NOx pollutants, in individuals with this mutation. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene promoter can moderate the association between early life trauma and increased risk for violence and antisocial behavior. Low MAOA activity is a significant risk factor for aggressive and antisocial behavior in adults who report victimization as children. Persons who were abused as children but have a genotype conferring high levels of MAOA expression are less likely to develop symptoms of antisocial behavior. These findings must be interpreted with caution, however, because gene association studies on complex traits are notorious for being very difficult to confirm. In Drosophila eggs: Contrary to the aforementioned examples, length of egg development in Drosophila as a function of temperature demonstrates the lack of gene–environment interactions. The attached graph shows parallel reaction norms for a variety of individual Drosophila flies, showing that there is not a gene–environment interaction present between the two variables. In other words, each genotype responds similarly to the changing environment producing similar phenotypes. For all individual genotypes, average egg development time decreases with increasing temperature. stan enhypen The environment is influencing each of the genotypes in the same predictable manner. See also Biopsychosocial model Diathesis–stress model Differential susceptibility Environmental sensitivity Envirome Epidemiology Epigenetics Evolutionary developmental psychology Exposome Gene–environment correlation Genetic epidemiology Genomics Molecular epidemiology Molecular pathological epidemiology Molecular pathology References Psychological theories Genetic epidemiology