stable, with well-defined parties (Hamilton's Federalist Party and Jefferson's Republican Party). That created the First Party System, which lasted for two decades. References Further reading Banning, Lance. The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (1978). Bordewich, Fergus M. The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government (2016). Bowling, Kenneth R. and Donald R. Kennon, eds. Perspectives on the History of Congress, 1789–1801 (2000). Charles, Joseph. The Origins of the American Party System (1956); reprints articles in William and Mary Quarterly. Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization: 1789–1801 (1957); highly detailed party history. Elkins, Stanley and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism; (1995) online version, the standard highly detailed political history of 1790s. Hoadley, John F. "The Emergence of Political Parties in Congress, 1789–1803". American Political Science Review (1980). 74(3): 757–779. in JSTOR. Looks at the agreement among members of Congress in their roll-call voting records. Multidimensional scaling shows the increased clustering of congressmen into two party blocs from 1789 to 1803, especially after the Jay Treaty debate; shows politics was moving away from sectionalism to organized parties. Libby, O. G. "Political Factions in Washington's Administration". NDQ: North Dakota Quarterly (1913). vol. 3#3 pp. 293–318; full text online, looks at votes of each Congressman. External links Anti-Administration Party ideology over time 1789 establishments in the United States 1792 disestablishments in the United States Defunct political parties in the